Social Psychology (Social dilemmas)

Question 1

what happened in the faravelli 2007 base study?

Answer 1

-ppts were freshmen and senior economic and sociology majors
-ppts given situation with 2 islands with 1 person per island
-islands have 12 trees on, the amount of fruit the trees dispense are varied
-asked how to split the trees to get a “fair” amount of fruit
-three options: equal amount of fruits (highest same number)
equal tree split
maximin option (the highest possible number of fruits for each person)

Question 2

what were the results from Faravelli 2007 base study?

Answer 2

-found that economic freshmen has a equal split of the options, seniors favoured maximin and sociology students favoured the equal amount of fruits

Question 3

what happened to the results of faravelli 2007 when they used a external reason for the difference in fruit?

Answer 3

-found that across all students a higher maximin preference

Question 4

what happened to the results of faravelli 2007 when they used a internal reasons?

Answer 4

-found a shift to preference for max total in all groups

Question 5

what happened to the results of faravelli 2007 when there was a specific number of fruits that each person needed to survive?

Answer 5

-preferred to shift to the equality and maximin option, but where possible meeting the needs of the persons fruit quantity

Question 6

what does a focus on large groups do for distributive justice?

Answer 6

asks how society can be created to reach DJ for its members during their lifetimes

Question 7

what is the experiment within the book the theory of moral sentiments?

Answer 7

• people start with nothing, no society
  -have to build a society but have no idea what position they will be in
  -the original position is the fairest shot to create a society that is fair to everyone
  -have to come to certain principles

Question 8

what are the three principles that the theory of moral sentiments has to come to?

Answer 8

1. greatest equal liberty
2. difference principle
3. social institutions

Question 9

what is meant by the greatest equal liberty principle?

Answer 9

everyone should have equal right to most extensive total system of equal basic liberties

Question 10

what is meant by the difference principle?

Answer 10

the best possible solution for the least advantaged
-added the opportunity principle - everyone should be open to all conditions of fair & equality of opportunity

Question 11

what is meant by the social institutions principle?

Answer 11

the society will have social institutions that people have to use and follow chains of commitment as those w lower power are able to complain

Question 12

what did Tawney 1931 say about true equality of opportunity?

Answer 12

upon an open road, but upon an equal start

Question 13

what are examples of the fairest opportunities in society?

Answer 13

in the drafts for ww1 (1917) and the Vietnam war (1969), mens names were put into a hat and randomly drawn
-giving the fairest option from the fault of the veil of ignorance

Question 14

what is the veil of ignorance?

Answer 14

shielding oneself from actual reality of society

Question 15

what did Oppenheimer et al 1987 experiment?

Answer 15

the veil of ignorance

Question 16

what happened in Oppenheimer et al 1987?

Answer 16

-ppts split into 29 groups with 5 ppts in each
-had multiple income distributions available to them, varying from large differences between high and low to small differences
-has to choose unknowingly from four principles
-then had to pick from bag to give them 1-5 to select how much they got

Question 17

what were the results of Oppenheimer et al 1987?

Answer 17

4 groups picked the maximise the average
25 groups chose to maximise the average with floor constraint
-> veil of ignorance permits the group tp reach stable decisions

Question 18

what were the four options available to choose from in Oppenheimer et al 1987?

Answer 18

difference principle (max the floor)
utilitarianism (max the average income)
mixed 1 (max avg income w floor constraint)
mixed 2 (max avg income range constraint)

Question 19

what did Norton & Ariely 2011 research?

Answer 19

-the veil of ignorance
asked 5522 ppts how equal they though society was and measured the ppts wealth levels
-found large differences in-between the ideal wealth levels amongst the 5 categories and the actual wealth levels
-the top 20% owned 85% of wealth, the 2nd 20% 10% and middle less than 5% and spreads the rest amongst bottom 40%

Question 20

what can be done about disparities in income?

Answer 20

-taxes can redistribute wealth
-support those in need through donations
-investment in poorer areas to encourage activity

Question 21

what is Nozicks 1974 entitlement theory?

Answer 21

for people meeting together behind a veil of ignorance to decide who gets what, knowing nothing about any special entitlements people may have, will treat anything distributed as manna from heaven

Question 22

what is limitation of redistribution?

Answer 22

it is a violation of peoples rights
view taxation of earnings from labour the same as forced labour

Question 23

why does wealth inequality matter?

Answer 23

as house prices increase, those lower earners are less able to buy houses -> widening the poverty gap between rich and poor
-frolich & Oppenheimer 1990

Question 24

what did Frolich & Oppenheimer 1990 research?

Answer 24

gave ppts tasks to earn money
-had to chose principles to distribute money once it has been learnt, told them that those who earn more had to share their wealth
-found that 15/18 groups chose to max the avg w floor constraint and 3 chose to max avg with no floor constraint, also that redistribution of wealth did not cause a decline of effort

Question 25

how did mead 1937 define cooperation?

Answer 25

the act of working together to one end

Question 26

what does the veil of ignorance mean?

Answer 26

where no one knows their place in society, class position, social status, or their fortune in the distribution of natural assets and abilities, including intelligence and strength. (Rawls)

Question 27

what contrasts the difference principle in the uK?

Answer 27

the UK has relatively high income inequality and low earnings mobility (Coral 2013)

Question 28

what is a definition for distributive justice?

Answer 28

refers to the fair allocation of benefits and burdens in society among individuals with varying needs and claims, based on moral norms, entitlements, efficiency, and other relevant considerations (Kaufman, 2012)

Question 29

what is harsanyis theory of dj?

Answer 29

An individual's preferences satisfy the requirement of impersonality if they indicate what social situation they would choose if they did not know their personal position in the new situation [...] but rather had an equal chance of obtaining any of the social positions existing in that situation

Question 30

what does Harsanyi stress the importance of?

Answer 30

the requirement of impersonality: how would I choose if I had the same chance of being in each of the possible positions involved in a distribution

Question 31

what distribution method does Harsanyi believe in?

Answer 31

chosen to maximize the average happiness, no matter how unequal the outcomes are for indviduals. He can be be classified as a utilitarian.

Question 32

what are examples of negotiations?

Answer 32

setting a price in an auction negotiating the movie a group will see

Question 33

what composes negotiations?

Answer 33

need -distributive bargaining -integratative bargaining

Question 34

what can negotiations do?

Answer 34

resolve and involve conflict in decisions

Question 35

what happens within distributive bargaining?

Answer 35

there is a large zone of possible agreement and a smaller bargaining zone. it is the process of working out a middle ground or the zero-sum.

Question 36

what is meant by zero sum?

Answer 36

it is when in a negotiation the outcome is when one party gains the same one party loses, so the sum = 0

Question 37

what is an example of distributive bargaining?

Answer 37

folding bike, negotiate a price through the negotiation using the reserved price From buyer and seller -zero sum as no profits Made

Question 38

what is an acronym to negotiate successfully?

Answer 38

B - BARGAIN A - Alternative T - TO N - NEGOTIATIONS A - agreements

Question 39

how are reasonable offers made in distributive bargaining?

Answer 39

1. making reasonable offers 2. splitting the difference

Question 40

what information is needed to make "reasonable" offers?

Answer 40

own and others position awareness of perceptual bias both sides need to be willing to be flexible

Question 41

what did Loewestein et al 1993 research?

Answer 41

reasonable offers in db -gave ppts a testimony to read of a motorcyclist and automobile driver crash -M sues AD -ppts represent either party -part one - asked about fair settlements and guess how much awareded -part two: negotiate settlement -measured the difference principle

Question 42

what were the results of Loewestein et al 1993?

Answer 42

those who settle, agreed on a £11,941 in fairness difference -those who didn't agreed on a £33,915 difference

Question 43

what is the definition of integrative negotiations?

Answer 43

is possible when the parties have some shared interests or opportunities to realize mutual gains through trades across multiple issues (Harvard Law School)

Question 44

how are integrative negotiations solved?

Answer 44

Logrolling -> creating a fall back solution

Question 45

what are some solutions of integrative negotiations?

Answer 45

where the Pareto optimal meets the Pareto frontier and two processes occur: -integrative: creating value for both solutions -distributive: claiming shares

Question 46

what is an example of negotiations across borders being a difficult subject?

Answer 46

Meyer 2015 -danish exec asks Indonesian manager to meet, agree on a day but fails to turn up -> explains as in Indonesia: rude to say no to who you respect, choose to decline through tone of voice, hints and body language -> in one culture yes in the other means no

Question 47

how can negotiation across borders be improved?

Answer 47

paying attention to: 1. Voicing disagreement - is it voiced or hinted at 2. Emotional expression - does the speaker allow for self expression or do they stay reserved?

Question 48

what are countries that the uk may have trouble negotiating with due to differences in communication across cultures?

Answer 48

Meyer 2015 Saudi Arabia Mexico France Israel

Question 50

how did mead 1937 define competition?

Answer 50

the act of seeking or endeavouring to gain what another is endeavouring to gain at the same time

Question 51

how did mead 1937 define rivalry?

Answer 51

behaviour oriented toward another human being whose worsting was the primary goal and the object or position for which they completed was secondary.

Question 52

how can competition be eliminated?

Answer 52

either increasing quantity of object or decreasing number of competition

Question 53

wha is helpfulness?

Answer 53

when the goal shared only through the relationship of the helpers to the individual whose goal it actually is (Mead, 1937)

Question 54

what is individualistic behaviour?

Answer 54

behaviour in which the individual strives toward his goal without reference to others

Question 55

what is the interdependence theory proposed by Deutsch 1949?

Answer 55

focus on goals in social situations -goals can stand in 3 relations to each other -rely on others to achieve a mutual goal -lead to cooperative social situations & promote interdependent goals

Question 56

how do groups in competitive and cooperative situation perceive themselves?

Answer 56

-competitive: congruently interdependent -cooperative: promotively interdependent

Question 57

what are groups in competitive and cooperative situations relationships like?

Answer 57

-competitive: negative, info withholding and unconstructuve -cooperative: positive, share information and constructive & group oriented

Question 58

how do groups in competitive and cooperative situations perform?

Answer 58

-competitive: larger quantity -cooperative: higher quality

Question 59

what did Deutsch 1949 do & find?

Answer 59

studied effects of co-op and competition upon group processes -found that greater group productivity will result when the members are co-operative rather than competitive in their interrelationships -indication of competitive producing greater personal insecurity than does cooperation

Question 60

what did Johnson et al 1981 do and find?

Answer 60

reviewed 122 studies and compared relative effectiveness of cooperation and competition -results indicate that cooperation is considerably more effective than competition

Question 61

what are social dilemmas according to Kollock 1998?

Answer 61

are situations in which individual rationality leads to collective rationality

Question 62

what is the prisoners dilemma?

Answer 62

a dilemma whereby 2 partners in crime are caught -have to decide whether to testify or stay silent -consequences of each others behaviour effect the other, -if one stays silent and the other testifies the one who testifies is free and the other goes to jail, if both speak both jailed for 2 years, if both silent one year each

Question 63

what is the common pool resource proposed by Hardin 1968?

Answer 63

two options with common pool resources: -rivalry: I can't use if you do -non-excludability: I can't exclude you from not using it e.g. deciding which sheep gp into fields, can't not allow competitions sheep to not go into a field as they are free

Question 64

when do we cooperate?

Answer 64

goals are inline with ours

Question 65

when do we compete?

Answer 65

goals are not inline with ours

Question 66

what happens in pure coordinations games?

Answer 66

if everyone raises the same arm they get £2 and those who raised the other get £1

Question 67

what happens in anti-coordination games?

Answer 67

if raise RA or LA on count of 3, if raise right, £2 left £1

Question 68

what happens in free-rider games?

Answer 68

raise RA and LA on count of 3 -maj left = left £1, right £0 maj right = right £3, left £2 -public goods game, prisoners dilemma

Question 69

what is a benefit with public goods games?

Answer 69

if one person consumes the good, there is stlll plenty of the good to go around

Question 70

what is the social interdependence theory by Kelley & Thibault 1978?

Answer 70

when a given situation uses an effective solution as subject transmission occurs -3 options for ppts: max own, max res, max joint

Question 71

what is zizzo 2003?

Answer 71

-gave ppts a free rider game -given money and get a button to decide to burn others money -found 50% pressed button

Question 72

what did Aesop (1687) say in his fables?

Answer 72

-nothing is more foolish than envy, though that harm is inflicted upon oneself provided that the other shall suffer

Question 73

what are the obersvations of the choices made in public goods games?

Answer 73

-max own: chosen by individualists -max rel: chosen by competitive individuals -max joint: chosen by prosocial individuals

Question 74

what did Murphy et al 2011 research and find?

Answer 74

-ppts decide patterns of distribution of money 6 times -those who are individualistic, more likely to move money to their side

Question 75

what did Lange 2000 do?

Answer 75

studied a student sample over a period of time -found as they age ppts shifted to a prosocial orientation

Question 76

what happens in fishcakes?

Answer 76

-3 player game -each player can take up to 30% of the fish (10) -A = 10%(1), B = 20% (2), C = 30% (3) -points = fish taken -the remaining fish are multiplied by 3 -then game played for 10 more rounds -best way to have the most fish at the end, is by not fishing

Question 77

what are serious games?

Answer 77

ones which have a goal of achieving something

Question 78

what is the threshold game?

Answer 78

-6 players, 5 rounds, have £50 in two 5 tokens to put in each round, choose to keep or invest in the shared account -threshold of £150 needs to be met = if not they lose 90% the money put into that account

Question 79

what did Millinski et al 2008 do and find?

Answer 79

played the threshold game with 10 rounds instead of 5 players had up to 120 euro to invest the account to invest was called climate account -found that 50% of the group would not meet the threshold -> leading to 98.5% of loss in investment -> show that using climate, doesn't motivate people to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions

Question 80

what did Kangeisser et al 2024 do?

Answer 80

replicated threshold game with water and for children from Germany and ind -added relative and individual feedback -found that kids from Germany after relative feedback would decline in meeting the threshold each round but with individual feedback maintain meeting the threshold -iindian kids showed similar results

Question 81

what did Barret et al 2012 do?

Answer 81

replicated the threshold game but changed that everyone lost the same amount if threshold not meet had to pledge four conditions: uncertainty for both, certainty for both, threshold certainty and impact uncertainty, impact certainty and threshold uncertainty -> found that 20% of certainty, 100% of threshold uncertainty and 80% of both uncertainty had more than 80% chance of catastrophe

Question 82

what are the pathways to failure?

Answer 82

free riding dealing with uncertainty

Question 83

what are the pathways to success?

Answer 83

communication clear goals

Question 84

what did chatter et al 2022 reveal?

Answer 84

- I FRAME = policy interventions that seek to fix problems with individual behaviour -S - frame = addressing the system in which individuals operate -I FRAME YEILD NEGATIVE RESULTS AND REDUCES SUPPORT FOR EFFECTIVE S FRAME POLICIES

Question 85

How does complexity allow unethical decisions to be hidden?

Answer 85

- Exxon - funded research discrediting climate science, funded climate science research and constantly changing positions - Strategies - obfuscation, reasonable doubt and responsibilisation.

Question 86

what happens in health modelling games?

Answer 86

- before 8 participants are randomly switched from blue to purple - from first to last round nobody knows anybody’s colour including their own and their are 25 rounds. - each player choses one action per round either H or G. - in each round the players are randomly paired - found that over time purple players earn no bonus and blue players receive bonus money: points/200 in GBP and there is no feedback till after the game!

Question 87

what were the results of health modelling games?

Answer 87

that after each round the participant pool declines

Question 88

what are advantages of research with social games?

Answer 88

- Interactivity - pliers behaviour creates the environment for social decisions, capture elements of environmental and social complexity. - Methodology - incentivised behaviour, can be done deception-free, games can be framed neutrally or thematically. - Flexibility - games can study behaviour at different levels

Question 89

what are challenges of research with social games?

Answer 89

- Interpretation - do the games results translate into the real world? - Practical Difficulties - incentivised group games are costly, power to one group = only one observation! - games should be as simple as possible but as complex as necessary to learn something about real-world behaviour.