Social Structure and Demographics

Question 1

the study of society: how we create society, how we interact within and change society, and how we define what is normal and abnormal within society

Answer 1

sociology

Question 2

provide frameworks for the interactions we observe within society; models to help analyze and explain aspects of human social behavior

Answer 2

theoretical approaches to sociology

Question 3

theoretical approach to sociology:

focuses on the function of each component of society and how those components fit together

Answer 3

functionalism

Question 4

functionalism:

deliberate actions that serve to help a given system

Answer 4

manifest function

Question 5

functionalism:

unexpected, unintended, or unrecognized positive consequences of manifest functions

Answer 5

latent functions

Question 6

theoretical approach to sociology:

focuses on how power differentials are created and how these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order

Answer 6

conflict theory

Question 7

theoretical approach to sociology:

the study of the ways individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols

Answer 7

symbolic interactionism

Question 8

theoretical approach to sociology:
explores the way in which individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality; how groups of people come to ascribe meaning or value to objects or concepts

Answer 8

social constructionism

Question 9

theoretical approach to sociology:

states that individuals will make decisions that maximize potential benefit and minimize potential harm

Answer 9

rational choice theory

Question 10

applies rational choice theory within social groups

Answer 10

exchange theory

Question 11

theoretical approach to sociology:

explores the ways in which one gender can be subordinated, minimized, or devalued compared to the other

Answer 11

feminist theory

Question 12

well-established social structures that dictate certain patterns of behavior or relationships and are accepted as a fundamental part of culture; common ones include the family, education, religion, government and the economy, and health and medicine (has four ethical tenants)

Answer 12

social institutions

Question 13

ethical tenant of American medicine:

refers to acting in the patient’s best interest

Answer 13

beneficence

Question 14

ethical tenant of American medicine:

refers to avoiding treatments for which risk is larger than benefit

Answer 14

nonmalificence

Question 15

ethical tenant of American medicine:

refers to respecting patients’ rights to make decisions about their own healthcare

Answer 15

respect for autonomy

Question 16

ethical tenant of American medicine:

refers to treating similar patients similarly and distributing healthcare resources fairly

Answer 16

justice

Question 17

encompasses the lifestyle of a group of people and includes both material and symbolic elements

Answer 17

culture

Question 18

culture:
includes the physical items one associates with a given group, such as artwork, emblems, clothing, jewelry, foods, buildings, and tools

Answer 18

material culture

Question 19

culture:

includes the ideas associated with a cultural group

Answer 19

symbolic culture

Question 20

refers to the idea that material culture changes more quickly than symbolic culture

Answer 20

cultural lag

Question 21

a social difference that impedes interaction

Answer 21

cultural barrier

Question 22

consists of spoken or written symbols combined into a system and governed by rules

Answer 22

language

Question 23

what a person deems important in life

Answer 23

values

Question 24

something a person considers to be true

Answer 24

belief

Question 25

a formalized ceremonial behavior in which members of a group or community regularly engage; it is governed by specific rules, including appropriate behavior and a predetermined order of events

Answer 25

ritual

Question 26

societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior

Answer 26

norms

Question 27

refer to the statistics of populations and are the mathematical applications of sociology; one can analyze hundreds of ____ variables, some of the most common are age, gender, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, and immigration status

Answer 27

demographics

Question 28

demographic: | prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a person's age

Answer 28

aegism

Question 29

demographic: | the set of behavioral, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with a biological sex

Answer 29

gender

Question 30

the intentional or unintentional empowerment of one gender to the detriment of the other

Answer 30

gender inequality

Question 31

demographic: a social construct based on phenotypic differences between groups of people; these may be either real or perceived differences

Answer 31

race

Question 32

demographic: | a social construct that sorts people by cultural factors, including language, nationality, religion, and other factors

Answer 32

ethnicity

Question 33

recognition of an ethnic identity that is only relevant on special occasions or in specific circumstances and does not specifically impact everyday life

Answer 33

symbolic ethnicity

Question 34

demographic: | can be defined by one's sexual interest toward members of the same, opposite, or both sexes

Answer 34

sexual orientation

Question 35

demographic: | the average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime in a population

Answer 35

fertility rate

Question 36

demographic: | births relative to a population size over time, usually measured as the number of births per 1000 people per year

Answer 36

birth rate

Question 37

demographic: the average number of deaths per population size over time, usually measured as the number of deaths per 1000 people per year

Answer 37

mortality rate

Question 38

refers to the movement of people from one geographic location to another

Answer 38

migration

Question 39

migration: | the movement into a new geographic area

Answer 39

immigration

Question 40

migration: | the movement away from a geographic area

Answer 40

emigration

Question 41

demographic: | a model used to represent drops in birth and death rates as a result of industrialization

Answer 41

demographic transition

Question 42

demographic: | organized to either promote (proactive) or resist (reactive) social change

Answer 42

social movements

Question 43

demographic: | the process of integrating a global economy with free trade and tapping of foreign labor markets

Answer 43

globalization

Question 44

demographic: | refers to the process of dense areas of population creating a pull for migration or, in other words, creating cities

Answer 44

urbanization