ALL Flashcards
1
Q
assonance
A
repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds
2
Q
meter
A
a recurring pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables that created a rhythm when spoken
3
Q
lambic meter
A
an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable
4
Q
blank verse
A
unrhymed verse that consists of lines of iambic pentameter
5
Q
free verse
A
lacks regular patterns of poetic feet
BUT has more controlled rhythm than prose in terms of pace and pauses
6
Q
phonological awareness
A
the ability to perceive sound structures in spoken word, such as syllables and the individual phonemes within syllables
7
Q
phonemes
A
the sounds represented by the letters in the alphabet
8
Q
teaching phonological awareness
A
language play
an exposure to a variety of sounds and contexts of sounds
9
Q
alphabetic principle
A
the use of letters and combinations of letters to represent speech sounds
10
Q
developing language skills
A
interacting with others
experiencing language in daily life
understanding that speaking and listening are necessary for effective communication
11
Q
what does KWL stand for
A
know
wonder
learn
12
Q
what does KUD stand for
A
know
understand
do
13
Q
decoding
A
method used to make sense of printed words and figure out how to correctly pronounce them
students must know the relationships between letters and sounds, including:
- letter patterns
- words are constructed from phonemes
- printed word represents a word that can be spoken
14
Q
phonics
A
the process of learning to read by learning how spoken language is represented by letters
15
Q
whole language approach
A
method of teaching children to read by recognizing words as whole pieces of language
believes that language should not be broken down into letters, combinations of letters, or decoded
16
Q
fluency
A
the goal of literacy development
the ability to read and write accurately and quickly
17
Q
affixes
A
syllables attached to the beginning or end of a word to make a derivative or inflectional form of a word
18
Q
noun suffixes
A
type of suffix
has two types:
argument: denotes the act of, state of, or quality of
auctioneer: denotes the doer, or one who does
19
Q
verb suffixes
A
type of suffix
denote “to make” or “to perform the act of” (soften)
20
Q
adjectival suffixes
A
type of suffix
include suffixes such as “ful” which means “full of”
ish, less, able
21
Q
literal comprehension
A
the skills a reader uses to deal with the actual words in a text
involves skills such as
-identifying the topic sentence, main idea, important facts, and supporting details
- using context clues to determine the meaning ofa word
- sequencing events
22
Q
critical comprehension
A
involves the prior knowledge and an understanding that written material (especially nonfiction) is the authors version and not necessarily anyone else’s
involves analysis of meaning, evaluation, validation, questioning, and the reasoning skills a reader uses to recognize inferences and conclusions, purpose, tone, POV, themes, etc
23
Q
metacognitive skills
A
awareness
planning
self-monitoring
reflection
taking an active role in reading
recognizing reading behaviors
relating info to prior knowledge
being aware of text structures
24
Q
synecdoche
A
use of a part of something to signify the whole
“boots on the ground”
25
metonymy
use of one term that is closely associated with another to mean the other
26
critical thinking tools while reading
summarization
question generation
textual marking
27
learning approach
a language development theory
assumes that language is first learned by imitating the speech of adults- then solidified in school through drills about the rules of language structures
28
linguistic approach
a language development theory
proposes that the ability to use a language is innate
biological approach- not baed on cognition or social patterning
29
cognitive approach
a language development theory
children must develop appropriate cognitive skills before they can acquire language
30
sociocognitive approach
a language development theory
language development is a complex interaction of linguistic, social, and cognitive influences
31
ad hominem
"against the person"
attacks the character or behavior of a person taking a stand on the issue instead of the issue itself
32
hasty generalizations
condemnations of a group based on the behavior of one person or part
33
faulty causation
assigning the wrong cause to an event
34
bandwagon effect
if everyone else is doing it, it must be a good thing to do
35
inductive reasoning
using PARTICULAR FACTS to draw a general conclusion
if every apple take out of the top of a barrel is rotten, the rest of the barrel is probably rotten too
36
deductive reasoning
using GENERAL FACTS or premises to come to a SPECIFIC conclusion
if Susan is a sophomore and all sophomore take geometry, Susan takes geometry
37
gerund
verb form used as a noun
38
illustrative essay
explains a general statement through the use of examples
39
descriptive essay
appeals to the give senses to describe a person, place, or thing so that the readers can see the subject in their imaginations
40
process essays
"how-to": gives step-by-step instructions
"explanation": tells how an event occurred or how something works
41
classification essay
type of essay that sorts information
42
imperative sentence
gives direction or command and may be punctuated by an exclamation point
43
bathos
an attempt to evoke pity, sorrow, or nobility that goes overboard and becomes ridiculous
44
malapropism
confusing one word with another
45
the five reasons for writing
1. to tell a story
2. to express oneself
3. to convey information
4. to make an argument
5. to explore ideas
46
coordinating conjunction
a conjunction that can join two independent clauses by placing a comma and a coordinating conjunction between them
47
subordinating conjunction
a conjunction that joins a subordinate clause with an independent clause and establishes a relationship between them
48
top-down processing
listener refers to a background and a global knowledge to figure out the meaning of a message
49
bottom-up processing
listener figures out the meaning of a message by using "data" obtained from what is said
50
base maps
maps created from aerial and field surveys
serve as the starting point for topographic and thematic maps
51
topographic maps
maps that show the natural and human-made surface features of the earth
```
including:
mountain elevations
river courses
roads
names of lakes and towns
country/state lines
```
52
thematic maps
maps that use a base of topographic maps as the foundation for showing data based on a them
ex. population, wildlife distribution, etc
53
15 degrees
each hour of time in the time zones is equivalent to this many degrees of longitude
54
prime meridian
greenwich, england is the location of this
55
international date line
the halfway point, at the 180th meridian
the place where each day begins and ends on Earth
56
cartography
the art and science of mapmaking
57
absolute location
the exact point where coordinates meet
58
Tropic of Cancer
the latitude that is 23.5 degrees north of the equator
59
Tropic of Capricorn
the latitude that is 23.5 degrees south of the equator
60
the tropics
the region between the tropic of cancer and capricorn
61
subtropics
the areas located between 23.5 and 40 degrees north/south of the equator
62
arctic circle
the latitude 66.5 degrees north of the equator
63
antarctic circle
the latitude 66.5 degrees south of the equator
64
the four main biomes
forests
grasslands
deserts
tundra
65
the five main climate zones
tropical
dry
temperate
continental
polar
66
climate
the long term average weather conditions of a place
67
orogeny
the process in which tectonic plates push up the crust to form mountains
68
carrying capacity
the maximum, sustained level of use an environment can incur without sustaining significant environmental deterioration that would eventually lead to environmental destruction
69
three different points of view that can be used to study history
space
environment
chronology
70
the five themes of geography
location
place
human-environment interaction
movement
regions
71
geomorphology
the study of landforms
a science that considers the relationships between geological structures and surface landscape features
processes that change features: erosion, deposition, plate tectonics
72
landforms
landscape features
the highest order are continents and oceans
73
foothills
low series of hills found between a plain and a mountain range
74
mesas
flat areas of upland
75
deltas
accumulation of silt deposited at the river mouths into the seabed
eventually converted into very fertile, stable ground
76
basins
low areas that catch water from rivers
large hollows that dip to a central point and are surrounded by higher ground
areas of inland drainage in a desert where water can't reach the sea
77
marshes
wet lowlands with no trees are always wet because of frequent floods and poor drainage that leave shallow water;
ex. grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, herbs
78
swamps
wet lowlands with trees and dry periods
the water is very slow-moving and is usually associated with adjacent rivers or lakes
79
taiga
world's largest forest region
location of huge mineral resources and fur-bearing animals
80
tundra
marshy plain in an area that has very cold climate and receives little snow
81
humid continental climate
has four seasons, including a cold winter and a hot summer, and sufficient rainfall for raising crops
82
prairie climates
found in the interiors of asia and north america where there are dry flatlands
83
subtropical climates
very humid areas in tropical areas
the moisture, carried by winds traveling over warm ocean currents, produces long summers and mild winters
84
marine climates
climates surrounded by water; warm ocean winds bring moisture, mild temperatures year round, and plentiful rain
85
physical geography
study of climate, water, and land and their relationship with each other and humans
locates and identifies the earth's surface features and explores how humans thrive in various locations according to crop and goods production
86
cultural geography
study of the influence of the environment on human behaviors as well as the effect of human activities such as farming, building settlements, and grazing livestock on the environment
87
physical location
placement of the hemispheres and continents
88
political location
divisions within continents that designate various countries
89
natural resources
things provided by nature that have commercial value to humans
ex. minerals, timber, fish, wildlife, and landscape
90
renewable resources
resources that can be replenished
ex. wind, solar radiation, tides, and water (with proper conservation)
91
nonrenewable resources
resources that cannot be replenished
cannot be replaced or reused once they are burned
ex. fossil fuels such as oil and metal ores
92
commodities
natural resources that have to be extracted and purified rather than created
93
map projections
a system for representing the Earth's curvatures on a flat surface through the use of a grid that corresponds to the lines of latitude and longitude
94
conical projections
type of map projection that superimposes a cone over the sphere of the earth
95
cylindrical projection
type of map projection in which meridians are mapped using equally spaced vertical lines and circles of latitude (parallels) are mapped using horizontal lines
96
azimuthal
stereographic projection onto a plane so centered at any given point that a straight line radiating from the center to any other point represents the shortest difference
97
sumer
established the first known writing system
advanced the development of the wheel and irrigation
urbanized their culture with cluster of cities
98
egypt
united by the nile river
settled in villages on the banks
national religion that held pharaohs as gods
central government
writing, libraries
99
indus valley
unified culture of luxury and refinement
no known national government
advanced civic system
prosperous trade routes
100
common traits of early empires
strong military
centralized government
control and standardization of commerce
money
taxes
weight system
official language
101
greece
started as a group of city states that were united by Alexander the Great and joined to create an empire
102
middle ages
period that ran from approx. 500-1500 A.D.
during this time, centers of European civilization moved from Mediterranean countries to France, Germany, and England
103
the crusades
recurring wars between european Christians and middle east muslims
104
charlemagne
created an empire across france and germany around 800 AD
105
protestant reformation
began as an attempt to reform the catholic church, but eventually led to the separation of it
106
martin luther
posted 95 Theses on the door of a church in Saxony
107
95 Theses
document posted by Martin Luther that criticized unethical practices, various doctrines, and the authority of the pope
108
Renaissance
renewal of interest in ancient Greek and Latin art, literature and philosophy
14th-16th centuries
109
Jacques Cartier
French explorer that explored the St. Lawrence seaway
110
Samuel de Champlain
founded Quebec
set up a fur empire on the St. Lawrence Seaway
also explored the coasts of MA and RI
111
Fr. Jacques Marquette and Louis Joilet
the first Europeans to travel down the Mississippi
112
Rene-Robert de la Salle
Explored the Great Lakes and Illinois and Mississippi Rivers
claimed all of the land from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico and from the Appalachians to the Rockies for France
113
Juan Ponce de Leon
first European in Florida
discovered the Gulf Stream
searched for the fountain of youth
114
Alonso Alvarez de Pineda
charted the gulf coast from Florida to Mexico
claimed TX for Spain
115
Panfilo de Narvaez
claimed Florida for Spain, then sailed the Gulf Coast
116
Hernando de Soto
first European to explore the southeastern US from Tallahassee to Natchez
117
Sir Walter Raleigh
landed on Roanoke Island in 1585
118
Jamestown
first permanent English colony founded by Captain John Smith in 1607
119
pilgrims
name for the 24 puritan families sent by the virginia company to virginia on the mayflower
120
sons of liberty
protest group led by Sam Adams that incited the Revolution
121
Boston Massacre
march 1770
| soldiers fired on a crowd and killed people
122
committees of correspondence
set up throughout the colonies to transmit revolutionary ideas and create a unified response
123
first continental congress
held in 1774 to list grievances and develop a response; attached by all the colonies except Georgia
124
shot heard round the world
1775, Lexington and Concord
English soldiers on their way to confiscate arms in Concord passed through Lexington
125
second continental congress
established the continental army and chose George Washington as its commanding general
also allowed printing of money and created government offices
126
treaty of paris
1782
| signaled the official end of the revolutionary war
127
articles of confederation
had two major elements that proved unworkable
- no centralized national government
- no centralized power to tax or regulate trade with other nations or between states
designed to protect states' rights over those of the national government
128
the federalist papers
written by James Madison
129
Louisiana Purchase
1803, purchased by Thomas Jefferson for $15 million
to gain NOLA
remove threat of french interference along MS river
double the territory of the US
130
war of 1812
causes of the war included
- british attempts to restrict U.S. trade
- the royal navy's impressment of American seamen
- America's desire to expand its territory
though washington DC was captured and burned, American troops were able to repulse British invasions in NY, Baltimore, NOLA---- boasting national confidence and fostering a new spirit of patriotism
131
treaty of ghent
ended the war of 1812
when the british ended the war with France, they negotiate for peace with the US as well
132
monroe doctrine
1823
warned European power to cease colonization of Central and South America or face military intervention by the US
in return, the US would not meddle in the political affairs of standing colonies in Europe
133
missouri compromise
an effort by congress to defuse the sectional and political rivalries triggered by the request of Missouri late in 1819 for admission as a state in which slavery would be permitted
at the time, the US contained twenty-two states, evenly divided between 11 slave and 11 free
- maine was bought on as a free state and the southern border of missouri was set as the northernmost line of any slave territory
- western states could come in as free states
- arkansas and floida could be slave states
134
manifest destint
popular belief during the 1840's that it was the right and duty of the US to expand westward to the pacific
135
Andrew Jackson
the election of this president is seen as the beginning of the modern political party system as well as the start of the democratic party
136
Indian Removal Act of 1830
took natives out of territories that whites wanted to settle
137
trail of tears
removed cherokees from georgia and relocated them to oklahoma
138
nullification
the right of states to nullify any federal laws that they thought unconstitutional
139
whig party
party that started as an opposition to Jackson's authoritarian policies
particularly concerned with defending the supremacy of Congress over the executive branch, states rights, economic protectionism, and modernization
140
Susan B. Anthony
women's rights and abolition activist
she lectured across the nation for suffrage, property and wage rights, and labor organizations for women
141
Dorothea Dix
created the first American asylums
142
Frederick Douglass
escaped slave who became an abolitionist leader, government official, and writer
143
william lloyd garrison
abolitionist and the editor of the Liberator, a leading anti-slavery newspaper
144
joseph smith
founded the latter day saints and wrote the book of mormon
145
horace mann
leader of the common school movement that made public education a right for all americans
146
elizabeth cady stanton
held the seneca falls convention in 1848
demanding women's suffrage and other reforms
147
compromise of 1850
calling upon the principle of popular sovereignty, allowed those who lived in Mexican cession to decide for themselves whether to be a slave or a free territory
148
fugitive slave law of 1850
allowed slave owners to go into free states to retrieve their escaped slaves
149
kansas-nebraska act of 1854
repealed the missouri compromise of 1820 and allowed the lands from the LA Purchase to settle the slavery issue by popular soverignty
150
dred scott vs. sanford
ruled that congress had no authority to exclude slavery from territories, which in effect, meant that the MO Compromise had been unconsitutional
upheld property rights over human rights in the case of a slave who had been transported to a free state by his master, but was still considered a slave
151
jefferson davis
the former US senator who was the president of the confederacy
152
robert e lee
led the army of northern virginia and the central confederate force
153
ulysses s. grant
received lee's surrender at the appomattox court house in VA in april of 1865
154
reconstruction
period from 1865 to 1877 during which the South was under strict control of the U.S. government
all state governments from the former confederacy were terminated and military occupation began
155
13th ammendment
declared slavery illegal
156
14th ammendment
made all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. citizens and forbade any state to interfere with their fundamental rights
157
15th ammendment
made it illegal to deny individuals the right to vote on the grounds of race
158
gilded age
period of enormous wealth and grossly opulent lifestyle enjoyed by a handful of powerful families
159
two dates between which the US population doubled due to immigration
1860-1890
160
progressive era
1890s-1920s
reform-minded political leaders who wanted to export a just and rational social order (democracy, humanity, cleaning up city govs, improve housing, healthy, edu) to the rest of the world while increasing trade with foreign markets
-national gov. strengthened, created lots of programs
161
spanish-american wars
resulted because america sided with cuba for its independence struggle against Spain; resulted with Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, and Guam becoming American territories + Hawaii
162
open door
policy that the US had with China in 1900
163
federal reserve system
1913
| established to supervise banking and commerce
164
fair trade commition
1914
| established to ensure fair competition in banking and commerce
165
19th ammendment
voting rights for women
166
18th ammendment
prohibition
167
decade of optimism
after WWI
| life improved due to Henry Ford's mass production, better roads, electric lights, airplanes, communications, etc
168
reasons for the stock market crash
increased credit buying
bank war debts
huge gap between the rich/poor
belief that the stock market would always go up
169
allies in WWI
```
britan
france
russia
greece
italy
romania
serbia
later the US
```
170
central powers of WWI
germany
austria-hungary
bulgaria
turkey
171
span of WWI
1914-1918
172
the year that wilson declared war and the US entered WWI
1917
173
axis powers WWI
germany
japan
italy
(until it changed to allied)
174
allied powers WWI
US (in 1941); britain, free
| France/colonies, Russia
175
the truman doctrine
1947 policy designed to protect free peoples everywhere against oppression
176
marshall plan
1948 policy that devoted $12 billion to rebuild western europe and strengthen its defenses
177
the organization of the american states
established to bolster democratic relations in the Americas
178
the berlin blockade
soviets tried to starve out west berlin, so the US provided massive supply drops by air
179
north atlantic treaty organization
formed to militarily link the US and western Europe so that an attack on one was an attack on both
180
the cuban missile crisis
stand-off between the US and the Soviet Union over a build-up of missiles in Cuba
eventually, soviets stopped their shipments and a nuclear war was averted
181
year president kennedy was assassinated
1963
182
year robert kennedy and MLK Jr were assassinated
1968
183
spiro t. agnew
vice president who resigned in october 1973
184
president appoints, senate ratification
process that is used to appoint a new VP
185
separation of powers
power is divided among the three government branches: legislative, executive, judicial
186
checks and balances
system that enforces the separation of powers and ensures that each branch has the authority and ability to restrain the powers of the other two branches
187
judicial review
judges in the federal courts ensure that no act of government is in violation of the Constitution
if an act is unconstitutional, the judicial branch has the power to nullify it
188
federalism
division of power between the central government and local governments, which limits the power of the federal government and allows states to deal with local problems
189
classical republic
representative democracy
small groups of elected leaders represent the interests of the electorate
190
oligarchy
small, usually self-appointed elite rules a region
191
liberal democracy
government based on the consent of the people that protects individual rights and freedoms from any intolerance by the majority
192
2nd amendment
right to bear arms
193
3rd amendment
no quartering of soldiers
194
4th amendment
search and seizure
195
5th amendment
provisions regarding prosecution
196
6th amendment
right to a speedy/public trial, calling of witnesses
197
7th amendment
right to trail by jury
198
8th amendment
freedom from excessive bail or cruel punishment
199
9th amendment
these rights are not necessarily the only rights
200
10th ammendment
powers not prohibited by the constitution are reserved to the states
201
national powers
can coin money
regulate interstate and foreign trade
raise and maintain armed forces
declare war
govern US territories
admit new states
conduct foreign relations
202
concurrent powers
can levy and collect taxes
borrow money
establish courts
define crimes
set punishments
claim private property for public use
203
state powers
can regulate trade/business within the state
establish public schools
pass license requirements
regulate alcohol
conduct elections
establish local governments
204
delegated powers
powers granted by the constitution
205
enumerated powers
powers specifically spelled out in the constitution
206
implied powers
powers not expressly stated in the constitution,but are reasonably suggested by the enumerated powers
207
inherent
powers not expressed by the constitution but ones that the national govs have historically possessed, such as granting diplomatic recognition
208
23 amendment
gave washington dc the power to vote
209
21 amedment
ended prohibition
210
26th amendment
set the minimum voting age at 18 years
211
marbury v. madison
established judicial review as a power of the supreme court
212
brown vs. board of education
1954
the court ruled that segregation was a violation of the Equal Protection Clause
"separate but equal" was unconstitutional
213
plessy v. furguson
ruled that segregation was permitted as long as the facilities were equal; "separate but equal"
214
miranda vs. arizona
1966
| made the reading of miranda rights to those arrested for crimes the law--
215
year of the gettysburg address
1863
216
the fourteen points
made by woodrow wilson on january 18, 1918
outlined the plans for peach and the league of nations
217
brandenburg gate speech
made by ronald reagan in 1987
contained the famous line "tear down this wall"
218
northwest ordinance of 1787
established a government for the Northwest Territory
outlines the process for admitting a new state to the union
guaranteed that newly created states would be equal to the original thirteen states
219
washington's farewell address
emphasized neutrality
set precedent for two terms
warned against political parties
220
the alien and sedition acts
- made it harder for an immigrant to become a citizen (naturalization act)
- allowed the president to imprison and deport non-citizens who were deemed dangerous (alien friends act) or who were from a hostile nation (alien enemies act)
- criminalized making false statements that were critical of the federal government (sedition act)
221
homestead act
encouraged western migration by providing settlers 160 acres of public land
in exchange, homesteaders paid a small filing fee and were required to complete five years continuous residence before receiving ownership of the land
222
emancipation proclomation
delivered by Lincoln, declared that "all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free"
223
supply
the amount of product or serve available to customers
224
demand
how much consumers are willing to pay for the product or service
225
command economy
the type of economy where the government controls what and how much is produced, the methods for production, and the distribution of goods and services
226
market economy
where producers make decisions about methods and distribution on their own
choices are made based on what will sell and bring in a profit in the marketplace
consumers ultimately affect these decisions by choosing whether or not to buy certain goods and services. US.
227
factor market
consists of people who exchange their services for wages
people are sellers and companies are buyers
228
product market
selling of products to the people who want to buy them
the people are buyers and the companies are sellers
creates a circular economic flow in which money goes from producers to work as wages, then flows back to producer in the form of payment for products
229
information seeking behavior theory
students progress through levels of question specificity, from vague notions of the information needed to clearly defined needs or questions.
students are more successful in the search process if they have a realistic understanding of the information system and problem
230
empirical research
original data gathering and analysis through direct observation or analysis
231
reflex angle
angle with a degree measure greater than 180 but less than 360
232
full angle
an angle with a degree measure of exactly 360 degrees
233
triangle inequality theorem
the sum of the measures of any two sides of a triangle is always greater than the measure of the third side
234
compound event
event that involved two or more independent events
235
permutation
an arrangement of a specific number of a set of objects in a specific order
236
combination
an arrangement of a specific number of a set of objects WITHOUT a specific order
237
complement of an event
the probability that something will NOT happen
238
conditional probability
the probability of an event once another event has already occurred
239
expected value
method of determining expected outcome in a random situation
240
empirical probability
number of times an outcome occurs in a particular experiment or a certain number of observed events
241
theoretical probablility
based on what should happen
242
discrete data
information that can only be expressed by a specific value (people can only be counted in whole numbers)
243
continuous data
information that can be expressed by any value within a given range
244
primary data
information that has been collected directly from a survey, investigation, or experiment
245
secondary data
data that has been collected, sorted, and processed by the researcher
246
standard deviation
expressed how spread out the values of a distribution are from the mean
high= values are spread out
low= values are close together
247
the five essential elements of literacy
phonological awareness
phonics
fluency
vocabulary
comprehension
248
fluency
the ability to read a text quickly, accurately, and with proper expression
249
vocabulary
the knowledge of words and word meanings
250
comprehension
alll of phonological awaress, phonics, fluency, and vocab
251
graphemes
a small unit of written language that represents a speech sound (ex. a letter or a cluster of letters)
252
phonemes
the smallest unit of speech, which makes a distinction between different words
253
onset
the consonant/s preceding the vowel in a syllable; in a spoken syllable, the beginning consonant sound
254
rime
in a spoken syllable, the vowel the consonant that comes after that vowel
255
phonogram
rime written down
sounds written down
256
morphemes
the smallest meaningful part of a language
257
unvoiced consonants
do not cause a vibration of the vocal chords when you say them
ex. "f" in fat and "c" in come
258
long vowel
say their names
ex. paint, bean
259
short vowel
dont say their name
ex. cap, beg
260
vowel digraph
there are two vowel letters, but you only hear one sound
261
vowel dipthong
there are two vowel sounds, but you hear a blend of the two sounds
262
schwa sound
when a vowel does not make its usual sound
263
r-controlled vowels
whenever it follows a vowel, it makes the "r" sound
264
consonant digraph
when there are 2-3 consonants, but you do not hear both of the sounds
ex. "ch" in chair
265
consonant blend
when there are 2-3 consonants but they blend together so that you are able to hear each sound
ex. "bl" in blend
266
word recognition skills
1. sight vocabulary (high frequency words and decodable words)
2. decoding ability
3. words from context
267
voiced consonants
does cause a vibration of the vocal chords when you say them
ex. "v" in vat/voice; "g" in gum
268
receptive vocabulary
words one can identify when heard or read
269
expressive vocabulary
words one can use in speaking or writing
270
denotation
the literal meaning of a word
271
connotation
the associations or feelings that a word communicates in addition to its literal meaning, and that can be positive or negative
272
general academic vocabulary
words that are encountered in a variety of academic contexts
273
domain-specific vocabulary
words that occur almost exclusively in a specific academic context (mathematical processes, scientific terms, geographic labels, etc)
274
reading comprehension
a multifaceted thinking process; making meaning
275
literal comprehension
basic, picks out main ideas, sequence, note similarities and differences, and states reasons
276
inferential comprehension
use clues in the text, imply information, use personal background knowledge, make predictions, determine authors purpose
277
critical comprehension
analyze symbolic meaning, distinguish fact from opinion, draw conclusions
278
evaluative comprehension
most sophisticated, judge the value of a text against criteria, detect bias, faulty reasoning, determine effectiveness
279
informational texts
also called nonfiction
a text presenting accurate information that was written to instruct readers
280
literacy textss
use language that appeals to the senses far more than informational texts
differ from informational texts in many ways
come in genres; have settings, characters, plots, and themes; and use language in unique ways
281
close reading
attending carefully to and analyzing a text; this process involves several readings of the same text and is usually guided by a teacher to build greater understanding of how an author has structured ideas and developed arguments or a point of view
282
tier 1 vocabulary
basic words
common words, usually socially low frequency words, domain specific
283
tier 2 vocabulary
school words, used more frequently in written language
high frequency words, found in many content areas
