Social Reformers and their contributions

Question 1

Kulinism- what is it?

Answer 1

It is a practise of polygamy in Bengal where even old men took very young girls as wives

Question 2

Caste system was a system of ————–, —————- ordained on the basis of ————–

Answer 2

segregation
hierarchically
ritual status

Question 3

Elements that gave reform movements an ideological unity were

Answer 3

rationalism
religious universalism
humanism

Question 4

Brahmo Samaj was set up by

Answer 4

Raja Rammohan Roy

Question 5

Brahmo Samaj rejected ————– of Vedas

Answer 5

infallibility

Question 6

Aligarh Movement started by

The Aligarh Movement emerged as a ____________
trend among the Muslim intelligentsia based in ______________________, Aligarh.

It aimed at spreading?

The ideology of the followers of the movement was based on a _________________ and they sought to ________________________________.

Answer 6

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan

liberal, modern
Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College

Aims
(i) modern education among Indian Muslims without weakening their allegiance to Islam

(ii) social reforms among Muslims relating to purdah, polygamy, widow remarriage, women’s
education, slavery, divorce, etc.

liberal interpretation of the Quran
harmonise Islam with modern liberal culture

Question 7

Syed Ahmed Khan went to the extent of emphasising that religious tenets were not ———-

college started by him

Magazine he started?

Answer 7

immutable

Mohammedan Anglo oriental college (Aligarh Muslim University)

Tahdhib-ul-Akhlaq (Improvement of Manners
and Morals)

Question 8

Who considered different religions as national
embodiments of universal theism

Answer 8

Raja Rammohan Roy

Question 9

Indian (National) Social Conference was founded by

Association with INC?

inaugural meetings and further meetings

Conference supported what?

It launched the well-known “Pledge Movement” to ————————–

Answer 9

M.G. Ranade and Raghunath Rao

Indian National Congress’s social reform cell

inaugural meeting was held in Madras in December 1887 and further meetings were held at the same location every year

intercaste marriages while condemning kulinism and polygamy

encourage people to take an oath to oppose child marriage.

Question 10

Bombay Presidency Association

Answer 10

KT Telang, Pherozshah Mehta and Badruddin Tyabji

Question 11

Who established India’s first university for women in 1916

Answer 11

D K Karve, aka Maharishi Karve

Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey (SNDT) Women’s University

Question 12

What are the contributions of D K Karve?

2. He was secretary of?

Answer 12

women empowerment and education (India’s first university for women)
supported widow remarriage
against caste system

2. Widow Remarriage Association

Question 13

Who were instrumental in abolishing sati?

Answer 13

RRR and Gov-Gen William Bentick

Regulation of 1829 (Regulation XVII, A.D. 1829 of the Bengal Code)

Question 14

Who played instrumental role in Passing of Hindu Widows’ Remarriage Act, 1856?

Answer 14

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, principal of Sanskrit College, Calcutta

Question 15

Widow Remarriage Association founded by

Answer 15

Vishnu Shastri Pandit

Question 16

who started the Satya Prakash in Gujarati in 1852
what was it for?

Answer 16

Karsandas Mulji
advocate widow remarriage

Question 17

Veerasalingam Pantulu advocated

Answer 17

for widow remarriage

Question 18

Native Marriage Act (or Civil Marriage Act), 1872 prohibited

Answer 18

child marriage, but not applicable to Hindus, Muslims, and other recognised faiths

Question 19

Who played a crucial role in passage of Age of Consent Act?

What was age of consent now?

Which famous case was responsible for passage of the Act?

Answer 19

B.M. Malabari and Ramabai Ranade formed the Rukmabai defence committee

forbade the marriage of girls below the age of 12

case of Rukhmabai

Question 20

Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929 popularly known as

What did the act do?

Answer 20

Sarda Act, after Harbilas Sarda was an Indian academic and judge, who became Member of the Central Legislative Assembly from Ajmer-Merwara. He was a follower of Dayanand Saraswati and a member of the Arya Samaj.

pushed up the marriage age to 18 and 14 for boys
and girls, respectively

Question 21

In 1819, Christian Missionaries set up

Answer 21

Calcutta Female Juvenile Society

Question 22

one of the founders of the School Society
and Native School of Bombay (Elphinstone educational institution)

Founder of English Marathi School in Girgaum

Answer 22

Jagannath Shankarsheth ‘Nana’

Question 23

first Indian president of the Students’ Literary and Scientific Society

Answer 23

Bhau Daji Lad (Ram Krishna Lad)

Question 24

Who opened the first school for girls at Bhidewada,
Pune in 1848

Answer 24

Jyotiba Phule and Savitribai Phule

Question 25

first female school teacher of modern India

Answer 25

Savitribai Phule

Question 26

Initiative to educate Parsi girls

Answer 26

Alexandra Society of Parsis, 1863

Question 27

Health facilities began to be provided to women with the opening of ——————– in the 1880s

Answer 27

Dufferin hospitals

Question 28

In 1910, —————– convened the first meeting of the Bharat Stree Mahamandal in Allahabad, Considered as the first major Indian women’s organisation set up by a woman

Answer 28

Sarla Devi Chaudhurani

Question 29

—————— founded the Ladies Social Conference
(Bharat Mahila Parishad), under the parent organisation ———————, in 1904 in Bombay.

Answer 29

Ramabai Ranade

National Social Conference

Question 30

the first woman graduate of Bombay University was a ———– woman, ———-(name), in 1887.

Answer 30

Parsi

Cornelia Sorabji

Question 31

———————- founded the Arya Mahila Samaj pleaded for ————————————————- and it resulted in medical education for women which started in ———————- college. Later,

———— established a branch of Arya Mahila Samaj in Bombay

Answer 31

Pandita Ramabai Saraswati

improvement in the educational syllabus of Indian women before the English Education Commission

Lady Dufferin College

Ramabai Ranade

Question 32

In 1925, the —————————, a
national branch of the International Council of Women, was formed.

————- played a vital role in its formation and advancement.

Other women who held important positions on the executive committee of the council included

Answer 32

National Council of Women in India

Mehribai Tata

Cornelia Sarabji, India’s first lady barrister
Tarabai Premchand, wife of a wealthy banker
Shaffi Tyabji, a member of one of Mumbai’s leading Muslim families
Maharani Sucharu Devi, daughter of Keshab Chandra Sen.

Question 33

The All India Women’s Conference (AIWC), founded
by —————- in 1927, was perhaps the first women’s organisation with an —————- approach.

Its first conference was held at ——————, Pune.

Important founding members included?

AIWC worked towards various —————– reforms

Answer 33

Margaret Cousins

egalitarian

Ferguson College

Maharani Chimnabai Gaekwad
Rani Sahiba of Sangli
Sarojini Naidu
Kamla Devi Chattopadhyaya
Lady Dorab Tata.

legislative

Question 34

All India Harijan Sangh, founded in 1932 by?

Answer 34

Gandhiji

Question 35

_____________________ is considered a pioneer of the Dalit movement.

He was deeply influenced by ____________ and subscribed to the idea of the __________________, and said that the untouchable people of India
were the indigenous inhabitants

Who founded Anarya Dosh-Parihar Mandali (Society for the Removal of Evils Among the Non-Aryan)

first Dalit to launch a newspaper, the ——————-, in 1888

In 1889, he followed with a pamphlet, ________________, which spoke against the position of untouchables in society.

He has been called “the first ___________ from the Dalit community

He also wrote ________________ published in
1894.

He contributed to Marathi language journals such as ____________ and ________________ to arouse awareness and inspire the depressed classes

Answer 35

Gopal baba Walangkar

Jyotiba Phule, Aryan invasion theory

Vital Vidhvasak (Destroyer of Brahmanical
or Ceremonial Pollution)

Vital Viduvansan (Annihilation of Ceremonial Pollution)

intellectual rebel

Hindu Dharma Darpan

Sudharak and Deenbandhu

Question 36

A pioneer in the Dalit uplift movement, who opened his press which published journals, such as ______________ aimed at awakening the Dalits

He established the ______________ school at Nagpur.

He was one of the secretaries of the __________ in 1920.

Bansod was influenced by the _________ and the work of the ____________________and the __________________.

Answer 36

Kisan Faguji Bansod

Nirashrit Hind Nagarik, Vital Vidhvansak, and Majur Patrika

Chokhamela girls’ school

All India Depressed Classes Conference

Bhakti cult, Brahmo Samaj, Prarthana Samaj

Question 37

1.Who started Mooknayak?

2. Who started Bahushkrit Hitakarani Sabha and wat was its motto?
3. Other newspaper started to defend the rights of the depressed classes
4. organized which federation?
5. led the ——————– in March 1927 to challenge the regressive customs of the caste Hindus.

Answer 37

Ambedkar

1. It’s a fortnightly newspaper
2. Bahushkrit Hitakarani Sabha: started in 1924 with the motto of “educate, agitate and organise”
3. Bahishkrit Bharat
4. All India Scheduled Castes Federation in 1942
5. Mahad Satyagraha

Question 38

During the 1920s in South India, the non-brahmins
organised the Self-Respect Movement led by —————–

Answer 38

E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker

Question 39

————– in Kerala led a lifelong struggle
against upper-caste domination.

He coined the slogan “one religion, one caste, one God for mankind”, which his disciple ————————- changed into “no religion, no caste, no
God for mankind”.

Answer 39

Sri Narayana Guru

Sahadaran Ayyapan

Question 40

Raja Rammohan Roy (1772–1833) is often called the father of ———————- and the —————–

Rammohan Roy believed in the ————–
approach and principles of ————— and ————

He wrote ————— (1809) and translated into Bengali the ————- and the _________________to prove his conviction that ancient Hindu texts
support monotheism.

Answer 40

Indian Renaissance
maker of Modern India

modern scientific approach
human dignity and social equality

Gift to Monotheists
Vedas and 5 Upanishads

Question 41

In 1814, RRR set up the ————— in Calcutta to propagate the monotheistic ideals of the Vedanta and to campaign against idolatry, caste rigidities,
meaningless rituals, and other social ills.

In his ________________(1820), he tried to separate the moral and philosophical message of the New Testament, which he praised, from its miracle stories.

Raja Rammohan Roy founded the ___________ in
August 1828

Through the Sabha he wanted to _____________his ideas and mission.

The Samaj was committed to “the worship and adoration of the Eternal, Unsearchable, Immutable Being who is the Author and Preserver of the Universe”.

What forms of worship was practised? What was rejected?

The long-term agenda of the Samaj was _________________, based on the twin pillars of ___________ and ________________.

Answer 41

Atmiya Sabha (or Society of Friends)

Precepts of Jesus

Brahmo Sabha/Brahmo Samaj

institutionalise

Prayers, meditation, and readings of the Upanishads
idolatry and meaningless rituals

to purify Hinduism and to preach monotheism

reason and the Vedas and Upanishads

Question 42

Organization set up (1830) to counter Brahmo Samaj propaganda?

What were the features of Brahmo Samaj?

Answer 42

Dharma Sabha set up by Raja Radhakant Deb

An orthodox society, it stood for the preservation of the status quo in socio-religious matters, opposing even the abolition of sati.

However, it favoured the promotion of Western education, even for girls.

● denounced polytheism and idol worship
● discarded faith in divine avataras
● human reason and conscience over scripture
● no definite stand on the doctrine of karma and transmigration of soul and left it to individual
Brahmos to believe either way.
● It criticised the caste system

Question 43

Who helped David Hare’s efforts to found the _____________ College in 1817?

_______________ taught mechanics and Voltaire’s
philosophy.

In 1825, he established a ________________ where
courses in both Indian learning and Western social and physical sciences were offered

Answer 43

RRR and Hindu college

Roy’s English school

Vedanta college

Question 44

____________________ (1817–1905), gave a new life to
Brahmo Samaj and a definite form and shape to the ______________ movement, when he joined the Samaj in 1842.

He headed the ________________Sabha (founded in 1839) which was devoted to the systematic study of India’s past with a rational outlook and to the propagation of Rammohan’s ideas.

Sabha’s journal in Bengali?

He worked on two fronts:

Answer 44

Maharishi Debendranath Tagore

theist movement

Tattvabodhini Sabha

Tattvabodhini Patrika

1. within Hinduism, the Brahmo Samaj was a reformist movement
2. outside, it resolutely opposed the Christian missionaries for their criticism of Hinduism and their attempts at conversion.

Question 45

Brahmo Samaj split into

Answer 45

Brahmo Samaj of India, 1866: Keshab Chandra Sen and his followers

Adi Brahmo Samaj: Debendranath Tagore

Question 46

In 1878, new Brahmo Samaj formed was called? started by?

In Punjab, the ___________________ Trust sought to implant Brahmo ideas by the opening of ______________ at Lahore in 1910.

Answer 46

Sadharan Brahmo Samaj
Ananda Mohan Bose, Sib Chandra Deb, and Umeshchandra Dutta

Dayal Singh Trust
Dayal Singh College

Question 47

Socrates of South Asia

Answer 47

Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Naicker

Question 48

In 1867, ______________________ helped ____________
found the Prarthana Samaj in ___________.

precursor of the Prarthana Samaj was the _________________, something like a secret
society to spread liberal ideas and encourage the breakdown of caste and communal barriers.

Important leaders associated with Prarthana Samaj: Mahadeo Govind Ranade, R.G. Bhandarkar and N.G. Chandavarkar

The emphasis was on ____________, but on the whole, the samaj was more concerned with ___________ than with religion.

The Prarthana Sabha was very attached to the _____________ of Maharashtra.

What was included in the 4 point social agenda of Prarthana Sabha

Who founded the Widow Remarriage movement and Widows’ Home Association?

Answer 48

Keshab Chandra Sen, Atmaram Pandurang
Bombay

Paramahansa Sabha

monotheism
social reforms

bhakti cult

(i) disapproval of caste system
(ii) women’s education
(iii) widow remarriage
(iv) raising the age of marriage for both males and females.

D k Karve, Ranade

Question 49

Young Bengal Movement

first nationalist poet of modern India

Answer 49

Henry Vivian Derozio, taught at the Hindu College from 1826 to 1831

Question 50

In 1850, _________________became the principal of Sanskrit College, calcutta

He was secretary of ________________

Answer 50

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

Bethune school

Question 51

_________________ was a pioneer of social reform through journalism in Bombay; he attacked brahminical orthodoxy and tried to reform popular Hinduism.

Who is the Father of Marathi journalism?

His 2 important newspaper and what was published in them?

Library and Society founded were?

He was the first professor of ____________ at the ____________ College, besides being a director of the Colaba Observatory.

Answer 51

Balshastri Jambhekar

Darpan, 1832
- to awaken the people to awareness of social reforms, such as widow remarriage, and to instil in the masses a scientific approach to life.

Digdrashan, 1840
- published articles on scientific subjects as well as history

Bombay Native General Library
Native Improvement Society of which an
offshoot was the Students Literary and Scientific Library

Hindi, Elphinstone

Question 52

Founded in 1849 in Maharashtra, began as a secret society that worked to reform Hindu religion and society in general. Which org is it? Founders?

The ideology of the society was closely linked to that of the _________________.

What did they believe in and work toward?

Answer 52

Paramahansa Mandali—Dadoba Pandurang, Mehtaji Durgaram and others

Manav Dharma Sabha

• belief in one God
• real religion is based on love and moral conduct.
• Freedom of thought and rationality were encouraged
• broke caste rules, such as eating food cooked by lower caste
• advocated widow remarriage and women’s education

Question 53

Who founded the Satyashodhak Samaj (Truth Seekers’ Society) in 1873?

What were the main aims of the movement?

His famous works

He used the symbol of _________ as opposed to the brahmins’ symbol of ______________.

he was against ______________ Hinduism.

He was given the title of _________ in 1888
by another Maharashtrian social reformer, ____________.

Answer 53

Jyotirao or Jyotiba Phule

(i) social service, and
(ii) spread of education among women and lower caste people.

Sarvajanik Satyadharma and Gulamgiri

Rajah Bali, Rama

Sanskritic Hinduism

Mahatma, Vithalrao Krishnaji
Vandekar

Question 54

Educational trusts established by Jyotiba and Savitribai Phule

She started the _____________________ to raise awareness about women’s rights.

With her husband, she set up a home called__________________ in 1863, where unwed mothers and widows who became pregnant
under unfortunate circumstances could have safe deliveries instead of resorting to killing the infants or themselves.

Answer 54

Native Female School, Pune
Society for Promoting the Education of Mahars,
Mangs, and others.

Mahila Seva Mandal

Balhatya Pratibandhak Griha (home to prevent infanticide)

Question 55

He was in favour of a united front from the depressed classes and the caste Hindus as he feared the British rulers would otherwise exploit the divisions in Indian society for their own advantage.

He joined the ________________and worked towards the removal of untouchability in India.

He established a ___________ for the children of untouchables in Pune in 1905.

He established the ___________ in Bombay in 1906.

He took part in the _________________ and
was imprisoned in the Yerawda Central Jail.

He was the author of _____________________

Answer 55

Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde

Prarthana Samaj

night school

Depressed Classes Mission

Civil Disobedience Movement

Bharatiya Asprushyatecha Prashna.

Question 56

________________ was a social reformer and
rationalist from Maharashtra.

He said, “If religion does not sanction social reform, then change religion.”

He wrote for a weekly __________ under
the pen name of _______________ on social reform issues.

He started a weekly,___________, and also played a leading role in founding the periodicals, _____________, _____________, and ________________.

Answer 56

Gopalhari Deshmukh

Prabhakar, Lokahitawadi

Hitechhu
Gyan Prakash, Indu Prakash, and Lokahitawadi

Question 57

____________________________ was an educationist and social reformer from Maharashtra.

A strong advocate of the power of human reason, he criticised the blind dependence on tradition and false glorification of the past.

He was a co-founder of the _______________, the ___________________ and ____________________.

He was a principal of ___________________.

He was also the first editor of _______________, the journal started by Lokmanya Tilak.

Later, he started his own periodical, ____________, which spoke against untouchability and the caste system

Answer 57

Gopal Ganesh Agarkar

New English School, the Deccan Education Society and Fergusson College.

Fergusson College.

Kesari

Sudharak

Question 58

______________, a liberal leader of the INC, founded the ______________________in 1905 with the help of ________________.

What were the aims of the society?

In 1911, the ______________ began to be published to project the views of the society.

The society chose to remain aloof from political activities and organisations like INC

After his death (1915), ______________ took
over as president.

The society still continues to function and works in the field of education, providing ashram type of schools for tribal girls and balwadis at many places

Answer 58

Gopal Krishna Gokhale (1866–1915)

Servants of India Society
M.G. Ranade.

Aim:
- to train national missionaries for the service of India
- to promote, by all constitutional means, the true
interests of the Indian people
- to prepare a cadre of selfless workers who were to devote their lives to the cause of the country in a religious spirit.

Hitavada

After Gokhale’s death, Srinivasa Shastri took over

Question 59

A follower of Gokhale, ___________ founded the
___________________ in Bombay with an aim to secure for the masses better and reasonable conditions of life and work.

He also founded the ___________________.

Answer 59

Narayan Malhar Joshi (N.M. Joshi)

Social Service League

All India Trade Union Congress (1920).

Question 60

_____________ was a poor priest at the Kali temple in Dakshineshwar, on the outskirts of Calcutta, known in childhood as __________________

Two objectives of the Ramakrishna movement
were?

He himself laid the foundations of the _________ with his young monastic disciples as a nucleus to fulfil the first objective.

The second objective was taken up by
_____________ after his death and founded the _______________________ in 1897.

The headquarters of the
_______________ and ____________ are at _____________ near Calcutta.

The two are twin organisations, though legally and financially separate

He said : “Service of man is the service of God.”

He was married to ____________, later known as ___________.

She was considered as the embodiment of the Divine Mother.

Answer 60

Ramakrishna Paramahamsa (1836– 86)
Gadadhar Chattopadhyay

Two objectives of the Ramakrishna movement
were

(i) to bring into existence a band of monks dedicated to a life of renunciation and practical spirituality, from among whom teachers and workers would be sent out to spread the universal message of Vedanta as illustrated in the life of
Ramakrishna

(ii) in conjunction with lay disciples to carry on preaching, philanthropic and charitable works, looking upon all men, women and children, irrespective of caste, creed, or colour, as veritable manifestations of the Divine.

Ramakrishna Math

Swami Vivekananda
Ramakrishna Mission in 1897

The HQ of the Ramakrishna Math and Mission are at Belur near Calcutta.

Saradmani Mukherjee, later known as Sarada Devi.

Question 61

__________________________ who later came to be
known as ______________________, spread Ramakrishna’s message and tried to reconcile it to the needs of contemporary Indian
society.

He emerged as the preacher of ___________________.

He subscribed to the ________________, which he considered a fully rational system with a superior
approach.

His mission was to bridge the gulf between
______________ and _______________, and between
spirituality and day-to-day life.

He pointed out that the masses needed two kinds of knowledge—-?

At the ___________________________ in
1893, he made a great impression on people
by his learned interpretations.

The keynote of his opening
address was the need for a healthy balance between ____________________________

Vivekananda was a great humanist and used the Ramakrishna Mission for _________ and ______________.

Vivekananda advocated the doctrine of _________________

Answer 61

Narendranath Datta (1862–1902)

Swami Vivekananda

neo-Hinduism

Vedanta

paramartha (service) and vyavahara (behaviour),

2 kinds of knowledge
1. secular knowledge about how to work for their economic uplift

2. spiritual knowledge to have faith in themselves and strengthen their moral sense.

Parliament of Religions held at Chicago

between spiritualism and materialism. Envisaging a new culture for the whole world, he called for a blend of the materialism of the West and the spiritualism of the East into a new harmony to
produce happiness for mankind.

humanitarian relief and social work

doctrine of service

Question 62

The _____________Movement, revivalist in form though not in content, was the result of a reaction to Western influences.

Founded by?

1st Samaj unit was set up in and HQ established at

Answer 62

Arya Samaj Movement

Dayananda Saraswati or Mulshankar (1824–83)

Bombay in 1875
HQ: Lahore

Question 63

Dayananda’s views were published in his famous work _____________

What was his Vision of India?

He took inspiration from the _____ and considered them to be _____________, the __________ and the true original seed of Hinduism.

He gave the slogan _________________.

Dayananda had received education on Vedanta from a blind teacher named ___________ in Mathura.

He stressed the significance of ______________ and
said that every person has the right of ___________________

Dayananda strongly criticised the ______________ as the running theme of all physical existence and the aim of human life as a struggle to _____________ through escape from this evil world to seek union with God.

Thus, he attacked the prevalent popular belief that every individual contributed and got back from the society according the principles of ____________.

Dayananda believed in the theory of ____________.

Dayananda subscribed to the Vedic notion of
_________ system in which a person was identified into 4 groups not by _____________ but according to the _____________.

Answer 63

Satyarth Prakash (The True Exposition)

His vision of India included a classless and casteless society
a united India (religiously, socially, and nationally),
an India free from foreign rule, with Aryan religion being the common religion of all.

Vedas
‘India’s Rock of Ages’
infallible

slogan “Back to the Vedas”

Dayananda’s slogan of ‘Back to the Vedas’ was a call
for a revival of Vedic learning and Vedic purity of religion and not a revival of Vedic times.

Swami Virajananda

significance of individual interpretation of the scriptures
right of access to God

the escapist Hindu belief in maya (illusion)

to attain moksha (salvation)

Instead, he advocated that God, soul, and matter (prakriti) were distinct and eternal entities and
every individual had to work out his own salvation in the light of the eternal principles governing human conduct.

principles of niyati (destiny).

theory of karma and reincarnation

But he also said the good deeds should be primarily for the good of others and not for self.

chaturvarna system in which a person was identified as a brahmin, kshatriya, vaishya, or shudra not by birth but according to the occupation and merit of the person.

Question 64

Which association is Shuddhi movement associated with?

Answer 64

Arya Samaj

the Samaj started the shuddhi (purification) movement to reconvert to the Hindu fold the converts to Christianity and Islam.

Resulted in communalisation

The shuddhi movement also attempted to uplift those regarded as untouchables and outside the caste system of Hindus into pure caste Hindus.

Question 65

Education institutions set up by Arya Samaj

Two groups that emerged in Arya Samaj and what did they advocate?

_______________ opened the Gurukul in 1900 at Gujaranwala (in West Punjab, now in Pakistan).

In 1902, the Gurukul was moved to ___________, near Haridwar, hence the name, __________.

Gurukul founded the _____________
at Jalandhar in 1896 and sponsored __________

Answer 65

The Dayananda Anglo-Vedic (D.A.V.) College was established in 1886 at Lahore.

College Party(some sources say ‘Culture’ Party)

Leaders: Lala Hansraj, Lala Lal Chand and Lala Lajpat Rai

Mahatma (later Gurukul) Party

Leaders: Guru Datta Vidyarthi and Lala Munshi Ram (who later came to be known as Swami
Shraddhanand).

Issues of contention

1. Over cuuriculum of DAV college

College Party favoured the government curriculum and English education to meet economic and professional needs

Mahatma Party was interested in introducing the study of Sanskrit and Vedic philosophy in the tradition of ancient gurukuls.

2. Issue of vegetarianism

College Party had nothing against non-vegetarianism, claiming that diet was a personal choice

Mahatma Party favoured vegetarianism

Resulted in a split, 1893

The College Party retained control over the D.A.V.
School and College

while the Arya Pratinidhi Sabha, Punjab, and a majority of the local Arya Samaj branches were taken over by the Mahatma Party.

Swami Shraddhanand

Kangri, Gurukul Kangri
The gurukul aimed at providing an indigenous alternative to Lord Macaulay’s education policy by offering education in the areas of vedic literature, Indian philosophy, Indian culture as well as modern sciences and research.

Kanya Mahavidyalaya

education for widows

Question 66

10 guiding principles of Arya Samaj

Answer 66

The ten guiding principles of the Arya Samaj are—
(i) God is the primary source of all true knowledge; (ii) God alone is worthy of worship
(iii) the Vedas are the books of true knowledge
(iv) an Arya should always be ready to accept truth and abandon untruth
(v) dharma should be the guiding principle of all actions
(vi) the principal aim of the Samaj is to promote world’s well-being in the material, spiritual
and social sense
(vii) everybody should be treated with love and justice
(viii) ignorance is to be dispelled and knowledge
increased
(ix) one’s own progress should depend on uplift
of all others
(x) social well-being of mankind is to be placed
above an individual’s well-being.

Question 67

Seva Sadan (1908) was founded by

Answer 67

Behramji M. Malabari and his friend Diwan
Dayaram Gidumal

Question 68

Malabari spoke vigorously against ________________ and for ______________ among Hindus.

His efforts led to ________________________ Act being passed

Behramji Malabari acquired and edited the ____________________

Answer 68

child marriage, widow remarriage

Age of Consent Act

Indian Spectator

Question 69

Dev Samaj was founded in 1887 at _____________by _______________, a former ______________ follower

Dev Sadan is a __________ and ____________ society

The society emphasised on-?

Its teachings were compiled in a book, ___________________

Answer 69

Lahore by Shiv Narayan Agnihotri
Brahmo follower

religious and social reform society

The society emphasised on
eternity of the soul
supremacy of the guru
need for good action

Deva Shastra

Question 70

Organization formed as a culmination of other organization to defend orthodox Hinduism?

HQ:?

It stood against the teachings of ______________

Other organisations created to defend orthodox Hinduism were the_______________________(1895), the ___________________in South India, and _______________ in Bengal.

__________________________was a prominent figure in this movement

Answer 70

Bharat Dharma Mahamandala (1902)

An all-India organisation of the orthodox educated Hindus, it stood for a defence of orthodox Hinduism.

HQ: Varanasi

Arya Samajists, Theosophists, and the Ramakrishna Mission.

Sanatana Dharma Sabha (1895) the Dharma Maha Parishad in South India, and Dharma Mahamandali in Bengal.

Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya

Question 71

Who started the Radhaswami movement?

The prominent beliefs of Radhaswami?

Answer 71

Tulsi Ram, a banker from Agra, also known as Shiv Dayal Saheb, founded this movement in 1861.

They believe in one supreme being, supremacy of the guru, a company of pious people (satsang), and a simple social life.
no renunciation of wordly life
they considers as necessary duties, works of faith and charity, service and prayer.

Question 72

What was SNDP movement?

Narayana Guru, himself from the Ezhava caste, took a stone from the __________________ river and installed it as a Sivalinga at ___________________on Sivaratri in 1888.

SNDP movement is also known as?

Famous poet disciple of Sri Narayan Guru

The SNDP Yogam took up several issues for the
Ezhavas, such as

Answer 72

Sree Narayana Guru Dharma Paripalana (SNDP) Movement was a regional movement started by Sree Narayan Guru among the Ezhavas of Kerala

against caste based conflict

Neyyar river
Aruvippuram

Aruvippuram movement

Kumaran Asan

The SNDP Yogam took up several issues for the
Ezhavas, such as:
(i) right of admission to public schools;
(ii) recruitment to government services;
(iii) access to roads and entry to temples
(iv) political representation.

Question 73

The _______________ in Mysore launched an anti-brahmin movement in 1905.

Answer 73

Vokkaliga Sangha
Mysore
anti-brahmin movement

Question 74

Justice Movement

Where?
Started by?
aim?

In 1917, _______________ was formed which demanded separate representation for the lower castes in the legislature.

Answer 74

Madras Presidency

C.N. Mudaliar, T.M. Nair, and P. Tyagaraja

to secure jobs and representation for the non-brahmins in the legislature.

Madras Presidency Association
separate representation for the lower castes in the
legislature.

Question 75

Self-Respect Movement

started by?

The movement aimed at nothing short of a _______________________ and
___________________ which was felt as a prime instrument of ___________________

Newspaper?

Answer 75

E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker, a Balija Naidu, in the mid-1920s.

rejection of the brahminical religion and culture instrument of exploitation of the lower castes.

He sought to undermine the position of brahmin priests by formalising weddings without brahmin priests.
[Similar to what was done by Jyotiba Phule]

Kudi Arasu

Question 76

Leaders of Temple entry movment

Editor of Deshabimani?

Imp Satyagraha associated with temple entry

Temple entry movment gained movement again when?
Imp leaders

When were Temple opened for all Hindus in Travancore and Madras

Answer 76

Significant work already done by Sree Narayana Guru and N. Kumaran Asan. T.K. Madhavan, a prominent social reformer and editor of Deshabhimani,

Vaikom Satyagraha led by K P Kesava
The satyagraha was reinforced by jathas from Punjab and Madurai.
Gandhi toured Kerala in support of the movement

When Civil Disobedience Movement was called off in 1931

Inspired by K. Kelappan, poet Subramaniyam Tirumambu (the ‘singing sword of Kerala’) led a group of 16 volunteers to Guruvayur.

Leaders like P. Krishna Pillai and A.K. Gopalan were among the satyagrahis.

Finally, on November 12, 1936, the Maharaja of Travancore issued a
proclamation throwing open all government-controlled temples to all Hindus.
A similar step was taken by the C. Rajagopalachari administration in Madras in 1938.

Question 77

Wahabi/Walliullah Movement

The teachings of ____________________ and the preachings of ______________________ inspired this essentially ___________________response to Western influences and the degeneration which had set in among Indian Muslims and called for a _________________________________of Islam.

2 fold ideals of the movement

The teachings of _____________ were further popularised by ____________________ and ___________________ who also gave them a political perspective.

India was considered to be ________________________,
and it needed to be converted to ___________________.

Answer 77

Abdul Wahab of Arabia and Shah Walliullah (1702–63)
revivalist response
called for a return to the true spirit of Islam.

He was the first Indian Muslim leader of the 18th century to organise Muslims around the two-fold ideals of this movement
(i) desirability of harmony among the four schools of Muslim jurisprudence which had divided the Indian Muslims (he sought to integrate the best
elements of the four schools)

(ii) recognition of the role of individual conscience in religion where conflicting interpretations were derived from the Quran and the Hadis.

teachings of Walliullah
Shah Abdul Aziz and Syed Ahmad Barelvi

Syed Ahmad called for a return to the pure Islam and the kind of society that had existed in the Arabia of the Prophet’s time.

dar-ul-Harb (land of the kafirs), and dar-ul-Islam (land of Islam).

Initially, the movement was directed at the Sikhs in Punjab, but after the British annexation of Punjab (1849), the movement was directed against the British.

During the 1857 Revolt, the Wahabi’s played an important role in spreading anti-British feelings.

Question 78

Titu Mir’s Movement

led by?
follower of?

Titu Mir adopted ______________ and advocated the ________________.

Answer 78

Syed Mir Nisar Ali, popularly known as Titu Mir

disciple of Syed Ahmad Barelvi (of Rae Bareilly), an adherent follower of the Wahabi movement.

Titu Mir adopted Wahabism and advocated the Sharia.

He organised the Muslim peasants of Bengal against the landlords, who were mosly Hindu, and the British indigo planters.

Question 79

Faraizi movement

founded by?
main leader?

Aim?

Answer 79

aka Fara’idi Movement
- emphasis on the Islamic pillars of faith
- founded: Haji Shariatullah in 1819.

Under the leadership of Haji’s son, Dudu Mian, the movement became revolutionary from 1840 onwards.

Its scene of action was East Bengal

Aim: eradication of social innovations or un-Islamic practices current among the Muslims of the region and draw their attention to their duties as Muslims.

The Fara’idis organised a paramilitary force armed with clubs to fight the zamindars who were mostly Hindu, though there were some Muslim landlords too, besides the indigo planters.

Dudu Mian asked his followers not to pay rent.

The organisation even established its own law courts.

Question 80

Ahmadiyya Movement

founded by

based on _______________principles

The movement spread ______________
among the Indian Muslims.

Answer 80

The Ahmadiyya
- sect of Islam
- originated from India
- only Islamic sect to believe that the Messiah had come in the person of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad to end religious wars and bloodshed and to reinstate morality, peace, and justice.

founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in 1889.

based on liberal principles

It described itself as the standard-bearer of Mohammedan Renaissance, and based itself, like the Brahmo Samaj, on the principles of universal
religion of all humanity, opposing jihad (sacred war against non-Muslims).

Western liberal education

The Ahmadiyya community is the

They believed in separating the mosque from the State as well as in human rights and tolerance.

suffered from mysticism.

Question 81

The Deoband School (Darul Uloom)

organized by?
twin objectives?

The Deoband Movement was begun at the ___________ Deoband, in Saharanpur district (United Provinces) in 1866 by _________________ and _______________ to train
religious leaders for the Muslim community.

Opposed to?

________________, the new Deoband leader, gave a political and intellectual content to the religious ideas of the school.
He worked out a synthesis of Islamic principles and
nationalist aspirations.

The _________________ gave a concrete shape to Hasan’s ideas of protection of the religious and political rights of the Muslims in the overall context of Indian unity and national objectives.

____________, a supporter of the Deoband school, favoured the inclusion of English language and European sciences in the system of education.

He founded the _____________ and _____________ in Lucknow in 1894–96.
He believed in the idealism of the Congress and cooperation between the Muslims and the Hindus of India to create a state in which both could live amicably

Answer 81

The Deoband Movement was organised by the orthodox section among the Muslim ulema as a revivalist movement.

objectives:
propagating pure teachings of the Quran and Hadis among Muslims
keeping alive the spirit of jihad against the foreign rulers.

aimed at moral and religious regeneration of the Muslim community.

Darul Uloom (or Islamic academic centre), Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi
Rashid Ahmad Gangohi

On the political front, the Deoband school welcomed the formation of the Indian National Congress

Opposed Syed Ahmed Khan’s organisations, the United Patriotic Association and the Mohammaden Anglo-Oriental Association.

Mahmud-ul-Hasan
Jamiat-ul-Ulema

Shibli Numani
Nadwatal Ulama and Darul Uloom

Question 82

Imp org of Parsi reform movement

Aim of the org

Leaders?

imp newspaper

Answer 82

Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha (Religious Reform
Association) was founded in 1851 by a group of English-educated Parsis

Aim
for the “regeneration of the social conditions of the Parsis
restoration of the Zoroastrian religion to its pristine purity”.

Parsi religious rituals and practices were reformed and the Parsi creed redefined.

In the social sphere, attempts were made to uplift the status of Parsi women through removal of the purdah system, raising the age of marriage and education.

Naoroji Furdonji, Dadabhai Naoroji, K.R. Cama, and S.S. Bengalee

newspaper: Rast Goftar (Truth-Teller).

Question 83

2 imp Sikh Reform Movements

Answer 83

Singh Sabha Movement
Akali Movement

Question 84

Sikh reform movements

The ___________________ was founded at Amritsar
in 1873

2 fold objective? how did they go about meeting the objectives

The _____________ was an offshoot of the above mentioned Movement.

Aim?

The government tried its repressive policies against the __________launched by the Akalis in 1921, but had to bow before popular demands; it passed the ____________ which gave the control of
gurudwaras to the _________as the apex body.

The Akali Movement was a _________movement but not a _________ one. The Akali leaders played a notable role in the national liberation struggle though some dissenting voices were heard occasionally.

Answer 84

Singh Sabha Movement

two-fold objective
(i) to make available modern western education to the Sikhs
(ii) to counter the proselytising activities of Christian missionaries as well as the Brahmo Samajists, Arya Samajists, and Muslim maulvis.

1. a network of Khalsa schools was established by the Sabha throughout Punjab.
2. everything that went against the Gurus’ teachings was rejected, and rites and customs considered to be consistent with Sikh doctrine were sought to be established.

Akali Movement (also known as Gurudwara
Reform Movement)

Aim
It aimed at liberating the Sikh gurudwaras from the control of corrupt Udasi mahants (the post having become hereditary). These mahants were a loyalist and reactionary lot, enjoying government patronage.

non-violent non-cooperation satyagraha

Sikh Gurudwaras Act in 1922 (amended in 1925)

Sikh masses to be administered through Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC)

regional movement but not a communal one.

Question 85

______________ and ____________ along with a group of westerners, who were inspired by Indian thought and culture, founded the Theosophical Society in _____________ in 1875.

In 1882, they shifted their HQ to _______

The Theosophical Movement came to be allied
with the ____________.

In India, the movement became somewhat popular with ___________________ after the death of Olcott in 1907.

Answer 85

Madame H.P. Blavatsky (1831–91) and Colonel M.S. Olcott
New York City, United States

Adyar

The society believed that a special relationship could be established between a person’s soul and
God by contemplation, prayer, revelation, etc.

It accepted the Hindu beliefs in reincarnation and karma, and drew inspiration from the philosophy of the Upanishads and samkhya, yoga, and Vedanta schools of thought.

It aimed to work for universal brotherhood of humanity without distinction of race, creed, sex, caste, or colour.

The society also sought to investigate the unexplained laws of nature and the powers latent in man.

The Theosophical Movement came to be allied
with the Hindu renaissance. (At one time it allied with the Arya Samaj too.)

It opposed child marriage and advocated the abolition of caste discrimination, uplift of and improvement in the condition of widows.

the election of Annie Besant (1847–1933) as its president

The Theosophical Society more helpful for educated Hindus than an average Indian
Hence, impact was limited to small segment of the westernised class

Question 86

Annie Besant had come to India in _______.

She laid the foundation of the ______________in 1898 where both Hindu religion and Western scientific subjects were taught.

The college became the nucleus for the formation of _________ in 1916.

Answer 86

1893

Central Hindu College in Benaras

Benaras Hindu University

Annie Besant also did much for the cause of the
education of women.