social studies 2

Question 1

where are the himalayas located? what is the name of the highest point?

Answer 1

Asia- Nepal, india china, Pakistan, and Bhutan

Highest point: Everest

Question 2

where are the andes mountains located? what is the name of the highest point?

Answer 2

South America- Argentina, Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Columbia, Venezuela

Peak: Aconcagua

Question 3

where are the alps located? what is the name of the highest point?

Answer 3

Europe- France, Switzerland, Monaco, Italy, Austria, Germany, Slovenia, and Liechtenstein

Peak: Mount Blanc

Question 4

where are the rocky mountains located? what is the name of the highest point? why are they significant?

Answer 4

left side of the US: 3,000 miles north-to-south from new mexico, across the US into Montana, and well into Canada

Peak: Mount Elbert

Longest mountain range in north America and second longest in the world

Smaller mountain ranges within include:

• Big horn mountains, the front range, the Wasatch mountains, and the bitterroot range
• National parks: yellowstone, rocky mountain, grand teton, and glacier

Question 5

where are the appalachians located? what is the name of the highest point? why are they significant?

Answer 5

right side of the US- east coast; from northern Alabama to maine

Smaller mountain ranges within include:
-Smoky mountain, blue ridge mountains, green mountains, white mountains, Longfellow mountains, and the Berkshires

Question 6

where are the sierra nevada mountains located? what is the name of the highest point? why are they significant?

Answer 6

west coast of the US; mostly in cali and some in Nevada

Peak: mount whitney

Home to yosemite national park and lake tahoe

Question 7

what are the names of the 5 great lakes?

Answer 7

(from left to right)

Superior
Michigan
Huron
Eerie
Ontario

Question 8

what are some of the geographical features that effected Napoleon and Hitler’s attempts to invade Russia?

Answer 8

(Hitler invaded Russia in WWII)

Very poor road network

Inclement weather

Very poor agricultural base

Question 9

what is the panama canal? why is it important?

Answer 9

o Connects the pacific and atlantic oceans
48 miles long

Important for international maritime trade

Construction of the canal began in 1881 by France

• There were engineering problems and too many people were dying due to disease
• Construction stopped until the US took over in 1904 and it took 10 years to complete
• The canal allowed ships to travel more safely and in half the time
• In 1999 the Panamanian gov took control of the canal
• Is one of the 7 wonders of the modern world
• Many prospectors used this canal during the California gold rush

Question 10

who is alexander the great? why is he important?

Answer 10

King of Macedonia (southeast Europe) from 336 to 323 BC

He united Greece, reestablished the Corinthian League and conquered the Persian Empire

Became king of Persia, Babylon and Asia, and created Macedonian colonies in the region

Question 11

what were the Europeans motives for early exploration of North America?

Answer 11

Wealth and Religion

However, motives were different for Spanish, French, and English explorers, but all wanted to find the Northwest Passage

NP: direct and efficient route to the Orient- home of spices, silks, and wealth

-All wanted to lay claim to new land to expand their empires

Question 12

what were the three groups of Europeans during the early exploration of North America?

Answer 12

spanish

french

english

Question 13

what were the spanish’s motives during early exploration of North America?

Answer 13

In search of mineral wealth

Looking for El Dorado, city of gold

Aspired to spread Christianity

Question 14

what were the french’s motives during early exploration of north america?

Answer 14

Also wanted to spread Christianity and find a new route by water to the east through North America

Question 15

what were the english’s motives during early exploration of north america?

Answer 15

Motivated by a desire to colonize as much of the Americas as possible to add to the ever-increasing British Empire

Question 16

why is christopher columbus important?

Answer 16

Sailed from Palos, Spain in search of a route to Asia and the Indies, instead- found the New World- the Americas

His journey marked the beginning of centuries of transatlantic colonization

Made 4 trips across the atlantic ocean

Question 17

what were the three regional identities during the colonial era?

Answer 17

new england

mid-atlantic/middle

southern

all relied on each other for certain items or skills

Question 18

what were some of the characteristics of the new england people during the colonial era?

Answer 18

Primarily religious reformers and separatists

Seeking a new way of life to glorify God and for the greater good of their spiritual life

Had skilled craftsman in the industry of shipbuilding

First specialized in nautical/boating equipment- region later developed mills and factories

Environment is ideal for water-powered machinery

Question 19

what were some of the characteristics of the mid-atlantic/middle people during the colonial era?

Answer 19

Welcomed people from various and diverse lifestyles

Presented a diverse workforce of farmers, fisherman, and merchants

Had rich farmland and moderate climate

More suitable place to grow grain and livestock than new England

Environment was ideal for small to large farms

Coastal lowlands and bays provided harbors- were able to provide trading opportunities where the three regions meet in market towns and cities

Question 20

what are some characteristics of the southern people during the colonial era?

Answer 20

Were established as economic ventures and were seeking natural resources to provide material wealth to the mother country and themselves

Primarily agricultural with few cities and limited schools

Had fertile farmlands which contributed to the rise of cash crops (rice, tobacco, and indigo)

Plantations developed as nearly subsistent communities

Slavery allowed wealthy aristocrats and large landowners to cultivate huge tracts of land

Question 21

what was the first permanent english colony founded in America?

Answer 21

Jamestown, Virginia

Founded as America’s first permanent English colony in 1607

13 years before Pilgrims landed at Plymouth in Mass.

Founded by the Virginia Company of London, a group of investors who hoped to profit from the venture

John Smith was the colony’s leader

Question 22

what were the new england colonies?

Answer 22

Connecticut Colony

The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

Massachusetts Bay Colony

The Province of New Hampshire

Question 23

what is the french and indian war?

Answer 23

North American conflict in a larger imperial war between Great Britain and France known as the Seven Years’ War

Began in 1754 and ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763
-Peace treaty between the US and Britain that ended American Revolutionar War

Provided Great Britain with enormous territorial gains in North America, but fights over subsequent frontier policy and paying the war’s expenses led to colonial discontent, and ultimately to the American Revolution

The war was enormously expensive and british gov attempted to impose taxes on colonists to help cover these expenses and resulted in increasing colonial resentment of british attempts to expand imperial authority in the colonies

The british also attempted to limit western expansion by colonists and inadvertent provocation of a major indian war further angered the British subjects living in the American colonies

—–all led to colonial rebellion and a full-scale war for independence

Question 24

what was the slave trade?

Answer 24

Africans were the immigrants to the british new world that had no choice in their destinations or destinies

Question 25

what were some of the reasons for the declaration of independence?

Answer 25

July 4, 1776 Explained to the whole world that the 13 british colonies were seeking to start their own country -Britain was taxing and mistreating the colonies Stated that the American colonies would no longer be a part of Great Britain and would form their own country Listed the colonists’ thoughts about freedom and what government should be like and the reasons why they thought the British were being unfair

Question 26

what were some of the major battles during the war for independence?

Answer 26

Battle of Monmouth (June of 1778) Battle of King’s Mountain (October of 1780) Battle of Fort Ticonderoga (May of 1775) Battle of Cowpens (January of 1781) Battle of Saratoga (October of 1777) Battle of Bunker Hill (June of 1775) Battle of Fort Washington (November of 1776) Battles of Trenton and Princeton (Winter of 1776-77) Battle of Yorktown (October of 1781) -Last great battle of American revolutionary war Battles of Lexington and Concord (April of 1775) -The first battle of the revolutionary war

Question 27

articles of confederation vs. the us constitution

Answer 27

Two most prominent documents to manifest during the American revolutionary war AOC - First successful effort of organizing and mobilizing the 13 colonies of the US - Gave the original colonial powers some added leverage in handling diplomatic affairs, including negotiating land deals with foreign governments - Established a unicameral legislature - Voting power was delegated to the states based on committees and each state* had one vote in the AOC US Constitution - Adopted in 1789, replacing the AOC permanently - Created checks and balances between the three branches of government - Enumerated the relationship of the federal government and the states - Established the bill of rights - Eventual bicameral system - voting: allowed for a single vote for each legislative representative - created the executive branch of government, establishing a figurehead department of the government - did more to centralize authority in a single political entity, rather than rely on the more lax union created by the AOC

Question 28

bill of rights

Answer 28

First 10 amendments of the constitution Written by James Madison List several prohibitions on governmental power, in response to calls from several states for greater constitutional protection for individual liberties

Question 29

founding the nation: two political parties

Answer 29

federalists and anti-federalists

Question 30

federalists

Answer 30

Advocated for a strong national government Argued that the constitution did not need a bill of rights because the people and states kept any powers not given to the federal government The constitution as it stood only limited the government and not the people

Question 31

anti-federalists

Answer 31

Wanted power to remain with state and local governments Held that a bill of rights was necessary to safeguard individual liberty Without the bill of rights, the people would be at risk of oppression

Question 32

western expansion: war of 1812

Answer 32

Aka: the second part of the American Revolutionary War President was James Madison American Congress declared war against Great Britain three decades after the Treaty of Paris bc of these three factors The british were capturing ships and forcing American citizens to serve in their navy and army (impressment) Great Britain was holding territory by having troops and forts in the Northwest territory The US wanted land but Britain had troops were the Indians were, and they became friends with one another so they did not leave The battle of new Orleans was the last battle of the war Served as a turning point in the history of the young republic The US developed a more distinctly American fashion after the War of 1812

Question 33

western expansion: monroe doctrine (of 1823)

Answer 33

Best known U.S. policy towards the western hemisphere Cornerstone of US foreign policy enunciated by President James Madison Separates spheres of European and American influence Declared that the Old World and New World had different systems and must remain in different spheres US promised to stay out of European business and told the Europeans to stay out of the Western Hemisphere’s business Four main points: - The US would not interfere in the internal affairs of or the wars between European powers - The US recognized and would not interfere with existing colonies and the dependencies in the Western Hemisphere - The Western Hemisphere was closed to future colonization - Any attempt by a European power to oppress or control any nation in the Western Hemisphere would be viewed as a hostile act against the US

Question 34

western expansion: manifest destiny

Answer 34

Held that the US was destined- by God, as advocated believed- to expand its dominion and spread democracy and capitalism across the entire North American continent Louisiana Purchase - Thomas Jefferson kicked off the country’s westward expansion in 1803 with this - High birth rate and brisk immigration, the US population exploded in the first half of the 19th century - This rapid growth, alongside two economic depressions, drove millions of americans westward in search of new land and new opportunities Texas Independence -Cries for the “re-annexation” of Texas increased after Mexico, having won its independence from Spain, passed a law suspending US immigration into Texas in 1830 -It’s new leaders sought to join the US and ended up doing it By the time Texas was admitted into the Union, the idea that the US must inevitably expand westward, all the way to the Pacific Ocean, had taken firm hold among people from different regions, classes, and political persuasions The phrase “Manifest Destiny” emerged as the best-known expression of this mindset A treaty between Great Britain and the US partially resolved the question of where to draw the Canadian border, but left open the question of the Oregon Territory As president, Polk wanted to issue resolved and his administration agreed to a compromise whereby Oregon would be split aklong the 49th parallel, narrowly avoiding a crisis with Britain By the time the Oregon question was settled, The US had entered into an all out war with Mexico, driven by the spirit of the manifest destiny

Question 35

causes of the civil war

Answer 35

Industry vs. Farming - Economies of many northern states had moved away from farming to industry - The southern states had maintain a large farming economy and this economy was based on slave labor - The north no longer relied on slaves but the south did heavily States Rights - There had been arguments about how much power the states should have vs. how much power the governmet should have since the constitution - The southern states felt that the fed. Gov was taking away their powers and rights Slavery - The heart of much of the south’s issues- relied on slavery for labor to work in the fields - Many people in the north believed that slavery was wrong and evil- they were called abolitionists and wanted slavery to be illegal - ^this made south fearful that their way of life would come to an end Bleeding Kansas - First fighting over the slavery issue - The gov passed the Kansas-Nebraska act allowing the citizens of Kansas to vote on whether they wanted to be a slave state or a free state and the region was flooded with supporters on both sides - They fought over this issue for years - Eventually entered as a free state Abraham Lincoln - The final straw for the south was AL becoming president - He was a member of the new anti-slavery republican party - South felt that since he was against slavery he was against the south too Secession - When AL was elected, many southern states decided they no longer wanted to be apart of the US and that they had every right to leave - 11 states would eventually leave the US and form the Confederate States of America - AL said that they did not have the right to leave the US and sent in troops to stop the south from leaving - The Civil War begun Reconstruction - The union victory in the civil war may have given 4 million slaves their freedom, but the process of rebuilding the south during the reconstruction period introduced lots of challenges - New southern state legislatures passed restrictive “black codes” to control the labor and behavior of former slaves and other African Americans

Question 36

what is reconstruction?

Answer 36

The union victory in the civil war may have given 4 million slaves their freedom, but the process of rebuilding the south during the reconstruction period introduced lots of challenges New southern state legislatures passed restrictive “black codes” to control the labor and behavior of former slaves and other African Americans

Question 37

early battles of the civil war

Answer 37

Fort Sumter First Manassas Shiloh Second Manassas Antietam

Question 38

radical reconstruction

Answer 38

Newly enfranchised blacks gained a voice in government for the first time in American history, willing election to southern state legislatures and even to the U.S. Congress Radical Republicans believed blacks were entitled to the same political rights and opportunities as whites Also believed that the confederate leaders should be punished for their roles in the Civil War At the heart of their beliefs was the notion that blacks must be given a chance to compete in a free-labor economy

Question 39

the end of reconstruction

Answer 39

 The compromise of 1877 An informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 US presidential election. Resulted in the US fed government pulling the last troops out of the south and ending the reconstruction era

Question 40

industrialization

Answer 40

 The development of machine production of goods and new energy resources

Question 41

positive effects of industrialization

Answer 41

Job opportunities New machinery increased production speeds of goods and gave people the opportunity to transport raw materials Led to urbanization -The movement of people into cities and city building Western world went from rural and agricultural to urban industrial Steam engine -Provided cheap movement of goods through waterways- canals were built so resources could be transported with ease Railroad system Road transportation Raised the standards of living

Question 42

negative effects of industrialization

Answer 42

Urban areas grew tremendously, leading to overcrowding in cities Factory work was dirty and dangerous Large populations caused many health problems- unsanitary cities and disease filled streets Bosses strictly disciplined employees and treated them harshly- were underpaid and overworked Child labor Fatigue and illness

Question 43

causes of the great depression

Answer 43

The stock market crash Banking panics and monetary contraction The gold standard - As the US experienced declining output and deflation, it tended to run a trade surplus with other countries bcause americans were buying fewer imported goods, while American exports were relatively cheap - Such imbalances gave rise to significant foreign gold outflows to the US, which in turn threated to devalue the currencies of the countries whose gold reserves had been depleted Decreased international lending and tariffs - The US economy was still expanding, lending by US banks to foreign countries fell, partly because of the relatively high US interest rates - The drop off contributed to contractionary effects in some borrower countries, whose economies entered a downturn even before the beginning of the Great Depression in the US - American agriculture also suffered

Question 44

the stock market crash

Answer 44

The stock market went under a historic expansion in the 1920’s Prices rose to unprecedented levels and investing in the stock market seemed like an easy way to make money Even people out of ordinary means used much of their disposable income or even mortgaged their homes to buy stock By the end of the decade, 100’s of millions of shares were being carried on margin -Meaning that their purchase price was financed with loans to be repaid with profits generated from ever-increasing share prices Once prices began to decline, many shareholders fell into a panic and rushed to liquidate their holding, exacerbating the decline and engendering further panic

Question 45

the new deal

Answer 45

Was a series of programs and projects instituted during the Great Depression by FDR that aimed to restore prosperity to Americans He acted to stabilize the economy and provide jobs and relief to those who were suffering Over the next eight years, the gov instituted a series of experimental programs and projects that aimed to restore some measure of dignity and prosperity to many Americans It fundamentally and permanently changed the federal `government’s relationship to U.S. citizens

Question 46

monroe doctrine

Answer 46

 Best known U.S. policy towards the western hemisphere  Cornerstone of US foreign policy enunciated by President James Madison  Separates spheres of European and American influence  Declared that the Old World and New World had different systems and must remain in different spheres  US promised to stay out of European business and told the Europeans to stay out of the Western Hemisphere’s business  Four main points: • The US would not interfere in the internal affairs of or the wars between European powers • The US recognized and would not interfere with existing colonies and the dependencies in the Western Hemisphere • The Western Hemisphere was closed to future colonization • Any attempt by a European power to oppress or control any nation in the Western Hemisphere would be viewed as a hostile act against the US

Question 47

manifest destiny

Answer 47

 Held that the US was destined- by God, as advocated believed- to expand its dominion and spread democracy and capitalism across the entire North American continent  Louisiana Purchase • Thomas Jefferson kicked off the country’s westward expansion in 1803 with this • High birth rate and brisk immigration, the US population exploded in the first half of the 19th century • This rapid growth, alongside two economic depressions, drove millions of americans westward in search of new land and new opportunities  Texas Independence • Cries for the “re-annexation” of Texas increased after Mexico, having won its independence from Spain, passed a law suspending US immigration into Texas in 1830 • It’s new leaders sought to join the US and ended up doing it  By the time Texas was admitted into the Union, the idea that the US must inevitably expand westward, all the way to the Pacific Ocean, had taken firm hold among people from different regions, classes, and political persuasions  The phrase “Manifest Destiny” emerged as the best-known expression of this mindset  A treaty between Great Britain and the US partially resolved the question of where to draw the Canadian border, but left open the question of the Oregon Territory  As president, Polk wanted to issue resolved and his administration agreed to a compromise whereby Oregon would be split aklong the 49th parallel, narrowly avoiding a crisis with Britain  By the time the Oregon question was settled, The US had entered into an all out war with Mexico, driven by the spirit of the manifest destiny

Question 48

legislative

Answer 48

makes laws | congress-->state--> house of reps

Question 49

executive

Answer 49

carries out laws president--.VP--> cabinet

Question 50

judicial

Answer 50

interprets laws supreme court--?other federal courts

Question 51

magna carta

Answer 51

 “The Great Charter”; one of the most important documents in history as it established the principle that everyone is subject to the law, even the king, and guarantees the rights of individuals, the right to justice and the right to a fair trial  King John ruled England for almost two decades and was well known for being a heavy handed ruler  He would often wage unnecessary wars and burden his subjects with heavy taxes to pay for them  King John begrudgingly signed the Magna Carta because he needed the barons to fight his wars and collect his taxes

Question 52

treaty of versailles

Answer 52

o The most important of the peace treaties that brought WWI to an end o Ended the state of war between Germany and the allied powers

Question 53

norman conquest

Answer 53

o The military conquest of England by William, duke of Normandy, primarily effected by his decisive victory at the battle of hastings and resulting ultimately in profound political, administrative, and social changes in the British Isles

Question 54

1st amendment

Answer 54

basic liberties

Question 55

2nd amendment

Answer 55

gun

Question 56

3rd amendment

Answer 56

quartering soldiers

Question 57

13th amendment

Answer 57

abolishing slavery

Question 58

14th amendment

Answer 58

equal rights

Question 59

15th amendment

Answer 59

voting rights for blacks

Question 60

18th amendment

Answer 60

prohibition

Question 61

19th amendment

Answer 61

womens right to vote

Question 62

emancipation proclomation

Answer 62

o Executive order issued by president Lincoln freeing all slaves held in geographical areas in rebellion against the US

Question 63

topography

Answer 63

arrangement of the natural and artifical physical features of an era

Question 64

ethnography

Answer 64

scientific description of the customs of individual people and cultures