Revolutionary Activities

Question 1

The first phase of revolutionary activities acquired a more activist form as a fallout of the ___________________ and continued till 1917.

The second phase started as a fallout of the ___________________

Answer 1

Swadeshi and Boycott Movement
Non-Cooperation Movement

Question 2

1st revolutionary groups organized in Bengal were?

Answer 2

in 1902 in Midnapore (under Jnanendranath Basu)

in Calcutta (the Anushilan Samiti founded by Promotha Mitter, and including Jatindranath
Banerjee, Barindra Kumar Ghosh, and others.

Question 3

Anushilan Samiti was founded by
other members?

Answer 3

Promotha Mitter
Jatindranath Banerjee, Barindra Kumar Ghosh, and others

Question 4

Newspaper started by Anushilan Samiti members?

Answer 4

Yugantar, a weekly
started by Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Bhupendranath Dutta

Question 5

________________ and ________________ had organised a secret society covering far-flung areas of Punjab, Delhi, and United Provinces, while some others like ________________ went abroad for military and political training

Answer 5

Rashbehari (or Rash Behari) Bose and Sachin Sanyal

Hemachandra Kanungo

Question 6

In 1907, an abortive attempt was made by the _____________ group on the life of a very unpopular British official, _____________ (the first Lt. Governor of the new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam, although he had resigned from the post on August 20, 1906).

In December 1907, there were attempts to derail the train on which the lieutenant-governor, _____________ , was travelling

Answer 6

Yugantar, Sir Fuller

Sir Andrew Fraser (Commission for police reforms in 1902-03, under Lord Curzon)

Question 7

In 1908, _______________ and _______________ threw a bomb at a carriage supposed to be carrying a particularly sadistic white judge, _______________, in Muzaffarpur.

The judge was not in the carriage. Unfortunately, two British ladies, instead, got killed.

Answer 7

Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose
Kingsford

Question 8

Who were involved in Alipore conspiracy case?

Alipore conspiracy case aka?

Answer 8

whole Anushilan group was arrested including the Ghosh brothers, Aurobindo and Barindra kumar

Manicktolla bomb conspiracy or Muraripukur conspiracy

Question 9

In Alipore conspiracy case who defended Aurobindo ghosh?

___________, as the head of the secret society of revolutionaries and _____________ (or Dutta), as the maker of bombs, were given the death penalty, which was later commuted to life in prison.

During the trial, _____________, who had turned approver and Crown witness, was shot dead by two co-accused, _____________ and _____________ in jail.

Answer 9

Chittaranjan Das

Barindra Ghosh and Ullaskar Dutt

Narendra Gosain (or Goswami)
Satyendranath Bose and Kanailal Dutta

Question 10

In 1908, _______________was organised by _______________ under _______________ to raise funds for revolutionary activities.

_______________and _______________ staged a
spectacular bomb attack on _______________ while he was making his official entry into the new capital of Delhi in a procession through Chandni Chowk in December 1912. (He was injured, but not killed.)

Answer 10

Barrah dacoity
Dacca Anushilan
Pulin Das

Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Sanyal
Viceroy Hardinge

Question 11

The bomb attack on Hardinge came to be known as _______________

Who were convicted for it?

Answer 11

Delhi Conspiracy trial

Basant Kumar Biswas, Amir Chand, and Avadh Behari

Question 12

The western Anushilan Samiti found a good leader in ________________ or _______________ and emerged as the ___________________.

Answer 12

Jatindranath Mukherjee (Bagha Jatin)
Jugantar (or Yugantar)

Question 13

During the WWI, an all Indian insurrection was planned by? what was it called?

Answer 13

the Jugantar party arranged to import German arms and ammunition through sympathisers and revolutionaries abroad.

Jatin asked Rashbehari Bose to take charge of Upper India, aiming to bring about an all-India insurrection in what has come to be called the ‘German Plot’ or the ‘Zimmerman Plan’.

The Jugantar party raised funds through a series of dacoities which came to be known as taxicab dacoities and boat dacoities, so as to work out the
Indo-German conspiracy.

Question 14

What was Planned according to Zimmerman Plan?
Why did it fail?

Answer 14

It was planned that a guerrilla force would be organised to start an uprising in the country, with
a seizure of Fort William and a mutiny by armed forces.

the plot was leaked out by a traitor.

Police came to know that Bagha Jatin was in Balasore waiting for the delivery of German arms.

Jatin and his associates were located by the police. There was a gun-fight as a result of which the revolutionaries were either killed or arrested. The German plot thus failed. Jatin Mukherjee was shot and died a hero’s death in Balasore on the Orissa
coast in September 1915.

Question 15

The newspapers and journals advocating revolutionary activity included ____________ and ____________ in Bengal, and ____________ in Maharashtra.

Answer 15

Sandhya and Yugantar in Bengal
Kal in Maharashtra.

Question 16

The first of the revolutionary activities in MH was
the organisation of the _________________ by _______________________ in 1879, which aimed to rid the country of the British by instigating an armed revolt by disrupting communication lines.

It hoped to raise funds for its activities through ___________. It was suppressed prematurely.

Answer 16

Ramosi Peasant Force by Vasudev Balwant Phadke

dacoities

Question 17

During the 1890s, _______________ propagated a spirit of militant nationalism, including the use of violence, through _______________and his journals _______________ and _______________.
Two of his disciples—the _______________ brothers, _______________and _______________—murdered the _______________of Poona, _______________(name), and one _______________ in 1897.

Answer 17

Tilak
Ganapati and Shivaji festivals
journals: Kesari and Maharatta

Chapekar brothers, Damodar and Balkrishna—murdered the Plague Commissioner of Poona,
Rand, and one Lt. Ayerst in 1897.

Question 18

Mitra Mela was organized by

Answer 18

Savarkar and his brother

Question 19

Savarkar and his brother organised ____________, a
secret society, in 1899, which merged with ____________in 1904.

Soon Nasik, Poona, and Bombay emerged as centres of ____________. In 1909, ____________, the ____________ of Nasik was killed by ____________, a member of ____________.

Who was convicted for the killing?

This killing incident was also known as

Answer 19

Mitra Mela
Abhinav Bharat (after Mazzinni’s ‘Young Italy’) \

centres of bomb manufacture

A.M.T. Jackson, the Collector of Nasik,
Anant Lakshman Kanhere, a member of Abhinav Bharat.

it was found that Savarkar (with his two brothers,) was the brain, leader, and moving spirit of the conspiracy.

Savarkar was sentenced to transportation for life and forfeiture of all his property

Nasik conspiracy case

Question 20

What were the issues tat fueled Punjab extremism?

Answer 20

frequent famines coupled with rise in land revenue and irrigation tax, practice of ‘begar’ by zamindars and by the events in Bengal.

Question 21

____________ who brought out ____________ (with its motto of self-help at any cost)

____________ who organised the extremist
____________ in Lahore with its journal, ____________

Other leaders from Punjab

Answer 21

Lala Lajpat Rai
Punjabee (with its motto of self-help at any cost)

Ajit Singh (Bhagat Singh’s uncle)
Anjuman-i-Mohisban-i-Watan
Bharat Mata.

Aga Haidar, Syed Haider Raza, Bhai Parmanand, and the radical Urdu poet, Lalchand ‘Falak

Question 22

Extremism in Punjab died down quickly after the
government struck in May 1907 with a ban on _____________ and the deportation of _____________ and _____________

Answer 22

ban on political meetings
deportation of Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh

After this, Ajit Singh and a few other associates—Sufi Ambaprasad, Lalchand, Bhai Parmanand, Lala Hardayal— developed into full-scale revolutionaries.

Question 23

During the First World War, _____________ was
involved as one of the leading figures of the Ghadr Revolution.

At the close of 1913, he met _________ to discuss the possibilities of an all-India armed rising of 1857 type.

Then, they worked together to extend the _____________ to Punjab and the upper provinces.

As the plan for revolution did not succeed, he escaped to ___________ in 1915.

Much later, he was to play an important part
in the founding of the_______________.

Answer 23

Rashbehari Bose
Bhaga Jatin
Bengal plan of Zimmerman Plan/German Plot
Japan
INA

Question 24

_____________________ had started in London in 1905 an ______________— called ‘______________—as a centre for Indian students, a scholarship scheme to bring radical youth from India, and a journal ______________.

Revolutionaries such as ______________and ______________ became its members

______________ from this circle assassinated the ______________ in 1909.

Soon, London became too dangerous for the revolutionaries, particularly after ______________ had been extradited in 1910 and transported
for life in the ______________ conspiracy case.

New centres emerged on the continent—______________and ______________ from where ______________, a Parsi revolutionary who had developed contacts with French socialists and who brought out______________, and ______________ operated.

And after 1909 when Anglo-German relations
deteriorated, ______________ chose ______________ as his base.
What was it called?

Answer 24

Shyamji Krishnavarma, London 1905
Indian Home Rule Society—‘India House’
journal The Indian Sociologist

Savarkar and Hardayal

Madanlal Dhingra
assassinated the India office bureaucrat Curzon-Wyllie

after Savarkar had been extradited in 1910 and transported for life in the Nasik conspiracy case.

Paris and Geneva—from where Madam Bhikaji Cama, a Parsi revolutionary
Bande Mataram
Ajit Singh

Virendranath Chattopadhyaya chose Berlin

Berlin Committee for Indian Independence

Question 25

The Ghadr party revolutionaries included mainly ________________ and ________________ who had migrated from the ________________ to the ________________ and ________________ in search of ________________ .

They were based in the ________________ and ________________ cities along the ________________

Imp pre Ghadr revoluntionaries

To carry out revolutionary activities, the earlier
activists had set up a ‘________________ ’ at ________________ and ‘________________ at ________________ .

Finally, in 1913, the Ghadr was established.

What was the Ghadr programme?

The moving spirits behind the Ghadr Party were ________________ , ________________ , ________________ , ________________ , ________________ , and ________________ .

Their plans were encouraged by two events?

Answer 25

ex-soldiers and peasants

from the Punjab to the USA and Canada in search of better employment opportunities.

based in the US and Canadian cities along the western (Pacific) coast.

Ramdas Puri, G.D. Kumar, Taraknath Das, Sohan Singh Bhakna, and Lala Hardayal

Swadesh Sevak Home’ at Vancouver
‘United India House’ at Seattle.

The Ghadr programme:
1. to organise assassinations of officials
2. publish revolutionary and anti-imperialist
literature
3. work among Indian troops stationed abroad,
4. procure arms
5. bring about a simultaneous revolt in all British
colonies.

Lala Hardayal, Ramchandra, Bhagwan Singh, Kartar Singh Saraba, Barkatullah, and Bhai Parmanand. The Ghadrites intended to

Their plans were encouraged by two events in 1914
Komagata Maru incident
the outbreak of the First World War.

Question 26

What was the Komataga Maru incident?

The incident created an explosive situation in ______________

____________ and ______________ left for India.

Bengal revolutionaries were contacted;
________________ and _______________ were asked to lead the movement.

The _______________ of January–February 1915 had
a somewhat new social content.

In at least 3 out of the 5 main cases, the raiders targeted the _______________ and _______________ before decamping with the cash.

The Ghadrites fixed February 21, 1915 as the date for an armed revolt in ______________, ______________, and ______________ garrisons.

What happened to the plan?

The British met the wartime threat with a formidable battery of repressive measures—the most intensive since 1857—and above all by the _______________ passed in March 1915 primarily to smash the ___________movement.

Apart from the Bengal revolutionaries and the Punjab Ghadrites, radical pan-Islamists—_______________, ______________, _________________—were interned for years.

Answer 26

Komagata Maru was the name of a ship which was carrying 370 passengers, mainly Sikh and Punjabi Muslim would-be immigrants, from Singapore
to Vancouver.

They were turned back by Canadian authorities
after two months of privation and uncertainty.

It was generally believed that the Canadian authorities were influenced by the British government.

The ship finally anchored at Calcutta in
September 1914.

The inmates refused to board the Punjab bound train.

In the ensuing conflict with the police at Budge
Budge near Calcutta, 22 persons died.

Punjab.

Kartar Singh Saraba and Raghubar Dayal Gupta

Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Sanyal

Punjab political dacoities of January–February 1915 targeted the moneylenders and debt records

The Ghadrites fixed February 21, 1915 as the date for an armed revolt in Ferozepur, Lahore, and Rawalpindi garrisons.

The plan was foiled at the last moment due to treachery.
The authorities took immediate action, aided by the Defence of India Rules, 1915.
Rebellious regiments were disbanded, leaders arrested and deported, and 45 of them hanged.
Rashbehari Bose fled to Japan (from where he and Abani Mukherji made many efforts to send arms), while Sachin Sanyal was transported for life.

Defence of India Act
Ghadr movement

radical pan-Islamists—Ali brothers, Maulana Azad, Hasrat Mohani

Question 27

Berlin Committee for Indian Independence
established by

The Indian revolutionaries in Europe sent missions to
_____________, _____________, _____________, and ______________ to work among ____________ and the _______________and to incite anti-British feelings among the people of these countries.

Who were involved in the mission to Kabul?

One mission under Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh, Barkatullah,
and Obaidullah Sindhi went to Kabul to organise a ‘provisional
Indian government’ there with the help of the crown prince,
Amanullah.

Answer 27

Virendranath Chattopadhyay, Bhupendranath Dutta, Lala Hardayal, and others with the help
of the German foreign office under ‘Zimmerman Plan

Baghdad, Persia, Turkey, and Kabul to work among Indian troops and the Indian prisoners of war (POWs)

One mission under Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh, Barkatullah, and Obaidullah Sindhi went to Kabul to organise a ‘provisional Indian government’ there with the help of the crown prince, Amanullah.

Question 28

Who were involved in Mutiny in Singapore?

Answer 28

Mutiny in Singapore on February 15, 1915 by Punjabi Muslim 5th Light Infantry and the 36th Sikh battalion under Jamadar Chisti Khan, Jamadar Abdul Gani, and Subedar Daud Khan.

It was fiercely crushed by Brits

Question 29

Post recalling of NCM and arrest of Gandhi in 1922 what split occurred in Congress?

Answer 29

Swarajists Vs No changers: debate over what is to be done during the passive phase of the movement

Swarajists advocated entry into legislative councils

C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru, and Ajmal Khan

No changers
opposed council entry, advocated concentration on constructive work, and continuation of boycott and non-cooperation, and quiet preparation for resumption of the suspended civil disobedience programme

C. Rajagopalachari, Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad, and M.A. Ansari

Question 30

The differences over the question of council entry
between the two schools of thought resulted in the defeat of the Swarajists’ proposal of ___________ at the ________ session of the Congress (December
1922).

__________ and __________ resigned from the presidentship and secretaryship respectively of the Congress and announced the formation of _____________ or simply ______________,

Answer 30

‘ending or mending’ the councils

Gaya session

C R Das and Motilal Nehru

Congress-Khilafat Swarajya Party/ Swarajist Party
with C.R. Das as the president and Motilal Nehru as one of the secretaries.

Question 31

What factors weakened swarajists position?

Answer 31

split among Swarajists themselves on communal and Responsivist-Non-responsivist lines.

The Swarajists lost the support of many Muslims when the party did not support the tenants’ cause against the zamindars in Bengal (most of the tenants were Muslims).

Communal interests also entered the party.

The death of C.R. Das in 1925 weakened it further.

Question 32

Who were responsivists among Swarajists? What did they advocate?

Answer 32

Lala Lajpat Rai, Madan Mohan Malaviya, and N.C. Kelkar
advocated cooperation with the government and holding of office wherever possible. Besides, they also wanted to protect the so-called Hindu interests.

Question 33

_____________ was elected speaker of Central Legislative Assembly in 1925.

A noteworthy achievement was the defeat of the
______________ in 1928, which was aimed at _____________

Answer 33

Vithalbhai Patel

Public Safety Bill

empowering the Government to deport undesirable and subversive foreigners
(because the Government was alarmed by the spread of socialist and communist ideas and believed that a crucial role was being played by the British and other foreign activists being sent by the Commintern).

Question 34

Name journals publishing memoirs and articles extolling the self-sacrifice of revolutionaries in 1920s

Answer 34

Atmasakti, Sarathi, and Bijoli.

Question 35

Novels and books with revolutionary themes?

Answer 35

Bandi Jiwan by Sachin Sanyal
Pather Dabi by Sharatchandra Chatterjee

Question 36

2 strands of revolutionary group that emerged during 1920s. They were?

Answer 36

Punjab-United Provinces-Bihar
- HRA/HSRA

Bengal

Question 37

Who founded HRA and what was their aim?

Major revolutionary activity associated with HRA?

Answer 37

Hindustan Republican Association/Army or HRA
(later renamed Hindustan Socialist Republican Association or HSRA).

founded in October 1924 in Kanpur
by Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee, and Sachin Sanyal

Aim: to organise an armed revolution to overthrow the colonial government and establish in its place
the Federal Republic of United States of India whose basic principle would be adult franchise.

Kakori Robbery

Question 38

What was kakori robbery case?
What was Govt reaction?

Answer 38

men held up the 8-Down train at Kakori, near Lucknow, and looted its official railway cash.

Government crackdown after the Kakori robbery led to arrests of many, of whom 17 were jailed, 4 transported for life and

4—Bismil, Ashfaqullah, Roshan Singh, and Rajendra Lahiri—were hanged.

kakori proved to be a setback

Question 39

Determined to overcome the Kakori setback, the younger revolutionaries, inspired by _______________ ideas, set out to reorganise HRA at a historic meeting in the ______________.

Under the leadership of _________________, the name of HRA was changed to Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).

The participants included ______________________

The HSRA decided to work under a collective leadership and adopted ____________ as its official goal.

Answer 39

socialist ideas

ruins of Ferozshah Kotla in Delhi (September 1928)

Chandrashekhar Azad

Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar, Bhagwati Charan
Vohra from Punjab

Bejoy Kumar Sinha, Shiv Verma, and Jaidev Kapur from the United Provinces.

socialism

Question 40

Revolutionary activities associated with HSRA

Answer 40

Saunders Murder- Lahore, Dec 1928
Bomb in central legislative assembly - April, 1929

Question 41

What led to Saunder’s Murder?
Who shot him dead?
Saunders was mistaken for?
While the revolutionaries tried to escape, ________________ shot dead an Indian constable who tried to pursue them

What was the case called?

Who were tried and sentenced?

Answer 41

death of Sher-i-Punjab Lala Lajpat Rai due to lathi blows received during a lathi charge on an anti-Simon Commission procession (October 1928)

Bhagat Singh and Shivram Rajguru

They had mistaken Saunders for SP James Scott, who was actually responsible for the lathi charge

Chandrashekar Azad

Lahore conspiracy case

Bhagat Singh, Sukddev and Rajguru were hanged on March 23, 1931
Mar 23 is celebrated as Shaheed Diwas and Sarvodaya Day

Question 42

The HSRA leadership now decided to let the people know about its changed objectives and the need for a revolution by the masses.

__________ and ________________ were asked to throw a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly on April 8, 1929 to protest against the _________________.

The bombs had been deliberately made harmless and were aimed at making ‘the deaf hear’.

The objective was to _______________________so that people would become familiar with their movement and ideology.

Answer 42

Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt

passage of the Public Safety Bill and Trade Disputes Bill aimed at curtailing civil liberties of citizens in general and workers in particular

get arrested and to use the trial court as a forum for propaganda

Question 43

HSRA

In jail, these revolutionaries protested against the horrible conditions through _____________, and demanded honourable and decent treatment as political prisoners.

___________ became the first martyr on the 63rd day of his ________.

____________was involved in a bid to blow up __________________train near Delhi in December 1929.

Answer 43

fasting

Jatin Das
fast

Chandrashekar azad
Viceroy Irwin’s

Question 44

In Bengal during 1920s many revolutionary groups reorganised their underground activities, while many continued working under the Congress

Many cooperated with C.R. Das in his __________
work.

After Das’s death (1925), the Bengal Congress broke up into two factions—one led by ______________ and the other led by _____________

The actions of the reorganised groups included an
_____________ attempt on the _____________________ by _____________ in 1924.

The government, armed with a new ordinance, came down heavily on revolutionaries.

Many, including ______________, were arrested. ______________ was hanged.

Because of government repression and factionalism among the revolutionaries, revolutionary activity suffered a setback, but soon many of revolutionaries started regrouping.

Among the new ‘Revolt Groups’, the most active and famous was the ____________ under ____________

Famous revolutionary activity during this periodin bengal

Answer 44

Swarajist

J.M. Sengupta (Anushilan group joined forces with him)

Subhash Bose (Yugantar group backed him)

assassination attempt
notorious Calcutta Police Commissioner, Charles Tegart (another man named Day got killed)

Gopinath Saha

Subhash Bose
Gopinath Saha

Chittagong group
Surya Sen

Chittagong armoury raid (April 1930)

Question 45

Chittagong Armoury Raid (April 1930)

Surya Sen had participated in the _____________________ and had become a _____________________ in Chittagong.

He was imprisoned from 1926 to 1928 for revolutionary activity and afterwards continued working in the Congress.

He was the _____________________ of the Chittagong District _____________________ .

He was a lover of poetry and an admirer of _____________________ and _____________________ .

Surya Sen decided to organise an armed rebellion along with his associates—_____________________ —to show that it was possible to challenge the armed might of the mighty British Empire.

What was their plan?

The raid was conducted in April 1930 and
involved 65 activists under the banner of _____________________ .
The raid was quite successful; Sen hoisted the national flag, took salute, and proclaimed a provisional revolutionary government.

Later, they dispersed into neighbouring villages and raided government targets.

What happened to Surya Sen after?

What were imp Aspects of the New Phase of Revolutionary Movement in Bengal?

Drawbacks of the movement?

In 1933, _______________ was arrested for ____________ and given two years’ sentence because he had condemned imperialism and praised the heroism of the revolutionaries.

Answer 45

Non-Cooperation Movement
teacher in the national school

secretary of the Chittagong District Congress
Committee

Tagore and Qazi Nazrul Islam.

Anant Singh, Ganesh Ghosh, and Lokenath
Baul

They had planned to occupy two main armouries in Chittagong to seize and supply arms to the revolutionaries to destroy telephone and telegraph
lines and to dislocate the railway link of Chittagong with the rest of Bengal.

Indian Republican Army—Chittagong Branch

Surya Sen was arrested in February 1933 and hanged in January 1934, but the Chittagong raid fired the imagination of the revolutionary-minded youth and recruits poured into the revolutionary groups in a steady stream.

Some noteworthy aspects were as follows:
● large-scale participation of young women, especially under Surya Sen.

These women provided shelter, carried messages, and fought with guns in hand.

Prominent women revolutionaries in Bengal during this phase
Pritilata Waddedar: who died conducting a raid
Kalpana Dutt who was arrested and tried along with Surya Sen and given a life sentence
Santi Ghosh and Suniti Chandheri: school girls of Comilla, who shot dead the district magistrate. (December 1931)
Bina Das: who fired point blank at the governor while receiving her degree at the convocation (February 1932).

● emphasis on group action instead of individual action with the obj to set an example before the youth and to demoralise the bureaucracy.

● Some of the earlier tendency towards Hindu religiosity was shed and this facilitated participation by Muslims.

Surya Sen had Muslims such as Satar, Mir Ahmed, Fakir Ahmed Mian, and Tunu Mian in his group.

Drawbacks
● The movement retained some conservative elements.
● It failed to evolve broader socio-economic goals.
● Those working with Swarajists failed to support the cause of Muslim peasantry against zamindars in Bengal.

Jawaharlal Nehru
for sedition

Question 46

What was the main change in revolutionary ideology by Bhagat Singh and his comrades?

The famous statement of the revolutionary position is contained in the book ___________________written by _________________

Bhagat Singh helped establish the __________________ (1926) as an open wing of
revolutionaries to carry out _________ among the youth, peasants, and workers, and it was to open branches in villages.

Bhagat and Sukhdev also organised the ______________ for open, legal work among students.

Answer 46

Main goal of revolution according to HRA manifesto was “abolition of all systems which made exploitation of man by man possible”

The HRA’s main organ Revolutionary had proposed nationalisation of railways and other means of transport and of heavy industries such as ship
building and steel.

The HRA had also decided to start labour
and peasant organisations and work for an “organised and armed revolution”

During their last days (late 1920s), these
revolutionaries had started moving away from individual heroic action and violence towards mass politics.

Bismil during his last days encouraged youth to give up arms and work in an open movement
and strengthen Hindu-Muslim unity
affirmed faith in Communism

The Philosophy of the Bomb written by Bhagwati Charan Vohra

Bhagat Singh shifted focus from individual heroic action to Marxism and popular broad based movement.

Bhagat and his
comrades also realised that a revolution meant organisation
and development of a mass movement of the exploited and
the suppressed sections by the revolutionary intelligentsia.

Punjab Naujawan Bharat Sabha
political work

Lahore Students’ Union

Question 47

Who formed Indian Club of Tokyo?