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PRAXIS > Social Studies 2 > Flashcards

Social Studies 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Primary motivators for emigration from England were…

A

Buying land

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2
Q

Some people in England left their homeland because…

A

of the religious turmoil that engulfed England after the beginning of the Protestant Reformation

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3
Q

Puritans

A

A major emigrating group was the Puritans, who called for reforms to purify the church

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4
Q

Mercantilism

A

Provided a motive for exploration and for the establishment of colonies

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5
Q

An industrialized nation needed an inexpensive source of raw materials and markets for finished products according to…

A

Mercantile theories

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6
Q

Colonies provided a way…

A

to obtain raw materials and to guarantee a market for industrial goods

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7
Q

What motivated the French and the Dutch to explore and establish colonies in the New World?

A

Economic reasons

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8
Q

1608

A

The first English settlement

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9
Q

Henry Hudson

A

An English explorer paid by the Dutch, who claimed for Holland and territory that is now New York.

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10
Q

Settlements along the Hudson, Delaware, and Connecticut rivers belonged to…

A

The Dutch, which turned it into the colony of the New Netherlands and became a vast trading network that effectively separated English colonies of Jamestown and Plymouth

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11
Q

Why did English settlements become more prominent after 1600?

A

The Spanish fleet, the invincible Armada, by the English in 1588.

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12
Q

The changing power glance on the seas encouraged the English to…

A

increase their population and to attempt colonization of the Americas.

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13
Q

Sir Humphrey Gilbert

A

Obtained a six-year grant giving him the exclusive rights to settle any unclaimed land in America, was planning to establish a colony in Newfoundland, but a storm sank his ship.

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14
Q

Sir Walter Raleigh

A

Received a six-year grant. He explored the North American coast and named the territory through which he traveled Virginia, in honor of the “Virgin Queen” Elizabeth I of England.

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15
Q

Roanoke

A

Off the coast of what later became North Carolina. Raleigh convinced his cousin Sir Grenville to establish a colony there. When Grenville returned to England for supplies and additional settlers, Sir Francis Drake arrived in Roanoke and a year later found that Sir Grenville had not yet returned. The colonists left on his ship and abandoned the settlement.

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16
Q

1587

A

Raleigh sent another group of colonists to Roanoke, but a war with Spain broke out in 1588 and kept him from returning until 1590. When Raleigh returned to Roanoke, the colonists had vanished and had left only one clue.

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17
Q

Croatan

A

Word referred to a nearby settlement of natives whom they might have joined or who might have attached them.

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18
Q

1606

A

King James I of England granted to the Virginia Company a charter for exploration and colonization. The charter marked the beginning of ventures sponsored by merchants rather thane erectly by the Crown. The charter of the Virginia Company had two branches.

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19
Q

What prevented the English from founding and maintaining a permanent settlement in North America?

A

The Plymouth Company failed to establish a lasting settlement. The company rant out of money, and the settlers who had gone to the New World gave up and abandoned their established Sagadahoc Colony in Maine.

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20
Q

In 1607

A

The London Company sent three ships with about 104 sailors to colonize the Chesapeake Bay

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21
Q

The London Company who settled in James town wanted to find…

A

The northwest passage to Asia, gold, and silver or to be able to find lands capable of producing valuable goods, such as grapes, oranges, or silk.

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22
Q

Jamestown did not allow the settlers to accomplish a lot of things because…

A

The river which it is located by got contaminated every spring and led to the outbreak of diseases such as typhoid, dysentery, and malaria. Over half of the colonists died the first year, and by the spring of 1609, only one-third of the total number of colonists who had joined the colony were still alive.

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23
Q

Captain John Smith

A

A soldier who turned the colony’s focus from exploration to obtaining food. Smith was able to obtain from from the local Indians led by Powatan and his daughter Pocahantas.

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24
Q

Thomas Gates

A

left Jamestown in 1609, ran aground on Bermuda and had to build a new ship.

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25
Q

Powatan

A

Leader of the Indians realized that settlers intend to stay indefinitely and might challenge the Indians for control of the surrounding territory.

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26
Q

In 1610

A

Only 60 colonists had survived the war with the Indians and the harsh winter and limited food.

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27
Q

Thomas West

A

New governor from England. Gages and West went to Jamestown, imposed marital law, responded with Indian attacks, and survived a five year war with the Indians. The war ended in 1614.

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28
Q

John Rolfe

A

Married Pocahontas.

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29
Q

1614

A

Settlers planted a mild strain of tobacco, which gave them a crop they could sell for cash.

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30
Q

Sir Edwin Sandy

A

Tried to reform Virginia. Sandy encouraged settlers to produce grapes and silkworms and to diversify the colony’s economy in other ways. He replaced martial law with English common law.

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31
Q

March 1622

A

Major Indian attach that killed 347 colonists. Investors in the London Company withdrew their capital and appealed to the king, and a royal commission visited the colony. The king declared the London Company bankrupt. Virginia became the first royal colony, and the Crown appointed a governor and a council to oversee its administration

32
Q

What were the three trends after the Crown assumed control?

A

Unrelenting conflict with the indians, yearly influx of thousands of new settlers and the high death rate in the colony.

33
Q

The expansion of tobacco led to…

A

a demand for labor. Thousands of the young men who came were indentured servants. In exchanged for their passage to American and food and shelter during their terms of service, these men were bound to work for their masters for four to five years. After that time they gained their freedom and a small payment to help them become established.

34
Q

1634

A

The Crown divided Virginia into counties, each with appointed justices and the right to fill all other positions. Individuals from a few wealthy families tended to dominate the government.

35
Q

House of Burgesses

A

An assembly that met with the governor to discuss issues of common law.

36
Q

Transatlantic slave trade

A

Increasing number of slaves from Africa became available, and the demand for them in North America further stimulated the grown of the slave trade. Millions of Africans had been forcibly taken from their native lands and sold into perpetual slavery.

37
Q

Middle Passage voyage

A

North America bought the slaves to do the work.

38
Q

After 1697

A

The English colonists began to buy large numbers of slaves. By 1760, the slave population has reached approximately a quarter of a million. Most slaves were in the southern colonies.

39
Q

Slave codes

A

Colonial assemblies began to pass these gores in the eighteenth century which identified all nonwhites or dark-skinned people as slaves, made their condition permanent and legalized slavery in British North America

40
Q

Salem Witch Trials

A

Period of increasing tensions brought about by fears of the occult, intolerance, and conflicts between the religious community and some less-understood individuals, several areas held witchcraft trials.

41
Q

The witchcraft trials illustrate…

A

the highly religious nature of New England society. They suggest that individuals who did not conform to societal expectations were at risk.

42
Q

Religion in Colonies

A

The religious nature of colonial settlers did not lead to the kind of intolerance of persecution that had plagued Europe since the Reformation. Conflict among various religious groups did break out occasionally, but British North America enjoyed a far greater degree of religious toleration.

43
Q

Differences in religious opinion led to…

A

the establishment of different denominations

44
Q

Protestants tended to view Roman Catholics as

A

Threatening rivals

45
Q

Jews were often

A

Victims of persecution; they could not vote or hold office in any of the colonies and only in Rhode Island could they practice the Jewish religion openly. The other main trends in addition to toleration were the westward spread of communities, the rise of cities, and a decline in religious piousness.

46
Q

The Great Awakening

A

A period beginning in the 1730s in which several well-known preachers traveled through British North America giving speeches and arguing for the need to revive religious piety and closer relationships with God. The main message of the preachers was that everyone has the potential, regardless of past behavior, to reestablish their relationship with God.

47
Q

Jonathan Edwards

A

The best-know preacher during this period. He denounced some current beliefs as doctrines as easy salvation.

48
Q

The Great Awakening further divided…

A

religion in America by creating distinctions among New Light groups (revivalists), Old Light groups (traditionalists) and new groups that incorporated elements from both.

49
Q

Revivalists or New Light groups

A

did not agree on every issue. Some revivalists denounced education and learning from books, while others founded schools in the belief that education was a means of furthering religion. While some individuals were stressing a need for renewed spiritual focus, others were beginning to embrace the ideas of the Enlightenment.

50
Q

Scientific Revolution

A

Demonstrated the existence of natural laws that operated in nature, and enlightened thinkers began to argue that humans had the ability to improve their own situation through the use of rational thought and acquired knowledge.

51
Q

Enlightenment shifted

A

the focus from God to humans, introduced the idea of progress, and argued that people could improve their own situations and make decisions on how to live rather than just having faith in God and waiting for salvation and better life after death.

52
Q

Copernicus

A

Argued that the planets rotated around the sun not the earth

53
Q

Sir Isaac Newton

A

Introduced the key principles of physics, including gravity.

54
Q

Benjamin Franklin

A

Among the colonists who began to carry out their own experiments and form their own theories. Experimented with electricity and was able to demonstrate in 1952, by using a kite, that electricity and lightning were the same.

55
Q

Cotton Mather

A

Puritan theologian who convinced the population of Boston that injections with a small amount of the smallpox virus would build up their resistance to the disease and reduce the likelihood of reinfection.

56
Q

1764

A

George Greenville pushed through Parliament the Sugar Act which aimed to raise revenue by taxing goods imported by Americans

57
Q

Stamp Act (1765)

A

Imposed direct tax on the colonists for the first time. Required Americans to purchase revenue stamps on everything from newspapers to legal documents, the Stamp Act would have created an impossible drain on hard currency in the colonies.

58
Q

October 1765

A

Delegates from the nine colonies met as the Stamp Act Congress, passed asserted that Americans could not be taxed without the consent of their representatives.

59
Q

Declaratory Act

A

claimed for Parliament passed a program of taxes on items imported into the colonies. Taxes came to be known as the Townsend duties, a name that came from Britain’s chancellor of the exchequer

60
Q

Tea Act (1773)

A

A relative peace ensued. Americans were buying smuggled Dutch tea rather than the taxed British product.

61
Q

Thomas Hutchinson

A

Pro-British governor who forced a confrontation by ordering Royal Navy vessels to prevent the tea ships from leaving the harbor. He forced ships to pay tax.

62
Q

Boston Tea Party (1773)

A

Bostonians thinly disguised as Native Americans boarded the ships threw the tea into the harbor.

63
Q

Coercive Acts (1774)

A

British strengthened the control over the colonists

64
Q

The First Continental Congress (1774)

A

Met in response to the Coercive Acts. The First Continental Congress called for strict nonimportation and rigorous preparation of local militia companies.

65
Q

“The shot heard ‘round the world”

A

In Lexington, about 70 minute men (trained militiamen who would respond at a moment’s notice) awaited the British village green. A shot was fired, but unknown from which side first.

66
Q

George Washington (1732-1799)

A

In charge of the army; adopted the Olive Branch Petition, which peaked with King George III to intercede with Parliament to restore peace.

67
Q

Prohibitory Act

A

Declaring the colonies in rebellion and no longer under his protection.

68
Q

Declaration of Independence

A

The work of Thomas Jefferson. It was a restatement of political ideas by then commonplace in America and showed why the former colonists felt justified in separating from Great Britain.

69
Q

July 4, 1776

A

When Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence.

70
Q

December 25, 1776

A

Washington’s army crossed the Delaware River and struck the Hessians at Trenton, New Jersey.

71
Q

Treaty of Paris of 1783

A
  1. The recognition by the major European powers, including Britain, of the U.S as an independent nation.
  2. The establishment of America’s western boundary at the Mississippi River.
  3. The establishment of America’s southern boundary at latitude 31 north (the northern boundary of Florida)
  4. The surrender of Florida to Spain and the retainment of Canada by Britain
  5. The enablement of private British creditors to collect any debts owed by U.S. citizens
  6. The recommendation of Congress that the states restore confiscated loyalist property.
72
Q

The Federalist Era

A

George Washington received almost all the votes of the presidential electors

73
Q

John Adams

A

Received the next highest number and became the vice president.

74
Q

1791

A

To oppose the antifederalists, the states ratified 10 amendments - the Bill of Rights

75
Q

Bill of Rights

A

The first nine spelled out specific guarantees of personal freedoms, and the tenth amendment reserved to the states all powers not specifically withheld or granted to the federal government

PRAXIS (4 decks)

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