Science 5005 Flashcards
The Earth is made up of several layers:
What are the three layers?
crust/lithosphere, mantle, and core.
The Earth gets ______ toward the center.
denser
What is the outermost solid layer of Earth? 0–100 km (silicates)
Crust
The temperature of the Earth ________ as you move closer to the center of the Earth.
increases
The _______ is not liquid; it is ductile or plastic, which means that some parts of the mantle can flow under certain conditions and changes in pressure. The ________ is mainly composed of aluminum and silicates. 100–2900 km
What composition layer is this?
Mantle
The innermost layers of Earth. Earth has an outer _____ (liquid) and an inner _____ (solid). The _____ is mainly composed of nickel and iron.
What composition layer is this?
Core
Underneath the lithosphere. It is about 100km thick. This region of the mantle flows relatively easily. The mantle is NOT liquid.
100–350 km
What Mechanical Layer is this?
Asthenosphere
The outermost and most rigid mechanical layer of Earth. The _______ includes the crust and the top of the mantle.
0–100 km
What Mechanical Layer is this?
Lithosphere
A layer of liquid iron and nickel (and other elements) beneath the mesosphere. This is the only layer of Earth that is a true liquid.
5100–6370 km
What Mechanical Layer is this?
Outer Core
Beneath the asthenosphere. It encompasses the lower mantle, where material still flows but at a much slower rate than in the asthenosphere.
350–2900 km
What Mechanical Layer is this?
Mesosphere
The layer of gases that surround the planet.
Atmosphere
The masses of frozen water. For example, frozen lakes, frozen rivers, frozen oceans, and glaciers are part of the __________.
Earth’s Spheres – Above the Crust
Cryosphere
The global sum of all ecosystems and living organisms.
Earth Science
Earth’s Spheres – Above the Crust
Biosphere
All the water on Earth in liquid form. For example, lakes, rivers, and oceans are all part of the ________.
Earth Science
Earth’s Spheres – Above the Crust
Hydrosphere
The outermost shell of Earth. Earth’s crust is the _________.
Earth Science
Earth’s Spheres – Above the Crust
Lithosphere
The gases present in Earth’s atmosphere are:
Earth Science
Nitrogen – 78%
Oxygen – 21%
Argon – .09%
Carbon dioxide – .01%
Helium – small traces
Neon – small traces
Other gases – small traces
Earth’s atmosphere also contains multiple layers:
Earth Science
Troposphere0–12 km above Earth. *Most of Earth’s weather occurs here.
Stratosphere12–50 km above Earth. *Contains the ozone layer.
Mesosphere50–80 km above Earth.
Thermosphere80–700 km above Earth.
Exosphere700–1000 km above Earth.
Earth’s atmosphere also contains multiple layers:
0–12 km above Earth. *Most of Earth’s weather occurs here.
Earth Science
Troposphere
12–50 km above Earth. *Contains the ozone layer.
Earth’s atmosphere also contains multiple layers:
Earth Science
Stratosphere
50–80 km above Earth.
Earth’s atmosphere also contains multiple layers:
Earth Science
Mesosphere
Earth’s atmosphere also contains multiple layers:
80–700 km above Earth.
Earth Science
Thermosphere
Earth’s atmosphere also contains multiple layers:
700–1000 km above Earth.
Earth Science
Exosphere
Are formed because of Earth’s tectonic plates smashing together.
Earth Science
Mountains
Are formations made from rocks that exist on the lithosphere. Examples include volcanoes, mountains, and canyons.
Earth Science
Geologic formations
Are formed when magma from within Earth’s upper mantle erupts through the surface.
Earth Science
Volcanoes
Are formed by weathering and erosion caused by the movement of rivers. ______ are also formed by tectonic activity.
Earth Science
Canyons
Are usually caused when plates rub against each other in an opposite motion, and rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden release of energy causes seismic waves that make the ground shake.
Earth Science
Earthquakes
A seismic wave is an elastic wave caused by an earthquake. There are three types of seismic waves:
Earth Science
Primary (P waves), Secondary (S waves), & Surface
Seismic Waves
These are the fastest waves
(5 kilometers per second or approximately 3 miles
per second) and can travel through solid, liquids, and gases.
Earth Science
Primary (P waves)
Seismic Waves
Travels through Earth’s interior at about half the speed of primary waves. ____________ can travel through rock, but unlike primary waves, they cannot travel through liquids or gases.
Earth Science
Secondary (S waves)
Seismic Waves
_______ are seismic waves that move along Earth’s surface, not through its interior. ________ waves are the slowest of the three seismic waves.
Earth Science
Surface
________ are giant waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea. Out in the depths of the ocean, ________ waves do not dramatically increase in height. However, as the waves travel inland, they build up to higher and higher heights as the depth of the ocean decreases. The speed of _______ waves depends on ocean depth. ________ may travel as fast as jet planes over deep waters, only slowing down when they reach shallow waters.
Earth Science
Tsunamis
The theory that Earth’s outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle or the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates move and separate, causing Earth to separate and change.
Earth Science
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics
Pulling apart
Earth Science
Divergent
Plate tectonics
Coming together
Earth Science
Convergent
Plate tectonics
Sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate into the mantle beneath another plate
Earth Science
Subduction
Is a mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and many organisms that together support life on Earth.
Earth Science
Soil
Also called the hydrologic cycle, is a continuous circulation of water throughout Earth and Earth’s atmosphere.
Earth Science
The water cycle
The Water Cycle
Is rain and snow.
Earth Science
Precipitation
The Water Cycle
Is when water turns from a liquid to a gas (water
vapor).
Earth Science
Evaporation
The Water Cycle
Is when water vapor turns back into liquid—water collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it, forming clouds.
Earth Science
Condensation
The Water Cycle
Is when plants suck water from roots to the small pores in leaves, releasing the water vapor into the atmosphere.
Earth Science
Transpiration
The main stages of the water cycle are:
Earth Science
- Evaporation
- Condensation
- Precipitation
- Transpiration
Earth’s history
4.5 billion
Earth is formed out of debris around the solar protoplanetary disk. There is no life. Temperatures are extremely hot with frequent volcanic activity. The Moon is formed around this time.
Earth Science
Hadean
Earth’s history
2.5 billion
Prokaryote life, the first form of life, emerges. The atmosphere is composed of volcanic and greenhouse gases.
Earth Science
Archean
Earth’s history
541 million
Eukaryotes, a more complex form of life, emerge, including some forms of multicellular organisms. Bacteria begin producing oxygen, shaping the third and current of Earth’s atmospheres. Plants, animals (later in this time period), and possibly earlier forms of fungi form around this time.
Earth Science
Proterozoic
Earth’s history
541 million– present
Complex life, including vertebrates, begin to dominate Earth’s ocean. Gradually, life expands to land, and familiar forms of plants, animals, and fungi begin appearing. Animals—including humans—evolve at the most recent phases of this eon.
Earth Science
Phanerozoic
Test tip
Earth Science
Scientists believe Earth is 4.5 billion years old. Earth has a central core, a rocky mantle, and a solid crust. Scientists estimate that life began on Earth 3.8 billion years ago (NASA, n.d.).
Is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. ______ are categorized by the minerals they include, their chemical composition, and their formation (origin). _______ are usually grouped into three main categories: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary. _______ form the Earth’s outer solid layer: the lithosphere.
Earth Science
Rock
Rocks
Made from: lava, magma
Looks like: glassy, smooth surface, gas bubble holes, random arrangement of minerals
Examples: granite, pumice, obsidian
Earth Science
Igneous
Rocks
Made from: heat pressure
Looks like: sparkly crystals, ribbon-like layers
Examples: marble, slate, gneiss
Earth Science
Metamorphic
Rocks
Made from: deposition, cementation
Looks like: sand grains or visible pebbles; fossils may be visible
Examples: conglomerate, sandstone, limestone, shale
Earth Science
Sedimentary
Are typically formed when organisms are buried by sediments. As more sediment is deposited, the sediment surrounding the organism is compacted, forming sedimentary rock that contains ________.
Earth Science
Fossils
Is the third planet from the sun. _______ is the densest planet in the solar system, the largest of the solar system’s four terrestrial planets, and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.
Earth Science
Earth
The ____ is the star at the center of the solar system. It is the most important source of energy for life on Earth. The reason the ____ appears so large is that it is the closest star to Earth.
Earth Science
Sun
The __________ is a planetary system that orbits the sun. The __________ consists of the sun and everything that orbits around it. This includes the eight planets and their natural satellites (such as our moon), dwarf planets and their satellites, as well as asteroids, comets, and countless particles of smaller debris.
Earth Science
Solar System
Which planets are similar in size, density, and mass.
Earth Science
Venus and Earth
Other Components of the Solar System
A chunk of ice and rock originating outside of the solar system
Earth Science
Comets
Other Components of the Solar System
A chunk of rock and metal in orbit between Mars and Jupiter
Earth Science
Asteroids
Other Components of the Solar System
A small asteroid
Earth Science
Meteorite
A ________ is a unit of astronomical distance equal to the distance light travels in one year. For example, if an event occurs 13 light years away, it will take 13 years to observe the event from Earth.
Earth Science
Light Year
The _________ in a vacuum is approximately 300,000 km/sec. In a vacuum is where speed of light is fastest. When traveling through any other medium, the ________ is slower.
Earth Science
Speed of Light
Mars is like Earth in terms of ___________ on its axis.
Earth Science
rotation and tilt
A _________ is just over 24 hours, and its rotation axis is tilted by about the same amount as Earth’s rotation on its axis.
Earth Science
Martian day
Seasons are a result of Earth’s __________. When Earth is tilted toward the sun, it is warmer (summer). When Earth is tilted away from the sun, it is colder (winter). During spring and fall, Earth is tilted on its side.
Earth Science
tilt on its axis
Date in the fall when Earth experiences 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness. In the Northern Hemisphere, this occurs around September 23.
Earth Science
Fall – Autumn Equinox
Earth’s maximum tilt is toward the sun, causing the longest period of daylight. In the Northern Hemisphere, this occurs around June 22.
Earth Science
Summer – Solstice
Date in the spring when Earth experiences 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness. In the Northern Hemisphere, this occurs around March 21.
Earth Science
Spring – Vernal Equinox
The North Pole is tilted farthest away from the sun, causing the shortest period of daylight. In the Northern Hemisphere, this occurs around December 21.
Earth Science
Winter – Solstice
The ______________, introduced by Nicolaus Copernicus, positioned the sun at the center of the universe. Copernicus also asserted that Earth rotates on its axis while revolving around the sun.
Earth Science
heliocentric theory
It was believed that Earth sat stationary at the center of the universe (the _________ theory)
Earth Science
geocentric
A __________ is a powerful and catastrophic event that occurs at the end of the life cycle of certain massive stars. It is a tremendous explosion that releases an immense amount of energy, making it one of the most energetic events in the universe.
Earth Science
supernova
The moon affects the _____.
Earth Science
tides
When the part of the moon that is illuminated is increasing, the moon phase is _________.
A _________ moon is illuminated on the right side.
Earth Science
waxing
When the part of the moon that is illuminated is decreasing, the moon phase is ___________. A ________ moon is illuminated on the left side.
waning
A ______ is a luminous ball of gas, mostly hydrogen and helium, held together by its own gravity
Earth Science
star
A _______ occurs when the moon passes directly behind Earth into its umbra (shadow).
Earth Science
lunar eclipse
A ___________ happens when the moon moves in front of the sun.
Earth Science
solar eclipse
Earth’s patterns, cycles, and change:
Earth spins on its axis. It makes one full rotation on its axis every 24 hours. Earth also revolves around the sun. It takes 365 days for Earth to make one full revolution around the sun.
Earth Science
Patterns
Earth’s patterns, cycles, and change:
Earth’s rotation on its axis and revolution around the sun causes cycles on Earth: day, night, seasons, weather. Other cycles include the phases of the moon, water cycle, and life cycles.
Earth Science
Cycles
Earth’s patterns, cycles, and change:
Earth goes through various ___________.
Some ________- happen quickly; for example, an earthquake or a storm can _______ Earth rapidly. Other ______ happen slowly; for example, the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates are separated by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The two continents are moving away from each other at the rate of about 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) per year.
Earth Science
Changes
The Earth’s plates are still constantly moving. Plate tectonics cause ______, ___________, and ________.
Earth Science
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and rift valleys.
A major change in Earth is called ____________, which suggests Earth’s continents were all once one big landmass and over time, separated or drifted apart because of plate tectonics.
Earth Science
continental drift
Earth has a __________ that extends from its interior to outer space. A compass is calibrated based on Earth’s ___________.
Earth Science
magnetic field
___________ is a result of human endeavors, imagination, and creativity.
Earth Science
Science
First things first, science is _____-________, meaning students must be given the opportunity to interact with the concepts they are studying. For example, talking about living and nonliving things is one thing. However, going outside and observing living and nonliving things is quite another. Students must have the opportunity to touch, observe, and interact with the environment they are studying.
Earth Science
inquiry-based
For teachers to be effective in the science classroom, they must have a current and relevant understanding of the research governing the profession. There are several ways to do this:
Earth Science
- Teachers can join reputable science organizations. These organizations often publish research teachers can use to guide their decisions in the classroom. Organizations like the NSTA, Association for Science Teacher Education, and the National Earth Science Teacher Association focus on developing effective science teachers through research and professional development.
- Teachers can attend professional development that focuses on researched-based strategies in science.
- Teachers can be data-driven in their decision making.
- Teachers can engage in lifelong learning practices.
There are five main ideas under the unifying concepts and processes of science.
Main Idea:
1. Systems, order, and organizations
2. Evidence, models, and explanations
3. Change, constancy, and measurement
4. Evolution and equilibrium
5. Form and function
Match Earth Science Example:
a. Students use a model of the solar system to discuss the relationship among planets and the sun.
b. Phases of matter and changes in Earth’s sky are examples of evolution and equilibrium.
c. Because of Earth’s tilt on its axis, we experience changes in seasons as the we move through the year.
d. Earth’s features like its mass and shape impact functions such as gravity and rotation.
e. Parts are related to the whole. For example, the atmosphere affects the entire climate of Earth. That climate impacts humans. Humans impact the environment.
Earth Science
1-e
2-a
3-c
4-b
5-d
Which of the following is the most common gas in Earth’s atmosphere?
Earth Science
Nitrogen
Which of the following is true about how far the Moon is from Earth and the Sun?
A. The Moon is much closer to the Sun than it is to Earth.
B. The Moon is much closer to Earth than it is to the Sun.
C. The Moon’s proximity to the Earth and Sun cannot be calculated.
D. The Moon is the same distance from Earth as it is from the Sun.
Earth Science
The Moon is much closer to Earth than it is to the Sun.
This is the explosion of a high-mass star as it approaches the end of its life cycle.
Earth Science
Supernova
Of the following, which is most directly related to plate tectonics? Choose all that apply.
El Niño
Global warming
Earthquakes
Mountain formation
The water cycle
Earth Science
Mountain formation
Earthquakes
The relative positions of the Sun, the Moon, and Earth affect which of the following? Choose all that apply.
Eclipses
Tides
Phases of the Moon
Earth rotation
Earth’s tilt on its axis
ALL OF THE ABOVE
What types of rocks contain fossils?
Earth Science
Sedimentary
Which THREE of the following statements about stars are true?
A. Stars are made mostly of hydrogen and helium.
B. Most stars orbit planets.
C. Various stars have different temperatures.
D. Some stars exist for longer periods than other stars.
Earth Science
A. Stars are made mostly of hydrogen and helium.
C. Various stars have different temperatures.
D. Some stars exist for longer periods than other stars.
Which of the following is an example of a renewable energy source on Earth?
Earth Science
Solar power
Which process is responsible for the formation of clouds during the water cycle?
Earth Science
Condensation
Which scientist proposed the theory of continental drift?
Earth Science
Alfred Wegener
Living things have physical entities and biological processes, such as homeostasis, cell division, cellular respiration, and photosynthesis. Nonliving things do not have these processes and are classified as ___________.
inanimate
Cell theory made up of three components:
- All living things are composed of cells.
- The cell is the smallest unit of life.
- All cells come from pre-existing cells.
The organization of life is as follows:
Cells Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organisms
A ____________ is a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle (NC State University, n.d.). In a prokaryotic cell, the Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (DNA) floats freely throughout the cell. __________ are divided into two domains: archaea and bacteria.
prokaryote
A __________ is a multicellular organism that contains a nucleus, mitochondria, and membrane-bound organelles.
eukaryote
The structures within the cell membrane or cell wall are called _________.
organelles
The main structures of the cell are:
Fluid, permeable outside covering of the cell. In a plant cell, this is a cell wall and it is rigid.
Cellular membrane
The main structures of the cell are:
Command center of the cell. The nucleus controls the rest of the cell. This is where the DNA lives in eukaryotic cells.
Nucleus
The main structures of the cell are:
Water-like substance in the cell.
Cytoplasm
The main structures of the cell are:
Powerhouse (energy source) of the cell.
Mitochondria
Animal and plant cells are both __________.
eukaryotic
(a multicellular organism that contains a nucleus, mitochondria, and membrane-bound organelles.)
Animal cells go through a process of _____________. This is the process of taking in food in the form of carbohydrates, making energy in the form of ATP, and removing waste. The equation for this process is:
glucose (sugar) + oxygen →
carbon dioxide + water + energy (as ATP)
cellular respiration
Plant cells make their own food through __________. This is the process of using carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight, and turning them into carbohydrates. The equation for this process is:
carbon dioxide + water + sunlight → glucose (sugar) + oxygen
photosynthesis
There are two main types of reproduction in living things: _______ and _________.
sexual
asexual
Involves two parents. Each parent contributes a gamete to the process of reproduction. Gametes are sex cells. In males, the gametes are sperm. In females, the gametes are ova (or eggs). ___________ occurs in plant and animal cells.
Sexual reproduction
Involves only one parent.
Asexual reproduction
There are four main types of asexual reproduction.
________ is when a single parent cell doubles its DNA, then divides into two cells. This usually occurs in bacteria.
Binary fission
There are four main types of asexual reproduction.
_______ is when a small growth on the surface of parent breaks off to continue growing into adulthood. This typically occurs in yeast and some animals.
Budding
There are four main types of asexual reproduction.
____________ is when a piece of an organism breaks off, and those pieces develop into a new organism. This happens with starfish. If a piece of a starfish leg breaks off, the fragment will form a new starfish.
Fragmentation
There are four main types of asexual reproduction.
__________ is when an embryo develops from an unfertilized cell. This occurs in invertebrates as well as in some fish, amphibians, and reptiles.
Parthenogenesis
According to cell theory, all cells come from pre-existing cells. For that to happen, cells must reproduce, and they must reproduce rapidly. Cells reproduce by going through _________—a series of steps in creating an identical cell from another cell
mitosis
The four main phases of mitosis.
__________ (technically not a main part of mitosis, but it is important to know) – The cell prepares for division. It plumps up and replicates its DNA within its nucleus.
Interphase
The four main phases of mitosis.
The DNA tightly coils into chromosomes to make splitting efficient. The nuclear membrane dissolves. The microtubes or spindle fibers move to opposites sides of the cell.
Prophase
The four main phases of mitosis.
The chromosomes (tightly coiled DNA) move to the middle of the cell. The spindle fibers attach to each chromosome.
Metaphase
The four main phases of mitosis.
The spindle fibers begin to pull apart the chromosomes, bringing them to opposites sides of the cell for efficient splitting.
Anaphase
The four main phases of mitosis.
With the chromosomes at either side of the cell, the two new cells pinch off, forming two identical sister cells of the original cells. Cytokinesis is when the cell separates into two cells during the final stage of mitosis.
Telophase
The other type of cell division, ________, ensures that humans have the same number of chromosomes in each generation. It is a two-step process that reduces the chromosome number by half—from 46 to 23—to form sperm and egg cells. When the sperm and egg cells unite at conception, each contributes 23 chromosomes so the resulting embryo will have the usual 46 (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2019).
This is necessary so that the sex cells contain only half the chromosomes (23).
meiosis
Sometimes abnormalities happen during cell division, and cells do not split chromosomes evenly. This results in extra chromosomes in the cell. Perhaps the most widely known instance of this is ___________, also known as Down syndrome. ___________ means that each cell in the body has three copies (tri) of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two copies (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2019).
Trisomy 21
______ is the hereditary material in living organisms. In eukaryotic cells, _______ is mainly located in the cell’s nucleus; there is ______ in the mitochondria too. The _______ contains a code with four nitrogen bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. These bases pair up with each other—adenine with thymine, cytosine with guanine. These four bases make up approximately 3.1 billion genetic combinations running down the human _______ molecule. Most of the combinations are identical in all humans. The sequence of the combinations determines the traits of a person (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2019).
DNA
__________ are organic compounds that form proteins. The four nitrogen bases on the DNA molecule code for the 20 different ________. Chains of _________ make proteins. Those proteins make cell structures, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the organism.
Amino acids
Mitosis is when the cell divides resulting in two identical cells. To do this, the DNA must replicate. DNA replication is necessary in the survival of an organism. The process of DNA replication is as follows:
- The DNA unzips.
- Free-flowing nucleotides (As, Ts, Gs, and Cs) bind to the unzipped portion of the DNA.
- Two identical DNA strands are the result.
A _______ is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. ________ are made up of DNA. _________ act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. These proteins make cells, which make tissues, which make organs, which make organ systems.
gene
________ are forms of the same gene with slight differences in their sequence of DNA bases.
Alleles
____________ is when the effect of one phenotype of one allele masks the contribution of a second allele at the same locus. The first allele is _________, and the second allele is recessive.
Dominance
__________ is known as the Father of Genetics for his work with pea plants in the 1850s and 1860s. ________ showed that when a true-breeding yellow pea (YY) and a true-breeding green pea (yy) were cross-bred, their offspring always produced yellow seeds. However, in the next generation, the green peas reappeared. To explain this phenomenon, ________ coined the terms recessive and dominant in reference to certain traits.
Gregor Mendel
__________ is the process of transformation from an immature form to an adult form in two or more distinct stages.
Metamorphosis
There are two types of metamorphosis:
The insect goes through four stages: egg, larva, pupa, imago
Example: A caterpillar changes completely into something else: a butterfly.
Complete metamorphosis
There are two types of metamorphosis:
The insect hatches from an egg and then goes through several nymphal stages.
Example: Grasshoppers gradually get bigger, but they do not change into something else. Each stage of growth looks like a bigger version of the original stage.
Incomplete metamorphosis
_________ is a type of change that happens over thousands of years. It is important to note that organisms do not evolve; populations evolve.
Evolution
__________ is the distribution of traits in the population that can change with environmental conditions.
Adaptation
_________ are changes in the DNA molecule caused by mistakes during cell division or exposure to environmental factors (such as ultraviolet [UV] light and cigarette smoke).
Mutations
The tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment is called __________.
homeostasis
All organisms must be able to grow, reproduce, and maintain stable internal conditions even when the world and environment around them change. __________ of the organism’s internal body allows the organism to survive conditions. Organisms differ in how they regulate their bodies.
Regulation
The __________ of individual organisms is influenced by internal cues (hunger and internal temperature) and external cues (changes in the environment). Humans and other organisms have senses that help them detect internal and external cues.
behavior
Animals that have a body temperature varying with that of the environment.
Type of animal: amphibians, reptiles, fish, insects
Cold-blooded
Animals that maintain a constant body temperature, regardless of the temperature in the environment. For example, humans will sweat when they are hot and shiver when they are cold.
Types of animals: Mammals, birds
Warm-blooded
The main distinction between vertebrates and invertebrates is the presence of a backbone. Vertebrates ________ have a backbone; invertebrates _____________ have a backbone.
Vertebrates do
invertebrates do not
The blood is pumped into the body cavity and is not enclosed in blood vessels.
Animal Types: Most invertebrates - insects, crustaceans, most mollusks
Open Circulatory System
The blood is pumped by the heart and is enclosed in blood vessels.
Animal Types: Most vertebrates – mammals, reptiles, fish, birds
Closed Circulatory System
This system is responsible for the flow of blood, nutrients, oxygen and other gases, and hormones to and from cells.
* heart (cardiovascular)
* lungs (pulmonary)
* arteries, veins, coronary and portal vessels (systemic)
Circulatory & Respiratory System
This system is responsible taking in food and breaking it up into nutrients the body will use for fuel. It is also responsible for removing the waste left over after the food is processed for nutrients.
* gastrointestinal tract (stomach and intestines)
* bladder
* colon
* kidneys (filter the blood)
Digestive & Excretory System
This system is the master control system.
* brain – hypothalamus, thalamus, and pituitary gland
* spinal cord
* neurons
* hormones
Nervous, Endocrine & Immune System
The special characteristics that allow plants and animals to be successful in a particular environment are called _________. These special characteristics happen over time because of genetic variation.
adaptations
The _____________________ was first done by Carl Linnaeus, as set forth in his Systema Naturae (1735).
Highest to Lowest:
Domains
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
classification of living things
A group of interbreeding organisms that do not ordinarily breed with members of other groups.
Example: The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) is a hypercarnivorous bear whose native range lies largely within the Arctic Circle.
Species
Comprises all the individuals of a given species in a specific area or region at a certain time. ___________ can evolve over time because of genetic variation.
Example: The _________includes all the polar bears in the Arctic Circle. Within the __________, the polar bear species can reflect genetic variance.
Populations
All the populations in a specific area or region at a certain time. There are many interactions among species in a community (food webs).
Example: The polar bears, the penguins, the fish, and the plants make up the community. These all interact when it comes to food and survival.
Communities
The dynamic entities composed of the biological (living) community and the abiotic (nonliving) environment.
Example: The Arctic ecosystem is made up of the water/ice, the animals, and the atmosphere in that area.
Ecosystems
A _______ is a large community of plants and animals that occupies a distinct region. They are defined by factors such as plant structures, leaf types, plant spacing, and climate.
Example: The tundra _______ has freezing temperatures, desert _______ has a scarce water supply, to the rainforest ______ has abundant rainfall and high temperatures. Other examples of _______ include grasslands, savannas, and deciduous forests.
Biome
A _________ is when multiple food chains are interacting simultaneously.
food web
These organisms produce their own food from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. These are usually the bottom tier of the food web/energy pyramid.
Producers (plants)
These organisms eat their food.
Consumers
___________ consumers are herbivores; they eat plants. In the energy pyramid, the bunny is the ________ consumer.
Primary
_______ consumers eat the primary consumer. In the energy pyramid, the snake is the ________ consumer.
Secondary
__________ consumers eat the secondary consumers and are usually carnivores (meat-eaters). In the energy pyramid, the bird is the _______ consumer.
Tertiary
_________ consumers eat the tertiary consumers and are carnivores. In the energy pyramid, the _______ consumer is the hawk. This food chain ends with the hawk, which would be considered the top carnivore.
Quaternary
These organisms turn dead material, such as an animal carcass or a dead tree, into soil by recycling nutrients as food. ___________ are not shown below, but they live underground. ___________ include earthworms, small soil beetles, fungi, and bacteria.
Decomposers
When two or more organisms rely on the same environmental resource
Example: Because they eat the same type of food, cheetahs and lions compete within their ecosystem.
Competition
Behavior of one animal feeding on another
Example: The lion eats the zebra. The lion is the predator; the zebra is the prey.
Predation
The close relationship of two dissimilar organisms
Example: There are three type of _________: mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.
Symbiosis
A symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit
Example: Humans have a mutualistic relationship with micro-organisms. Bacteria in the digestive tract keeps humans healthy while the bacteria are fed by what the human eats.
Mutualism
A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and one does not benefit but is unharmed
Example: The cattle egret sits on top of the cattle and eats the bugs that land on the cattle.
Commensalism
A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and one is harmed.
Example: A tick living on a dog benefits while the dog is harmed.
Parasitism
Physical Science
Physical and chemical properties and structure of matter:
Solid-Particles are very ________ together.
close
Physical Science
Physical and chemical properties and structure of matter: Liquid
Particles are closer together than a gas but farther apart than a solid.
Physical Science
Physical and chemical properties and structure of matter:
Gas-Particles are very _____ _______.
far apart.
Physical – Results in change in the size and shape by:
tearing
folding
melting
freezing
evaporating
cutting
Chemical – Results in any change that forms new substances at the molecular level by:
rotting
burning
cooking
rusting
Rapid vaporization of a liquid (liquid to gas).
Boiling
Water that collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it (gas to liquid).
Condensation
Vaporization of a liquid that occurs from the surface of a liquid into a gaseous phase (liquid to gas).
Evaporation
A _______ is a material system made up of two or more different substances that are mixed but are not combined chemically. The identities of the mixed elements are retained in a mixture. There are two types of _________: homogeneous and heterogeneous.
mixture
homo = same
You cannot see different parts of the mixture.
coffee, creamy peanut butter, Kool-Aid
Homogeneous Mixture
hetero = different
You can see different parts of the mixture.
chicken noodle soup, cereal
Heterogeneous Mixture
homogeneous mixture
One substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance. Particles do not settle and cannot be separated
out by ordinary filtering.
gels, emulsions
Colloid
heterogeneous mixture
Contains solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation.
orange juice, salad dressing
Suspension
homogeneous mixture
The dissolving agent is the solvent.
salt water, sugar water
Solutions
The __________ is a measure of acidity or alkalinity of water-soluble substances (pH stands for “______________”). A pH value is a number from 1 to 14, with 7 as the middle (neutral) point. Values less than 7 have acidity. Values above 7 have alkalinity.
(Different answers for each blank)
pH scale
“potential of Hydrogen”
__________ are the smallest part of an element that retains its chemical properties. More than 99.94% of an _________
mass is in the nucleus.
Atoms
Negatively charged subatomic particles that circle around the atom’s nucleus.
Electrons
Neutrally charged subatomic particles that are located in the atom’s nucleus.
Neutrons
Positively charged subatomic particles that are located in the atom’s nucleus.
Protons
An ___________ is a pure substance made up of one type of atom. An _________ cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means. There are more than 100 substances that cannot be chemically interconverted or broken down into simpler substances and are primary constituents of matter. These are represented on the Periodic Table of Elements.
element
How an element is identified. It is also the number of protons in the nuclei of its atoms.
Atomic number
The periodic table can be used a variety of ways and is broken up several ways.
* Groups – Vertical/columns
* Periods – Horizontal/rows
* Metals – Shiny, good conductors of electricity
* Nonmetals – Dull, poor conductors of electricity
* Metalloids – Dull or shiny, good semiconductors
* Noble gases – Last column on the right of the periodic table
In metals, _________ increases as you move down and to the left to the periodic table.
reactivity
___________ are the smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has the chemical properties of
that element or compound. __________ are made up of atoms that are held together by chemical bonds.
Molecules
_________ is the molecule H2O. This amazing molecule is composed of two hydrogen elements and one oxygen element.
Water
Characteristics of Water
Water is attracted to other molecules. When you put a drop of water close to another drop of water, they combine quickly because they are attracted to each other.
Cohesion
Characteristics of Water
Water is attracted to other molecules. This allows water to stick to roots—capillary action in a plant.
Adhesion
Characteristics of Water
This allows water to moderate temperature.
High-specific heat
Characteristics of Water
This gives off a cooling affect, like when humans sweat. That evaporation
of water cools off the body.
High heat of evaporation
Characteristics of Water
Water is less dense than ice, causing ice to float in water.
Lower density of ice
Characteristics of Water
This makes water a powerful solvent.
High polarity
_________ are composed of two or more elements bonded together. All ___________ are molecules, but
not all molecules are _________.
Compounds
_______ can be made up of multiples of a single element like oxygen (O2), while compounds must be made up of two different __________ (CO2).
Molecules
_____ are charged elements or molecules that have lost or gained one or more electrons.
Ions
_________ are two or more forms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.
Isotopes
A _______ is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object. A _________ can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (including beginning motion from a state of rest).
force
________ is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other.
Friction
___________ is the tendency of a physical object to resist change in motion unless acted on by an outside force.
Inertia
A state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced.
Equilibrium
- An object either remains at rest or continues to move at a constant velocity unless acted upon by a force.
- Force is equal to the change in motion (mV) per change in time. For a constant mass, force equals mass times acceleration (F = m x a)..
- For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
___________ is the force exerted by magnets when they attract or repel each other. ___________ is caused by the motion of electric charges (National Geographic, n.d.).
Magnetism
Magnetism
Opposite poles ________ – N & S
attract
Magnetism
Same poles ________ – S & S and N & N
repel
What the unit?
Hz
frequency
hertz
What the unit?
N
force, weight
newton
What the unit?
p
density
density
What the unit?
J
energy, work
joule
What the unit?
W
power
watt
What the unit?
V
electrical voltage
volt
What the unit?
g/kg
mass
gram/kilogram
What the unit?
°C
temperature
degree Celsius
________ is the amount of matter an object has to its volume. An object with a lot of matter in a certain volume has high _______. An object with little matter in the same amount of volume has a low ________.
Density
________ is found by dividing the mass of an object by its volume.
p=m/v
Density
(p is density in this equation)
One way to measure ________ is to put the object in water. If it floats, it is less dense than the water, if it sinks it is denser than the water.
density
_________ is a property that can be transferred in between and among objects. _______ can also be converted into different forms.
Energy
Object is in motion; the actual movement of an object. For example, a rock rolling down a hill or a swing swinging in the air both have ______ ________. Because the objects are in motion, they have ____________ ________.
Kinetic energy
The energy possessed by an object or individual by virtue of its position relative to others, stresses within itself, electric charge, and other factors. For example, a rock on the top of the hill has potential to roll down; therefore, the rock has ________ __________. A swing being pulled to the top before it is released has ________ __________.
Potential energy
A rigid bar that rotates around a fixed point called a fulcrum. It amplifies force or changes the direction of force.
Lifting heavy objects, prying things open, cutting materials
Seesaws, crowbars, and scissors
Lever
A wheel attached to a central axle, where the wheel rotates around
the axle. It provides a mechanical advantage for moving or turning objects.
Rolling objects, transportation
Cars, bicycles, gears in machinery
Wheel and Axle
A wheel with a grooved rim and a rope or chain that runs along the groove.
Lifting heavy loads, raising flags, operating blinds, or curtains
Clothesline, Garage door
Pulley
A sloping surface that reduces the force required to lift an object by increasing the distance over which the force is applied.
Moving heavy loads
Ramps, stairs, wedge-shaped objects, screws
Inclined Plane
A triangular-shaped object with a sharp edge that can be driven into materials to split or separate them.
Splitting or cutting objects
Cutting tools (e.g., knives), doorstops, chisels, axes
Wedge
An inclined plane wrapped around a cylindrical post, usually with a pointed tip and ridged threads
Attaching objects together.
Wood screws, metal screws, lag screws
Screw
Types of Energy
objects in motion
a moving swing
mechanical
Types of Energy
moving through the wire
light bulb
electrical
Types of Energy
rearrangement of molecular structure
photosynthesis, lighting a match, rusting
chemical
Types of Energy
moving particles
boiling water
thermal
___________ is the exchange of thermal energy between physical systems.
Heat transfer
Heat Transfer
The transfer of heat by the actual movement of the warmed matter. For example, in a convection oven, air is moved by a fan around the food.
Convection
Heat Transfer
The transfer of heat from particle to particle. For example, if a cold spoon is placed in hot soup, the spoon will get hotter until the soup and the spoon become the same temperature.
Conduction
Heat Transfer
The transfer of heat from electromagnetic waves through space. Sunlight is a form of _________.
Radiation
________ can be defined as the flow of an electric charge. The most familiar electricity is the type used in homes and businesses to power lights and appliances.
Electricity
__________ allow electricity to flow in a loop and power different things.
Electrical circuits
When a circuit is ________, the loop is not closed; therefore, the light will not turn on. Only when the circuit is closed can the electricity travel around the loop fully and light the bulb.
open
Types of Circuits
The components are arranged end to end. The electric current flows through the first component, then through the next component, and so on until it reaches the battery again.
Series circuits
Types of Circuits
A circuit with branches that allows multiple applications to happen at once.
Parallel circuits
Conductors and Insulators
Conductors – Good for Electricity
Wire
Metal
Water
Conductors and Insulators
Insulators – Bad for Electricity
Rubber
Cloth
Polystyrene (Styrofoam)
A ___________- is a disturbance that travels through a medium from one location to another location.
wave
______________ travel through a medium, which serve as the “mechanism” for the transfer of energy across the medium.
Mechanical waves
There are three types of mechanical waves:
In this type of wave, the movement of the particles is parallel to the motion of the energy, i.e. the displacement of the medium is in the same direction in which the wave is moving. Example – sound waves, pressure waves.
Longitudinal waves
There are three types of mechanical waves:
___________ are a combination of longitudinal and transverse waves where particles in the medium follow a circular path. They occur at the interface of two different mediums like the interface of water and air (waves in the ocean) or layers of the earth’s crust (earthquake waves).
Surface Waves
There are three types of mechanical waves:
When the movement of the particles is at right angles or perpendicular to the motion of the energy, then this type of wave is known as a __________ ________. Light is an example of a __________ ____________.
Transverse waves
The distance between the resting position and the maximum displacement of the wave
Amplitude
______________ _________ are a form of radiation that travels though the universe. X-rays, UV light, microwaves, and radio waves are all examples of ________ _________.
Electromagnetic waves
The distance between two crests of a wave
Wavelength
The highest part of a wave
Crest
__________ is a form of electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye. It exhibits various behaviors when interacting with different materials and objects.
Light
The measurement of how often a recurring event such as a wave occurs in a measured amount of time
Frequency
Key properties of light:
________ occurs when light waves bounce off a surface.
* Seeing your own reflection in a mirror.
* Light bouncing off a smooth surface, like a still pond or a polished metal object.
Reflection
Key properties of light:
__________ refers to the process in which light energy is absorbed by a material. When light interacts with an object or substance, some or all of its energy may be absorbed, causing the object to heat up.
* Sunlight being absorbed by dark-colored clothing, causing the material to heat up.
* Light being absorbed by a black wall, making it appear darker.
Absorption
Key properties of light:
____________ is the bending, spreading, and interference of light waves as they encounter an obstacle or pass through an aperture. When light waves encounter an edge or opening that is comparable in size to their wavelength, they undergo _________.
* Light waves bending and spreading out when passing through a narrow slit, creating a pattern of dark and bright areas called a ________ pattern.
* The interference pattern observed when light passes through a narrow opening and produces a pattern of alternating dark and bright regions.
Diffraction
Key properties of light:
____________ is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another. This bending occurs due to the change in speed of light when it transitions from one material to another with a different optical density.
* Light bending as it passes from air into water, making objects appear shifted when viewed through the water’s surface.
* A straw appearing “broken” when partially submerged in a glass of water due to the refraction of light.
Refraction
Key properties of light:
___________ is the phenomenon in which different wavelengths of light separate and spread out as they pass through a medium. This separation occurs because different wavelengths have different speeds or indices of refraction in the medium, leading to a bending of the light at different angles.
* White light passing through a prism and being separated into a spectrum of colors, creating a rainbow-like effect.
* The separation of light into its constituent colors when passing through a triangular glass prism.
Dispersion
Key properties of light:
____________ refers to the orientation of light waves in a specific direction. When light waves vibrate in one plane, they are considered polarized.
* Light reflected off a non-metallic surface, such as water or glass, becoming partially polarized and producing glare.
* The use of polarized sunglasses to reduce glare and improve visibility by selectively blocking certain orientations of polarized light.
Polarization
Key properties of light:
________ occurs when two or more light waves overlap and interact with each other, resulting in the reinforcement (constructive interference) or cancellation (destructive interference) of the waves.
* The colorful patterns seen in thin films, such as oil on water or soap bubbles, due to the interference of light waves reflecting off multiple surfaces.
* The visible pattern of light and dark bands produced when a beam of light passes through two closely spaced slits (known as Young’s double-slit experiment).
Interference
Key properties of light:
___________ is the redirection of light waves in various directions when it interacts with particles or irregularities in a medium.
* Blue color of the sky, which is caused by the scattering of shorter-wavelength blue light by molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.
* Sunlight scattering by suspended particles in the air, resulting in a reddening of the sun during sunrise or sunset.
Scattering
Key properties of light:
__________ is a giant spark of electricity in the atmosphere between clouds, the air, or the ground. As __________ starts, air acts as an insulator between the positive and negative charges in the cloud and between the cloud and the ground. When the opposite charges build up enough, this insulating capacity of the air breaks down, and there is a rapid discharge of electricity (NSSL, 2019).
Lightning
Scientists use ________ to communicate ideas and to represent abstract phenomena. For example, the solar system is impossible to see in a classroom or lab; however, a model of the solar system is easily accessible in a classroom or lab.
models
Scientific ______ are based on a body of evidence and many experiments, trials, and tests. __________ are explanations for observable phenomena. Scientific ________ are based on a body of evidence developed over time.
theories
Scientific _________ describe the mechanisms for natural events.
explanations
Scientific _______ are regularities or mathematical descriptions of natural phenomena.
laws
A ___________ is used by scientists as an idea that may contribute important new knowledge for the evaluation of a scientific theory.
hypothesis
- Make an observation.
- Ask a question.
- Form a hypothesis.
- Conduct an experiment.
- Analyze the data and draw a conclusion.
Steps to the Scientific Method
Students in science:
________- Employ the five senses to interact with phenomena and recording findings.
Observe
Students in science:
________ – Arrange living and nonliving things based on attributes.
Classify
Students in science:
_________ – Make assumptions based on evidence.
Predict
Students in science:
_________ – State a prediction based on evidence.
Hypothesize
Students in science:
_________ – Conduct experiments.
Investigate
The ________ ________ is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry is commonly based on empirical or measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.
scientific method
An _____________ is a procedure carried out to refute or validate a hypothesis. ____________ help students understand cause-and-effect relationships by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated.
experiment
An experiment usually has three kinds of variables: independent, dependent, and control.
_________ variable is the element manipulated in the experiment. This variable is the one that is changed by the scientist.
Independent
An experiment usually has three kinds of variables: independent, dependent, and control.
_______ variable is what the scientist is measuring during the experiment.
Dependent
An experiment usually has three kinds of variables: independent, dependent, and control.
___________ variables are the elements of the experiment that a scientist wants to remain constant, so the scientist can observe them as carefully as the dependent variables.
Control
Types of Graphs Used in Science
_______ _______ or _______ ________, are powerful visual tools that illustrate trends in data over a period of time or a particular correlation.
This ________ shows population growth in certain species over
time. There are three different lines representing three different species.
Line charts, or line graphs
Types of Graphs Used in Science
One can easily compare two or more variables when using a _____ ______. Each bar represents a variable. When the bars are stacked next to each other, it is easy to compare data.
This _____ ________ is comparing carrying capacity of several species in different ecosystems.
bar graph
Types of Graphs Used in Science
_____ ______ are generally used to show percentage or proportional data. The percentage represented by each category is provided next to the corresponding slice of pie.
In this example, the percentages of substances in the atmosphere are broken down.
Pie charts
Common Tools Used in Science
Measures atmospheric pressure. It’s especially useful in meteorology, for weather
forecasting.
Barometer
Common Tools Used in Science
Measures temperature. _____________ are used in a variety of scientific fields including chemistry, physics, and medicine.
Thermometer
Common Tools Used in Science
Allows scientists to observe objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. It does not measure something quantitatively, but it is invaluable for biological and materials science research.
Microscope
Common Tools Used in Science
Allows observation of distant objects, often used in astronomy.
Telescope
Common Tools Used in Science
Measures the intensity of light in a part of the spectrum, particularly as transmitted or emitted by particular substances.
Spectrophotometer
Common Tools Used in Science
Measures the specific gravity (relative density) of liquids.
Hydrometer
Common Tools Used in Science
Measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
pH Meter
Common Tools Used in Science
Measures the dimensions of an object. In science, they’re often used in physics, engineering,
and biology.
Caliper
Common Tools Used in Science
Measures wind speed. Used mainly in meteorology.
Anemometer
Common Tools Used in Science
Separates and measures compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition.
Gas Chromatograph
Common Tools Used in Science
Measures the changing electrical voltage.
Oscilloscope
Common Tools Used in Science
Measures masses within a sample.
Mass Spectrometer
Common Tools Used in Science
Does not measure but separates substances of different densities within a solution. It is often used in biological and chemical labs.
Centrifuge
Common Tools Used in Science
Measures mass and weight.
Balance/Scale
Common Tools Used in Science
Measures time intervals, used across various scientific disciplines.
Stopwatch
Common Tools Used in Science
Measures the intensity of light emitted from chemical reactions.
Luminometer
Common Tools Used in Science
Measures the pressure of gases or liquids.
Manometer
Common Tools Used in Science
Measures electric potential difference (voltage) between two points.
Voltmeter
Common Tools Used in Science
Measures a volume of liquid. Essential in chemistry and biology labs.
Pipette
Common Tools Used in Science
Measures the volume of a liquid.
Graduated Cylinder
What are the composition layers of Earth?
Crust
Mantle
Core
What are the mechanical layers of Earth?
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Mesosphere
Outer Core
