Social Psychology Flashcards
Rousseau
Man by nature good and only institutions make him bad
Hobbes
Man by nature brutish, if not for civilizing constraints of society
Cognitive
How perception affects behaviour
Learning
On observable behaviour & ignore cognition
Responds based on prior learning
Motivational
Basic human needs
Biological
Evolutionary past & genetic disposition
Cultural
Affects on social behaviour
Freud basic human condition
Impulses controlled by society internalized during childhood
Conflict b/w instincts & demands
ID
Basic urges
Demand satisfaction now, regardless of consequences
EGO
Reality principle
Satisfy ID within societal norms
SUPEREGO
Internal rules of parents and society
If broken, punishment
ID repressed = other outlets
Displacement
Impulses redirected into safer course
Reaction formation
Original wish is supplanted the opposite
Projection
Urges are projected onto others
Isolation
Awareness of memories but not emotions
4 levels of explaination
Intra-personal
Inter-personal
Inter-group
Societal
Psyxhosexual stages of development
Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital
Phallic stage
Boys - oedipus complex
Girls - electra complex
Problems with Freud
Never studies children
Ideas no flasifiable (can’t be disproved)
Little experimental evidence
Freud experimental evidence
Data explained better via other studies
Experiments supporting Freud are flawed
Bogus experiment
Participants hooked to apparatus, can tell dishonesty
Little reason to lie
Electromyography
Measure facial muscles
Certain emotions = different facial muscles
LaPiere
Racist attitudes and behaviour
Chinese couple
Visited - 1 refused service
Wrote - 92% refused service
Attitude stability and change
Relatively stable
Inconsistency b/w attitude and behaviour
Can be changed by factors
Knox and Inkster
Those placed bets were more confident of winning
Behaviour irrevocable = change attitude
Himmelweit
No attitude change to capital punishment
Factors that change attitude
Source: credible, attractive
Message: quickly, without hesitation
Approached: on sunny days, when happy
Emotional appeal fear
Works when message evokes moderate-strong fear, provides ways to reduce threat
McAlister et al.
Rehearsal of counter-arguments
Less likely to engage with that behaviour
Attribution
People perception of the causes of an event affects what they do and how they feel
Frey & Rogner
Accidents & injury
Internal and external blame
Pessimistic and optimistic = affect later life
Motivational bias
Self-esteem - positive behaviour = increase and vis versa
Control - increased = success to internal characteristics
Intrapersonal analysis
Analysis info and form attribution
Conrospondence inference
Person’s personality = behaviour
Covariation & configuration
Kelley
Consistency
Consensus
Distinctiveness
Interpersonal
Face to face attributions
Actor observer effect
Cause of own actions = external factors
Cause of others actions = internal factors
Self-serving bias
Take credit for success, not failure
Intergroup
Examine way members of different groups explain behaviour
Hunter et al
Reasoning
Internal = external attributions
External = internal attributions
Societal
Miller
Western = internal explainations
Non - western = external explaination
Mcknight interpersonal relationships
83% ‘special partner’ met in familiar social settings
Zajonc
Mere exposure effect
Repeated exposure = more appealing
Mita et al
Repeated stimulus
70%
Prefer photo of own reversed mirror image
Prefer normal photo of friends
Reis
Initial interaction negative = reinforced and dislike will occur
Emotional arousal
Emotionally aroused = rate others more attractive
White et al.
Men running on spot rated women more attractive
Daffon & Aaron
Anticipating electric shocks rated oppo sex more attractive
Wakil et al.
out of 32 traits
appearance
12th - men
22nd - women
Green, Buchanan & Heuer
Dating service via photo matching
Looks = major determining factor
Walter et al.
Blind date
Rated attractiveness by independent observers on arrival
Increase attractiveness = increase likelihood of being liked by date
Men
Women
Physical
Psychological
Benefits of attractiveness
Less aggressive
Increase chance of being hired
Ravin & Rubin
More effort to revive D.O.A if attractive
Cultural effects on attractiveness
Ingleby
Fat, diseased babies appealing in other cultures
Similarity in partners
Attracted to people similar to themselves
Attitude, values, activities
Kandel
BFs in HS = same age, race, academic grades
Craddock
Married couples = same religion = happier
Failed relationships
Women end ~60% of relationships
More distress in conflict
Better through separation
Social facilitation
How the physical presence of others influence our behaviour
Schmitt
Completing simple and complex tasks when others present
Simple - improved
Complex - decreased
Zajone
Drive theory of facilitation
Presence = increase arousal
Dominant response = strengthened by arousal
Non-dominant = weaken by arousal
Michaels et al.
Good player = accuracy increases
Bad players = accuracy decreases
Diffusion of responsibility
Latane & Darley
Increase group size, decrease individual responsibility
Mann
Surrounded = lose self-awareness and becomes anonymous
Disinhibit impulses
Zimbardo
Anonymit = agression
Increase in anti-social behaviour
Beamen et al
Increase self-awareness = decrease anti-social behaviour
Conformity
Control = no mistakes
75% went along with majority
Answers given out loud
Low status, shared identity
Resist oppression
High status, shared identity
Brutality when promoted by tyrannical leader
Minimal group paradigm
Tajfel et al.
Elict discrimination
Assigned arbitrarily
No self-interest
greater benefits chosen for own group
Why 65% went to dangerous levels
Responsibility transferred to experimenter - legitimate authority figure
Begin with small punishments and progress greater
Social identity with experiment and experimenter
Experimenter’s directness, legitimacy
Factors affecting obedience
Remoteness of victim
Closeness and legitimacy of authority figure
Diffusion of responsibility
Characteristics of teacher
