Freedom Movement Flashcards
In 1897 — The___________ were deported without trial and ________ and others, imprisoned on charges of sedition
Natu brothers
Tilak
In 1904 — Official Secrets Act was introduced for?
curbed freedom of press
Who were the representatives of militant school of thought?
Bengal: Raj Narain Bose, Ashwini Kumar Dutta, Aurobindo Ghosh, and Bipin Chandra Pal
MH: Vishnu Shastri Chiplunkar and Bal Gangadhar Tilak
PJ: Lala Lajpat Rai
When was decision of Partition of Bengal made public?
How would Bengal be partitioned?
What were the new capitals?
What was the official reason for partition and what was the real reason?
On what basis was partition carried out?
Dec 1903
2 provinces
- Bengal comprising Western Bengal + provinces of Bihar and Orissa
Capital: Kolkata - Eastern Bengal, and Assam.
Capital: Dacca
Official reason:
Bengal had become too big to be administered.
partition would help in the development of Assam if it came under the direct jurisdiction of the govt.
Real motive:
British desire to weaken Bengal, the nerve centre of Indian nationalism
Bengal was divided on 2 basis:
1. on the basis of language, thus reducing the Bengalis to a minority in Bengal itself
(as in the new proposal Bengal proper was to have 17 million Bengalis and 37 million Hindi and Oriya speakers);
- on the basis of religion, as the western half was
to be a Hindu majority area (42 million out of a
total 54 million) and the eastern half was to be a
Muslim majority area (18 million out of a total of
31 million).
Anti-Partition campaigns under moderates
- Who provided leadership?
- What methods of struggle were used?
- Newspapers used at the time to spread propaganda against partition
- Surendranath Banerjea, K.K. Mitra, and Prithwishchandra Ray
- petitions to the government, public meetings, memoranda, and propaganda through pamphlets and newspapers
exerting pressure on the govt
- Hitabadi, Sanjibani, and Bengalee
Despite public opinion against the partition proposal, the government announced the partition of Bengal in ___________.
When was formal proclamation of Swadeshi movement made?
____________, the day the partition formally came
into force, was observed as a ______________throughout Bengal.
What did people do in response to the Partition?
_______________and ______________, secretary of the _________________________ at the time, appealed to the people to observe _______________ on the date the partition came into effect
Later in the day, __________ and ________________ addressed huge gatherings. Within a few hours
of the meeting, Rs 50,000 was raised for the movement.
The other parts the movement spread to and under whose leadership?
July 1905
On August 7, 1905, with the passage of the Boycott Resolution in a massive meeting held in the Calcutta Townhall,
October 16, 1905
day of mourning
- People fasted, bathed in the Ganga, and walked
barefoot in processions singing Bande Mataram - ‘Amar Sonar Bangla’, the national anthem of present-day Bangladesh, was composed by
Rabindranath Tagore and sung by huge crowds marching in the streets.
Rabindranath Tagore and Ramendrasundar Trivedi, secretary of the Bangiya Sahitya Parishad Rakshabandhan
Surendranath Banerjea and Ananda Mohan Bose
Poona and Bombay under Tilak
Punjab under Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh
Delhi under Syed Haider Raza
Madras under Chidambaram Pillai
INC 1905 session
- where?
- president?
- what did they focus on?
What did the militant nationalists want?
INC 1906 session
- where?
- presidentship?
- important declaration?
The Moderate-Extremist dispute over the _______________ and____________________ reached a deadlock at the Surat session of the INC (1907) where the party split with serious consequences for the Swadeshi Movement.
The Extremists wanted the 1907 session to be held in ________________________ with __________ as the president along with a reiteration of the ________________ resolutions.
The Moderates wanted the session at ____________ in order to exclude _____________from the presidency, since a leader from the host province could not be session president. Instead, they wanted ______________ as the president and sought to drop the resolutions on __________________
Spilt occurred leaving the Congress dominated by the Moderates who lost no time in reiterating Congress’ commitment to the ______________________and to the use of ________________________only to achieve this goal.
Benaras
Gokhale
(i) condemn the partition of Bengal and the reactionary policies of Curzon
(ii) support the anti-partition and Swadeshi Movement of Bengal
wanted the movement to be taken outside Bengal to other parts of the country and go beyond a boycott of foreign goods ( include boycott of government service, law courts, legislative councils) to become a full-fledged political mass struggle with the goal of attaining swaraj.
Moderates were not willing. They advocated constitutional methods
INC 1906 session
- Calcutta
- Dadabhai Naoroji
the Extremists wanted either Tilak or Lajpat Rai as the president
Moderates proposed the name of Dadabhai Naoroji, who was widely respected by all the nationalists.
- declared that the goal of the INC was “self-government or swaraj like the United Kingdom or
the colonies” of Australia or Canada.
The Extremists, encouraged by the proceedings at the Calcutta session, gave a call for wide passive resistance and boycott of schools, colleges, legislative councils, municipalities, law courts, etc.
The Moderates, encouraged by the news that council reforms were on the anvil, decided to tone down the Calcutta programme. The Moderates saw in the council reforms an opportunity to realise their dream of Indian participation in the administration.
pace of the movement and techniques of struggle
Nagpur (Central Provinces) with Tilak or Lajpat Rai as the president along with a reiteration of the swadeshi, boycott, and national education resolutions.
Surat in order to exclude Tilak from the presidency
Rashbehari Ghosh as the president and sought to drop the resolutions on swadeshi, boycott, and national education.
reiterating Congress’ commitment to the goal of self-government within the British Empire and to the use of constitutional methods only
Extremists gave a call for ____________________ in addition to swadeshi and boycott which would
include what?
passive resistance
boycott of government schools and colleges, government service
courts
legislative councils,
municipalities
government titles, etc.
What were the forms of struggle under militant nationalist?
- boycott of foreign goods
- Public meetings and processions
- means of mass mobilization
3.corps of volunteers and Samitis
- Swadesh Bandhab Samiti : Ashwini Kumar Dutta
- Swadeshi Sangam: V.O. Chidambaram Pillai, Subramania Siva, and some lawyers, TN
- use of traditional popular festivals and melas
- emphasis on self-reliance (atma-shakti)
- social reforms campaign - Program of Swadeshi/National education
- Raja Subodh Mullick made a contribution towards the foundation of a national university in Bengal
- A National Council of Education was set up on August 15, 1906
- Bengal National College and Bengal Technical Institute were established. - Swadeshi or indigenous enterprises
Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company, national ship building enterprise: V O Chidambaram pillai
members of the Tagore family and other leaders had been organising melas (fairs) to exhibit Indian handicrafts
Rabindranath’s Swadeshi Bhandar (1897)
Jogeshchandra Chaudhuri’s Indian Stores (1901)
Sarala Debi’s Lakshmir Bhandar (1903)
The Bengal Chemicals factory was established
by Prafullachandra Ray in 1893, and attempts were made to manufacture porcelain in 1901,
- Impact in the cultural sphere
In Tamil Nadu, Subramania Bharati wrote Sudesha Geetham
Abanindranath Tagore - Indian paintings
Nandalal bose - first recipient of a scholarship offered by the Indian Society of Oriental Art
Jagdish Chandra Bose, Prafullachandra Roy pioneered orginal research
The first principal of the Bengal National
College was________________ and its first president was _______________.
The college was inspired by __________________
Aurobindo Ghosh
Rashbehari Ghosh
Tagore’s school at Shantiniketan which had been set up in 1901.
Dawn Society is associated with
newspaper?
Satishchandra Mukherjee
Dawn
Mukherjee pioneered the national education movement by founding the _____________in 1895.
He took a leading part in the formation of the
________________ and later became a lecturer
in the _____________________, and its principal when
Aurobindo resigned.
Bhagabat Chatuspathi
National Council of Education
Bengal National College
Which classes of citizens participated in Swadeshi movement?
students, women, sections of zamindari and lower middle class
While some muslims participated, others didn’t
Some of the Muslims participated— Barrister Abdul Rasul, Liaqat Hussain, Guznavi, Maulana Azad
most of the upper and middle class Muslims stayed away or, led by Nawab Salimullah of Dacca
also, didn’t garner support of Muslim peasantry
All India Muslim League: formed in 1905
Labour strikes were held
Subramania Siva and Chidambaram Pillai led strikes in Tuticorin and Tirunelveli in a foreign-owned cotton mill.
In Rawalpindi (Punjab), the arsenal and railway workers went on strike led by Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh.
annul the partition of Bengal in ___________, mainly to ________________________
1911
curb the menace of revolutionary terrorism
Who retired from active politics after Swadeshi movement?
Aurobindo Ghosh and Bipin Chandra Pal
Who were two groups in WWI?
In the First World War (1914–19)
Britain allied with France, Russia, USA, Italy, and Japan
Vs
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey
What was the nationalist response to Brit participation in WWI?
The Indian supporters of British war efforts failed to see that the imperialist powers were fighting to ___________________
(i) Moderates supported the empire in the war as
a matter of duty
(ii) Extremists, including Tilak (who was released
in June 1914), supported the war efforts in the mistaken belief that Britain would repay India’s loyalty with gratitude in the form of self-government
(iii) revolutionaries decided to utilise the
opportunity to wage a war on British rule and
liberate the country.
safeguard their own colonies and markets.
The ____________________ was the Indian response to the WWI
Who were the prominent leaders?
What was the need for the movement?
Home Rule Movement
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Annie Besant, G.S. Khaparde, Sir S. Subramania Iyer, Joseph Baptista, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah among others
necessary to have a national alliance that would work throughout the year (unlike the Congress which had annual sessions) with the main objective of demanding self-government or home rule for all of India within the British commonwealth.
This alliance was to be the All India Home Rule League along the lines of the Irish Home Rule
League.
Annie Besant campaigned for self-government (Home Rule League) for India through her newspapers–?
New India and Commonweal
Extremists were reunited with INC in which session?
1916,Lucknow
Presided: Ambica Charan Mazumdar
due to efforts of Annie Besant and Tilak
What was Congress response to Annie Besant wanted to set up home rule league?
At the annual session of the Congress in 1915, Besant failed to get the Congress to approve her scheme of Home Rule Leagues, the Congress
did commit itself to a programme of educative propaganda and to a revival of local-level Congress committees.
Not willing to wait for too long, Besant laid the condition that if the Congress did not implement its commitments, she would be free to set up her own league—which she finally had to, as there was no response from the Congress.
Tilak set up his _________________ in April 1916.
1st meeting:?
HQ: ?
Areas it worked: ?
It had ____ branches and the demands were?
Indian Home Rule League
Belgaum
Poona
Maharashtra (excluding Bombay city), Karnataka, Central Provinces, and Berar.
6 branches
Demands
swarajya, formation of linguistic states and education in the vernacular
Annie Besant set up her _____________ in
September 1916 in______________ and covered the
_________________.
organising secretary:?
Other members:?
All-India Home Rule League
Madras (now Chennai)
rest of India (including Bombay city)
George Arundale
B.W. Wadia and C.P. Ramaswamy Aiyar
Leaders who later joined Home rule league?
_________________ led the Bombay division of Home rule league
Motilal Nehru
Jawaharlal Nehru
Bhulabhai Desai
Chittaranjan Das,
K.M. Munshi
B. Chakravarti
Saifuddin Kitchlew
Madan Mohan Malaviya
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Tej Bahadur Sapru,
Lala Lajpat Rai.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Many of the Moderate Congressmen who were disillusioned with Congress inactivity
some members of Gokhale’s Servants of India Society also joined
Who didn’t join Home rule league movement?
Anglo-Indians
most of the Muslims
non-brahmins from the South
did not join as they felt Home Rule would mean rule of the Hindu majority, and that too mainly by the high caste.
What was Govt response to Home rule league movement?
severe repression
Tilak was barred from entering Punjab and Delhi.
In June 1917, Annie Besant and her associates, B.P. Wadia and George Arundale, were arrested.
Released in Sep 1917
This invited nationwide protest.
Sir S. Subramania Aiyar renounced his knighthood,
while Tilak advocated a programme of passive resistance.
By when did Home rule league movement fade out?
Reasons for decline?
1919
- lack of effective organisation.
- Communal riots
- passive resistance
- Montague Chelmford reforms held self-government as the long-term goal of the British rule in India pacified moderates
- leaderless-ness Tilak had to go abroad (September 1918) in
connection with a libel case against Valentine Chirol whose book, Indian Unrest, had featured Tilak as responsible for the agitational politics that had developed in India. - Gandhi’s fresh approach to the struggle for
freedom was slowly gaining popularity
In 1920, ________________accepted the presidentship of the All India Home Rule League and changed the organisation’s name to ______________.
Within a year, however, the league _________________
Gandhi
Swarajya Sabha
joined the Indian National Congress
Most of the political associations in the early half of the 19th century were dominated by _____________.
They were ______________ in character.
What were the main demands of these early org?
The political associations of the second half of the 19th century came to be increasingly dominated by the _______________
wealthy and aristocratic elements
local or regional
● administrative reforms;
● association of Indians with the administration;
● spread of education.
educated middle class—the lawyers, journalists, doctors, teachers, etc.,—and they had a wider perspective and a larger agenda.
