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Abnormal Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Infrequency

A

Statical infrequency

Depends on type of mental disorder

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2
Q

Deviance

A

Contextual eg gender roles

Symptoms abnormal from society norms

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3
Q

Distress

A 
Suffering and desire to discontinue the behaviour
Insight needed (need to know they are suffering)
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4
Q

Disability

A

Impairment

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5
Q

Danger

A

Harm to self and others

Not all dangerous

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6
Q

Psychological disorder =

A

Psychological dysfunction
Distress/impairment
Atypical response

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7
Q

Defining mental illness

A

Increase risk taking
Not an expected response to situation
Dysfunction across many areas

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8
Q

Biological treatment

A

As a disease
Changing physical functioning
Medication

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9
Q

Psychodynamic

A

Focus: past
Behaviour stem from unsolved tension from early childhood traumas
In-sight oriented

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10
Q

Behavioural

A

Focus: present
Modify problem behaviour via conditioning
Reinforce positive behaviour

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11
Q

Cognitive

A

Focus: how and what we think
Interpreting situation influence how we feel
Adaptive thoughts

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12
Q

Humanistic

A

Seek fulfillment and reach potential

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13
Q

Eclectic

A

Techniques from various types that meets individual’s needs

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14
Q

Forms of therapy

A

Individual, couple, family,…

Use evidence-based interventions

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15
Q

What is anxiety

A

Apprehension about anticipated issue

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16
Q

Fear/panic

A

Apprehesive response to immediate threat

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17
Q

3 components to anxiety

A

Cognitive
Physiological
Behavioural

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18
Q

Fight/flight response sympathetic

A

Sweat
Shake
Heart racing
Shallow breathing

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19
Q

Fight/flight response automic

A

Physical
Social
Thoughts

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20
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

Performance and anxiety level

Optional arousal

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21
Q

Generalised anxiety disorder

A

generalised and persistent
“free floating”
Difficult to control worry

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22
Q

Panic disorder

A

Period of intense fear in absence of real danger
Sudden
Not predictable
Free of anxiety b/w attacks

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23
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fear from being in public, open or enclosed spaces and being outside home alone

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24
Q

Social anxiety disorder

A

Be negatively evaluated by others

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25
Specific phobias
Specific situations Fear disproportion to situation Avoidance of situation
26
Obsessive - compulsive - related disorders
Repetitve thoughts = distress, feel uncontrollable and time intensive
27
Obsessive-compulsive disorder obsession
Intrusive thoughts | Persistent
28
Obsessive-compulsive disorder compulsions
Repeative excessive behaviour that reduce anxiety or prevent expected consequences
29
PTSD
Exposure to traumatic experiences Intrusive symptoms and avoidance of stimuli negative affects to cognition and mood > 1 month
30
Psychological treatment
Limited but effective | Eg relaxation, cognitive restructuring
31
Exposure therapy
Relonged and consistent In vivo vs imaginal Desensitisation 70-90% successful
32
Major depressive episode
5+ symptoms 2 week period Change from previous functioning
33
Major depressive episode symptoms
``` Depressed mood most of day Diminished interest or pleasure Weight loss or gain Sleep problems Fatigue Worthlessness Indecisiveness Suicidal ```
34
Etiology depression
Combination of biological, social, psychological
35
BIological factors
Behaviour genetics Biochemical Brain abnomalities
36
Biochemical
Neurotransmitters | Hormones
37
Neurotransmitters
Communicate b/w neurons (absent = depression) Norepinephrine - energy, motor activity Serotonin - memory, concentration Dopamine - rewarding stimuli
38
Hormones
HPA axis | Cortisol
39
Brain abnormalities
Profronal cortex Emotion regulation system Left frontal hemisphere asymmetry - right more activated = more depressed
40
Emotion regulation system
``` Amygdala - emotional importance Emotion regulation Subgenual anterior cingulate Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Hippocampus ```
41
Social/ environmental factors
Life stress | Biological vulnerability and stress reactivity
42
Diathesis-stress model
Mental health disorders due to predisposition and stress
43
Cognitive theories
Negative thoughts & beliefs = depression
44
Cognitive distortiosn
``` Should-ing Over-generalisation Discount positives Black and white thinking Unfair comparisons ```
45
Beck's cognitive therapy
``` 4 phases (~20 sessions) 1 elevate mood 2 challenge antomatic thoughts 3 identity negative thinking 4 change primary attitude ```
46
Cognitive restructuring
Effective and reduced relapse | Online and face to face
47
Antidepressant drugs
MAO inhibitors Tricyclics Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
48
Electroconvulsive therapy
For severe depression Side effect - damaging relapse common
49
Psychosis
Difficulty determining whether what is real or not
50
Schizophrenia
Mental illness in which people interpet reality abnormally
51
Positive symptoms
Things that occur in excess
52
Negative symptoms
Absent or lack of things
53
Criteria for schizophrenia
2+ symptoms Social dysfunction and decline Continuous for 6 months
54
Symptoms for schizophrenia
``` Delusion Hallucination Disorganized speech Grossly disorganized behaviour Negative symptoms ```
55
Persecution
Someone is out to harm them
56
Grandeur
Fixed belief that they are higher status
57
Reference
Objects directing speaking to them
58
Erotomania
Fixed belief someone is in love with you
59
Somatic
Fixed belief that something medically wrong
60
Nihilistic
The world is about to end
61
Bizzarre vs non-bizarre
Non - bizzare Not the truth but can be rational Bizzare Not real
62
Positive symptoms hallucinations
All senses | Auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, tacile
63
Loose association
Makes sense to the person, not to others
64
Neologisms
Making new words that make no sense
65
Clang associations
Speak in rhyme
66
Echolalia
Repeating what has been said to them
67
Echopraxia
Mimicking non-verbal behaviour
68
Word salad
Jumble speech
69
Negative symptoms
``` Affective flattening Alogia Thought blocking Avolition Anhedonia ```
70
Affective flattening
Shallow emotions
71
Alogia
Poverty of speech (loss)
72
Avolition
Lack of motivation
73
Anhedonia
Inability to experience pleasure
74
Course of schizophrenia
1 prodromal 2 active 3 residual
75
% of pop suffer from schizophrenia
0.7 - 1.5%
76
3/4 cases schizophrenia occurs b/w
15 - 45 years
77
Male's first psychotic break
18 - 25
78
Schizophreniform Disorder
Short duration of symptoms | Good prognosis
79
Schizoaffective disorder
Independent symptoms of SZ and mood disorder | Prognosis similar to SZ
80
Delusional disorder
1+ months Delusions, few negative symptoms Less observable impairment Rare Subtypes
81
% of pop suffer from schizophrenia
0.7 - 1.5%
82
Etiology
Brain disorder
83
Schizophrenia environmental causes
Birth month (winter & spring)
84
Schizophrenia predisposing causes
Pregnancy and birth complications
85
Schizophrenia neuropsychological deficits
Maternal drug use
86
Schizophrenia genetic influences
50-60% heritability index
87
Schizophrenia molecular genetics
DTNBP1, NGR1 Neurotransmitters, white matter development COMT, DDNF Prefrontal functioning
88
Schizophrenia brain abnormalities
Enlarged ventricles | Prefrontal hypometabolism
89
Neurodegenerative hypothesis
Schizophrenia is a disorder caused due to the degeneration of the brain
90
Enlarged ventricles Schizophrenia
Reduced bloodflow Lower brain volume 12/15 twins can be identified
91
Prefrontal hypometabolism Schizophrenia
Less activity, esp left side
92
Schizophrenia biological treatment 1st generation
Anti-psychotics Reduce positive symptoms Side effects: Tardive Dykinesia, neuroleptic malignat syndrome
93
Schizophrenia biological treatment 2nd generation
Anti-psychotics | Reduce positive and negative symptoms
94
Schizophrenia cognitive treatment
``` Rehabilitation Modify over- & under-attention Restructuring Challenge delusional beliefs Psychoeducation ```
95
Manic episode
1 week 3 symptoms Impairment Not attributed to substance/medical condition
96
Manic episode (ME) symptoms
``` Lower need of sleep Grandios self-esteem Overly talkative Racing thoughts Easily distracted Engagement in high risk activities ```
97
Hypomanic episode (HME)
4 days Mood disturbance doesn't crtitcally impair work/ social responsibilities Not stable mental state
98
Bipolar I disorder
MDE + ME
99
Bipolar II disorder
MDE + HME
100
Cyclothymic disorder
PDD + HME
101
MDE
Major depressive episodes
102
PDD
Persistent Depressive Disorder
103
Bipolar epidemiology U.S
12 months: 1.6% (men); 1.5% (women) | Lifetime: 2.2% (men); 2.0% (women)
104
Bipolar epidemiology NZ
3.8% | Maori x2 more likely
105
Bipolar genetic factors
80% heritable
106
Bipolar twin studies
FInland: 93%
107
Bipolar adoption studies
Doesn't explain timing of mania
108
Bipolar and unipolar
Vulnerability for unipolar or bipolar mood disorder inherited separately
109
Bipolar biochemical factors
Low 5HT + Hi NE -> mania Low 5HT + low NE -> depression Dopamine involvement Ion activity in brain
110
Bipolar brain abnormalities
Deficits in membranes | Basal ganglia & cerebellum
111
Bipolar treatment
Medication and in conjuction psychotherapy
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Bipolar medication
Mood stabilizers - lithium Anticonvulsants Atypical antipsychotics
113
Bipolar psychotherapy
Focuses: medication management, self-care, social skills, interpersonal relationships
114
Bipolar psychotherapy benefits
Reduced hospitalization | Improves social and occupational functioning
115
Anorexia Nervosa
Restriction of energy intake = less 15% of normal weight; arbitrary Fear for gaining weight
116
Anorexia Nervosa types
Restriciting type - no bingeing/purging | Binge-eating/purging type - regular
117
Bulimia Nervosa
Binge eating with no control Inappropriate compensatory behaviour From 1 week to 3 months Influnced by body image
118
Bulimia Nervosa associated features
Normal weight/over weight B/w binge, restrict caloric intake Low self-esteem, mood High smoking, substance abuse
119
Binge eating disorder
``` Recurrent binge (2x week, at least 6 months) DOESN'T involve use of compensatory behaviour ```
120
Binge eating disorder symptoms
``` Eating more rapidly Eating until uncomfortably full Binging when not hungry Eating alone (embarrassment) Feeling negative after overeating ```
121
Epidemiology AN U.S
1. 42% women | 0. 12% men
122
Epidemiology BN U.S
0. 46% women | 0. 08% men
123
Epidemiology BED U.S
1. 25% women | 0. 42% men
124
Epidemiology Anorexia NZ
1. 0% w | 0. 1% m
125
Epidemiology Bulimia NZ
2 w | 0.5 m
126
Epidemiology any ED
2. 9 w | 0. 5 m
127
Maori x.... ED
x2 (primarily BN)
128
Risk of ED
Multidimensional | More = greater risk
129
Biological factors ED
Genetic influence x6 more likely to have ED with relatives with ED Neurotransmitters Hormones (AN - hypothalamus functioning - weight set point)
130
Sociocultural factors ED
Societal pressure
131
Treatment AN
Restoration of proper weight REsidential programs Cognitive Behvioural Therapy
132
Treatment BN/BED
Cognitive Behvioural Therapy | Medication
133
Defining disorder of childhood
Difficult Likely to act out vs seek help Some deviance normal Some psychological disorder = little conscious distress
134
Intellectual disability
Onset before 18 Persists throughout life Deficits - communication, social, practical Range from mild to profound
135
Intellectual disability etiology
Genetic abnormalities Metabolic abnormalities Prenatal & postnatal complication
136
Genetic abnormalities intellectual disability
Down syndrome | Fragile X Syndrome
137
Metabolic abnormalities intellectual disability
PKU | Tay-Sachs Disease
138
Prenatal & postnatal complication intellectual disability
Drug exposure | Anoxia at birth
139
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Deficits in social communication Restricted, reptitve behaviour patterns Onset in early childhood
140
Autism Spectrum Disorder epidemiology
<1% pop Recognized during 2nd year of life 4x more common in boys No period of normal development, just gained in later childhood
141
Autism Spectrum Disorder etiology
Genetics - highly heritability Brain abnormalities Prenatal and birthing factors
142
Autism Spectrum Disorder brain abnormalities
Cerebellum, white matter | Neurotransmitter
143
Autism Spectrum Disorder treatment
Modeling conditioning Communication training Parent training community intergration
144
ADHD
Inattention, hyperactivity, inpulsivity
145
ADHD 3 types
Predominantly inattentive type Predominantly hyper-impulsive typee Combined type
146
ADHD etiology
50 - 75% heritability rates Structural abnormalities - dorsolateral regions Neurotransmitter abnormalities - dopamine
147
ADHD treatment biological
Stimulant or non-stimulant medications
148
ADHD treatment psychological
Behaviour therapy
149
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)
``` Early onset Argumenative Temper tantrums Authority problems Anger ```
150
Conduct disorder
More severe than ODD Limited prosocial emotions 2+ for at least 12 months, in more than 1 relationship or setting
151
Conduct disorder symptoms
Lack of remorse or guilt Callous-lack of empathy Unconcerned about performance Shallow or deficient affect
152
Etiology of ODD and CD
Genetic factors Familial risk factors (child abuse, family conflict) Sociocultural risk (poverty, past antisocial behaviours)
153
Treatment of ODD and CD
Family focused Child focused Prevention focused
154
Best predictor for ODD and CD
Peer groups + past antisocial behaviour
155
NZ alcohol facts
Hazardous drinking Higher in Maori, men and age group from 18 - 24 years Economically deprived areas 1.7x more likely to be hazardous drinkers
156
NZ Illicit drugs
x2 rate in Maori | x0.25 in asian ethnicities
157
Substance Use disorder
Problematic pattern of use, 2+ symptoms, within one year period
158
Substance use symptoms
``` Failure to meet obligations Continue use despite problems substance taken for longer time or in greater amounts than intended Impairment to functioning Cravings ```
159
Substance use diagnosis
Substance specific
160
Addiction
Severe substance use | 6+ symptoms
161
Tolerance
Larger doses required | Effect of drug less
162
Withdrawal effects
Dependence increses Physical Psychological
163
Drug classes
Depressants Stimulants Hallucinogens Cannabis
164
Polysubstance use
Using 3 drugs, interchangably
165
Gender difference substance use men
Men more likely to use alcohol and psychoactive drug
166
Gender difference substance use women
More likely to misuse in respoonse to stress or self-medicate Lower tolerance to alcohol
167
Etilogy of substance abuse
Genetics Biochemical factors Behavioral Sociocultural
168
Treatment substance abuse
Biological treatments - detoxification, antagonist therapy Aversion therapy Motivational interviewing 12-step program
169
Alcholics/Narcotics Anonymous
Self-help program | Alcoholic = disease without cure, abstinance
170
Alcoholics/Narcotics Anonymous
Self-help program | Alcoholic = disease without cure, abstinance
171
Personality disorder
Persisent maladaptive/culturally infreguent, thought, feeling, behaviour Infelexible Significant distress Traced back to adolescence
172
PD categorical
Psychiatric classification
173
PD dimensional
From normality to severe
174
PD normal vs abnormal traits
Extreme variants of normal traits | Abnormal traits in only disordered individuals
175
Cluster A
Odd | Eccentric
176
Cluster B
Dramatic Emotional Erratic
177
Cluster C
Anxious | Fearful
178
A PD
Paranoid PD Schizoid PD Schizotypal PD
179
Paranoid PD
Deep mistrust of others Hypersensitivity, caution Pathological jealousy Control, anger
180
Schizoid PD
Persistent avoidance Limited emotional expression Withfrawn <1% of pop (more likely to occur in men)
181
Schizotypal PD
Odd beliefs/ magical thinking Unusual perceptual experiences Suspiciousness Excessive social anxiety
182
Etiology A
Genetic link - family members of schizophrenic at higher risk for schizotypal Schizotypal - linked to positive symptoms of schizophreniz Schizoid - linked to negative symptoms
183
B PD
Antisocial PD Borderline PD Histrionic PD Narcissistic PD
184
Antisocial PD
``` Disregard social norms Reckless behaviour Prone to anger Lack of guilt or remorse Evidence of CD before 15 ```
185
Antisocial PD diagnosis
Low cut-off criteria (3/7) Mostly behavioral 50-80% of correctional inmates
186
Alternative "diagnosis" for ASPD
Psychopathy | 15-25%
187
what is psychopathy?
Use charm, manipulation, violence to cotrol other an satisfy own selfish needs. Lack conscience and feelings for others Violate social norms No sense of guilt
188
Psychopathy | Interpersonal deficits
Grandiosity Social potency Low anxiety
189
Psychopathy | Affecive deficits
Shallow emotions Inability to form deep relationships Fearlessness
190
Etiology | Factor 1
Affective/interpersonal Amygdala Poor fear conditioning, inability to read distress cues
191
Etiology | Factor 2
Antisocial behaviour Orbitofrontal cortex Disinhibition, poor emotional decision making
192
Borderline personality disorder instability of self-image and relationships
Intense interpersonal attachments | Idolization vs devaluation
193
Borderline personality disorder affective instability
Dysphoria, feelings of emptiness Emotional outbursts Extreme emotional response to abandonment
194
Borderline personality disorder impulsive, unpredictable, destructive behaviour
Suicidal gestures Substance abuse Reckless behaviour
195
Borderline personality disorder | Etiology Psychodynamic
Early parent relationships
196
Borderline personality disorder | Etiology Object-relations
Lack of early acceptance of parents
197
Borderline personality disorder | Etiology Biopsychosocial Theory
Invalidating childhood environments
198
Borderline personality disorder | Treatment
Dialectical behavior therapy
199
Histrionic PD symptoms
Extremely dramatic Shallow emotion Center of attention
200
Histrionic PD | Etiology and treatment
No research
201
Narcissistic PD symptoms
Need constant admiration Lack of empathy Superiority
202
Narcissistic PD Etiology | Psychodynamic therorists
Cold, rejecting parents
203
Narcissistic PD Etiology | Behaviour and congitive theorists
Too much positive reinforcement
204
Narcissistic PD Treatment
None | Seeking treatment very rare
205
Cluster C
Avoidant PD Dependent PD Obsessive-compulsive PD
206
Avoidant PD symptoms
Inhibited in social situations
207
Dependent PD symptoms
Difficultly with separation Relys on others Clingy Dislike themselves
208
Obsessive-compulsive PD symptoms
Preoccupied with order, control (no flexibility, openness) High standards for themselves and others RIgid, stubborn, trouble expressing affection
209
Borderline personality disorder | Etiology Biopsychosocial Theory
Invalidating childhood environments
210
Borderline personality disorder | Treatment
Dialectical behavior therapy
211
Histrionic PD symptoms
Extremely dramatic Shallow emotion Center of attention
212
Histrionic PD | Etiology and treatment
No research
213
Narcissistic PD symptoms
Need constant admiration Lack of empathy Superiority
214
Narcissistic PD Etiology | Psychodynamic therorists
Cold, rejecting parents
215
Narcissistic PD Etiology | Behaviour and congitive theorists
Too much positive reinforcement
216
Narcissistic PD Treatment
None | Seeking treatment very rare
217
Cluster C
Avoidant PD Dependent PD Obsessive-compulsive PD
218
Avoidant PD symptoms
Inhibited in social situations
219
Dependent PD symptoms
Central feature Clingy, obedient Rely on others for decisions Distressed, lonely, hate themselves
220
Obsessive-compulsive PD symptoms
Preoccupied with order: no flexibility, openness High standards Rigid, trouble expressing affection
221
Limitation with DSM-5 system
Excessive comorbidity Inadequate coverage No boundary b/w normal and pathological personality Inadequate scientific base
222
Solutions to DSM-5 system
Dimensional personality traits define disorders | Analogous to intellectual disability
223
Dimensional personality traits define disorders
Vary in degree vs in kind | Extreme manifestation of personality traits = disorder
224
Analogous to intellectual disability
Extreme standing on a dimension (intelligence) + impairment in functioning = disorder
225
DSM-5 Section 3 model | Criterion A
Impairment in self (identity/self - direction) and interpersonal (empathy/intimacy) functioning
226
DSM-5 Section 3 model | Criterion B
Personality profile | 5 personality trait domains
227
5 personality trait domains
``` Negative affectivity Detachment Antagonism Disinhibition & compulsivity Psychoticism ```
228
Personality types
Defined by trait profile | Personality disorder trait specific (PDTS)

PSYC112 (4 decks)

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