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Psychology/Sociology MCAT > Social Structures and Interactions > Flashcards

Social Structures and Interactions Flashcards

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1
Q

Social Institution

A

these are standardized sets of social norms organized to preserve societal values

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2
Q

What are the 5 major social institutions?

A

Education, Family, Religion, Govt/Economy/Politics, Health & Medicine*

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3
Q

What is important about Education as a social institution?

A

it is a formal process where you get skills and knowledge transferred from one group to another group or individual
- more education is associated with less inequality

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4
Q

Hidden curriculum

A

the unintentional lessons about norms, values and beliefs

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5
Q

Teacher expectancy

A

students match what the teachers expect

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6
Q

Educational segregation

A

students in another group get lower level education

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7
Q

Educational stratification

A

separating kids into their level of academics Ex: putting kids in remedial classes vs advanced classes and where it takes them throughout their life

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8
Q

Which sociological theory best explains the usefulness of family to society?

A

Structural functionalism

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9
Q

Religion

A

provides belonging and connection to the supernatural

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10
Q

Government

A

makes and enforces the rules of society and regulates regulations with other societies

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11
Q

Democracy vs. Monarchy

A

citizens periodically choose officials to run their govt. in free and fair elections vs leaders selected via bloodline or marriage

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12
Q

Totalitarian vs. Authoritarian

A

govt. maintains tight control over nearly all aspects of citizens live vs consists of unelected leaders but the public might still have some individual freedoms but have no control over representation

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13
Q

“iron law of oligarchy”

A

rule of the few have more power at the top then the bottom, tendencies will value power over the organization - according to Mex Weber this was an “ideal bureaucracy”

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14
Q

“McDonaldization”

A

refers to the principle of the fast food industry (basically how everything is the same) and how that affects the creativity of the government

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15
Q

What is Medicalization?

A

it’s what we define as sick vs not sick based off what we treat Ex: Alzheimer’s before it had a name, we thought old people just became senile but after figuring out new research we differed out it was a malfunction in the brain, and now we can treat Alzheimer’s

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16
Q

What are some things that can change Medicalization?

A

New discoveries about conditions, Changing social attitudes or economic considerations Ex: in the 70s being gay was thought to be a disease treated with ECT,
Development of new medications or treatments

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17
Q

What is the Sick Role?

A

Theory that they have certain rights and obligations. Ex: they don’t have to go to work or go to school but they are obliged to try and get better

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18
Q

Institutional Discrimination

A

Defined: when a social structure does not allow a group of people the same access to resources and opportunities to put certain groups at a disadvantage or advantage
Key thing on MCAT** – It has to be systematic* discrimination AKA it has to happen at the SOCIETY level and there HAS TO BE discrimination involved

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19
Q

What two terms describe how healthcare is delivered?

A

Availability and Accessibility

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20
Q

Availability vs. Accessibility

A

the presence of resources vs the ability to obtain those resources that are available

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21
Q

What is Social Epidemiology?

A

the study of the social determinants to explain some patterns of health within a group of people

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22
Q

Who is associated with the study of social epidemeiology?

A

Durkheim, he was exploring protestants and Catholic’s had diff rates of suicide and what social concepts was causing it

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23
Q

What are social conditions?

A

a factor in society that causes good health or bad health

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24
Q

Social problems vs Social isolation

A

social conditions that give you bad health vs complete or almost near complete lack of contact with others in society

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25
Q

What is the socioeconomic gradient in health?

A

Theory that more socioeconomic status, the more healthcare access and quality and exploring why Ex: the US has better outcomes but there are far more poor people with less access vs Canada doesn’t have as good outcomes but the poor is less thus their gradient is smaller compared to the US

26
Q

Demographics

A
  • Age
  • Immigration status
  • Gender
  • Sexual orientation
  • Race and ethnicity
27
Q

What are the 2 major theories of demographic change?

A

Malthusian Theory and Demographic Transition Theory (DTT)

28
Q

Malthusian Theory

A

population growing too quickly where we wouldn’t have enough food

29
Q

Demographic Transition Theory (DTT)

A

links population growth to technology development (pre-industrial stage, industrial revolution, post-industrial stage)

30
Q

Urbanization

A

population shift

31
Q

Globalization

A

creating more contact between everyone

32
Q

Gentrification

A

when rich people buy stuff in poor people’s land to change the way it is

33
Q

What is residential segregation?

A

physical separation of groups into different areas, typically along the lines of race, ethnicity or socioeconomic status (Ex: Chicago)

34
Q

Environmental injustice

A

unequal treatment of people in term of prevention and where environmental hazards and toxins are disproportionally high AKA things rich people don’t deal with vs poor people deal with bc they are poor

35
Q

Food desert

A

an area where there are no grocery stores around, hard to get healthy food ex: low income urban areas

36
Q

Prejudice vs Discrimnation

A

Prejudice: the preJUDGEMENT vs Discrimination: the discriminACTION

37
Q

Social segregation

A

is the tendency of people to socialize with people exactly like them

38
Q

Socioeconomic status (SES)

A

the three P’s
• Prestige
• Power
• Property

39
Q

Absolute poverty vs Relative poverty

A

Absolute poverty: no access to food, shelter vs Relative poverty: the inability to live at standard of average (Ex the avg income being 100,000 in a LA area vs everyone around you makes 2 million this it impacts they way you live)

40
Q

What are the two different systems of Stratification?

A

Caste System and Class System

41
Q

Caste System

A

lowest social mobility, less dependent on effort, social status and birth defines

42
Q

Class System

A

some degree of social mobility, social status, determined by birth and individual merit

43
Q

Meritocracy

A

highest social mobility, the only thing that matters individual merit, only dependent on matter (really doesn’t exist anywhere)

44
Q

Social reproduction

A

the idea that once you are born poor, you stay poor and once you are born rich, you stay rich. The social inequality is transmitted from one generation to the next.

45
Q

Social mobility

A

the opposite of social reproduction, ex: you can come out of poor

46
Q

Horizontal mobility

A

involves a change in occupation or role without a change in the social hierarchy

47
Q

Intergenerational mobility vs Intragenertional mobility

A

the kids doing better or worse than the parents or grandparents vs how you are doing within your own generation

48
Q

Vertical mobility

A

going up or down in social stratification

49
Q

Structural mobility

A

refers to mobility which is brought about by changes in stratification hierarchy itself Example: if robots do surgery perfect, it may eliminate surgeons

50
Q

What 3 things determine social mobility?

A

Physical capital (money to make money), Social capital (whom you know, social networks), Cultural capital (non-financial attributes evaluated by society like a strong handshake)

51
Q

Status vs Role

A

Status: is a socially defined position in society vs Role: what behavior you do in a social setting

52
Q

Role conflict vs Role strain

A

multiple social positions vs single single social position

53
Q

Culture transmission vs Culture diffusion

A

from one generation to the next vs from one population to another

54
Q

Assimilation

A

you resemble the other person or groups culture

55
Q

Multiculturalism

A

you preserve your own cultural identity but you are also accepting and not changing of the dominant culture

56
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

you think your culture is right and the other is wrong, you think your culture is superior

57
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

you are understanding or tryin got understand the other culture without assuming that yours is right

58
Q

Culture lag

A

is always about technology* the time it takes to catch up to new tech

59
Q

What is the Kinsey scale?

A

also called the Heterosexual-Homo- sexual Rating Scale assigns a number from 0 (exclusively heterosexual) to 6 (exclusively homosexual) that places each individual along this continuum.

60
Q

What is intersex?

A

You are born with genitals that are not strictly male or female

61
Q

Aggregate vs Category

A

a collection of people who are in the same place, but do not interact or share characteristics vs social group when the members in the category interact with each other and identify themselves as members of the group

Psychology/Sociology MCAT (4 decks)

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