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PSYC112 > Abnormal Psychology > Flashcards

Abnormal Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Infrequency

A

Statical infrequency

Depends on type of mental disorder

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2
Q

Deviance

A

Contextual eg gender roles

Symptoms abnormal from society norms

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3
Q

Distress

A 
Suffering and desire to discontinue the behaviour
Insight needed (need to know they are suffering)
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4
Q

Disability

A

Impairment

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5
Q

Danger

A

Harm to self and others

Not all dangerous

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6
Q

Psychological disorder =

A

Psychological dysfunction
Distress/impairment
Atypical response

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7
Q

Defining mental illness

A

Increase risk taking
Not an expected response to situation
Dysfunction across many areas

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8
Q

Biological treatment

A

As a disease
Changing physical functioning
Medication

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9
Q

Psychodynamic

A

Focus: past
Behaviour stem from unsolved tension from early childhood traumas
In-sight oriented

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10
Q

Behavioural

A

Focus: present
Modify problem behaviour via conditioning
Reinforce positive behaviour

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11
Q

Cognitive

A

Focus: how and what we think
Interpreting situation influence how we feel
Adaptive thoughts

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12
Q

Humanistic

A

Seek fulfillment and reach potential

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13
Q

Eclectic

A

Techniques from various types that meets individual’s needs

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14
Q

Forms of therapy

A

Individual, couple, family,…

Use evidence-based interventions

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15
Q

What is anxiety

A

Apprehension about anticipated issue

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16
Q

Fear/panic

A

Apprehesive response to immediate threat

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17
Q

3 components to anxiety

A

Cognitive
Physiological
Behavioural

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18
Q

Fight/flight response sympathetic

A

Sweat
Shake
Heart racing
Shallow breathing

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19
Q

Fight/flight response automic

A

Physical
Social
Thoughts

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20
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

Performance and anxiety level

Optional arousal

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21
Q

Generalised anxiety disorder

A

generalised and persistent
“free floating”
Difficult to control worry

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22
Q

Panic disorder

A

Period of intense fear in absence of real danger
Sudden
Not predictable
Free of anxiety b/w attacks

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23
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fear from being in public, open or enclosed spaces and being outside home alone

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24
Q

Social anxiety disorder

A

Be negatively evaluated by others

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25
Q

Specific phobias

A

Specific situations
Fear disproportion to situation
Avoidance of situation

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26
Q

Obsessive - compulsive - related disorders

A

Repetitve thoughts = distress, feel uncontrollable and time intensive

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27
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder obsession

A

Intrusive thoughts

Persistent

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28
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder compulsions

A

Repeative excessive behaviour that reduce anxiety or prevent expected consequences

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29
Q

PTSD

A

Exposure to traumatic experiences
Intrusive symptoms and avoidance of stimuli
negative affects to cognition and mood
> 1 month

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30
Q

Psychological treatment

A

Limited but effective

Eg relaxation, cognitive restructuring

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31
Q

Exposure therapy

A

Relonged and consistent
In vivo vs imaginal
Desensitisation
70-90% successful

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32
Q

Major depressive episode

A

5+ symptoms
2 week period
Change from previous functioning

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33
Q

Major depressive episode symptoms

A 
Depressed mood most of day
Diminished interest or pleasure 
Weight loss or gain
Sleep problems
Fatigue
Worthlessness
Indecisiveness
Suicidal
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34
Q

Etiology depression

A

Combination of biological, social, psychological

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35
Q

BIological factors

A

Behaviour genetics
Biochemical
Brain abnomalities

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36
Q

Biochemical

A

Neurotransmitters

Hormones

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37
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Communicate b/w neurons (absent = depression)
Norepinephrine - energy, motor activity
Serotonin - memory, concentration
Dopamine - rewarding stimuli

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38
Q

Hormones

A

HPA axis

Cortisol

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39
Q

Brain abnormalities

A

Profronal cortex
Emotion regulation system
Left frontal hemisphere asymmetry - right more activated = more depressed

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40
Q

Emotion regulation system

A 
Amygdala - emotional importance
Emotion regulation
Subgenual anterior cingulate
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Hippocampus
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41
Q

Social/ environmental factors

A

Life stress

Biological vulnerability and stress reactivity

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42
Q

Diathesis-stress model

A

Mental health disorders due to predisposition and stress

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43
Q

Cognitive theories

A

Negative thoughts & beliefs = depression

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44
Q

Cognitive distortiosn

A 
Should-ing
Over-generalisation
Discount positives
Black and white thinking
Unfair comparisons
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45
Q

Beck’s cognitive therapy

A 
4 phases (~20 sessions)
1 elevate mood
2 challenge antomatic thoughts
3 identity negative thinking
4 change primary attitude
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46
Q

Cognitive restructuring

A

Effective and reduced relapse

Online and face to face

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47
Q

Antidepressant drugs

A

MAO inhibitors
Tricyclics
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

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48
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy

A

For severe depression
Side effect - damaging
relapse common

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49
Q

Psychosis

A

Difficulty determining whether what is real or not

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50
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Mental illness in which people interpet reality abnormally

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51
Q

Positive symptoms

A

Things that occur in excess

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52
Q

Negative symptoms

A

Absent or lack of things

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53
Q

Criteria for schizophrenia

A

2+ symptoms
Social dysfunction and decline
Continuous for 6 months

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54
Q

Symptoms for schizophrenia

A 
Delusion
Hallucination
Disorganized speech
Grossly disorganized behaviour
Negative symptoms
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55
Q

Persecution

A

Someone is out to harm them

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56
Q

Grandeur

A

Fixed belief that they are higher status

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57
Q

Reference

A

Objects directing speaking to them

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58
Q

Erotomania

A

Fixed belief someone is in love with you

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59
Q

Somatic

A

Fixed belief that something medically wrong

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60
Q

Nihilistic

A

The world is about to end

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61
Q

Bizzarre vs non-bizarre

A

Non - bizzare
Not the truth but can be rational
Bizzare
Not real

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62
Q

Positive symptoms hallucinations

A

All senses

Auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, tacile

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63
Q

Loose association

A

Makes sense to the person, not to others

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64
Q

Neologisms

A

Making new words that make no sense

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65
Q

Clang associations

A

Speak in rhyme

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66
Q

Echolalia

A

Repeating what has been said to them

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67
Q

Echopraxia

A

Mimicking non-verbal behaviour

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68
Q

Word salad

A

Jumble speech

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69
Q

Negative symptoms

A 
Affective flattening
Alogia
Thought blocking
Avolition
Anhedonia
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70
Q

Affective flattening

A

Shallow emotions

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71
Q

Alogia

A

Poverty of speech (loss)

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72
Q

Avolition

A

Lack of motivation

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73
Q

Anhedonia

A

Inability to experience pleasure

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74
Q

Course of schizophrenia

A

1 prodromal
2 active
3 residual

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75
Q

% of pop suffer from schizophrenia

A

0.7 - 1.5%

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76
Q

3/4 cases schizophrenia occurs b/w

A

15 - 45 years

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77
Q

Male’s first psychotic break

A

18 - 25

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78
Q

Schizophreniform Disorder

A

Short duration of symptoms

Good prognosis

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79
Q

Schizoaffective disorder

A

Independent symptoms of SZ and mood disorder

Prognosis similar to SZ

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80
Q

Delusional disorder

A

1+ months
Delusions, few negative symptoms
Less observable impairment
Rare Subtypes

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81
Q

% of pop suffer from schizophrenia

A

0.7 - 1.5%

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82
Q

Etiology

A

Brain disorder

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83
Q

Schizophrenia environmental causes

A

Birth month (winter & spring)

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84
Q

Schizophrenia predisposing causes

A

Pregnancy and birth complications

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85
Q

Schizophrenia neuropsychological deficits

A

Maternal drug use

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86
Q

Schizophrenia genetic influences

A

50-60% heritability index

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87
Q

Schizophrenia molecular genetics

A

DTNBP1, NGR1
Neurotransmitters, white matter development
COMT, DDNF
Prefrontal functioning

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88
Q

Schizophrenia brain abnormalities

A

Enlarged ventricles

Prefrontal hypometabolism

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89
Q

Neurodegenerative hypothesis

A

Schizophrenia is a disorder caused due to the degeneration of the brain

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90
Q

Enlarged ventricles Schizophrenia

A

Reduced bloodflow
Lower brain volume
12/15 twins can be identified

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91
Q

Prefrontal hypometabolism Schizophrenia

A

Less activity, esp left side

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92
Q

Schizophrenia biological treatment 1st generation

A

Anti-psychotics
Reduce positive symptoms
Side effects: Tardive Dykinesia, neuroleptic malignat syndrome

93
Q

Schizophrenia biological treatment 2nd generation

A

Anti-psychotics

Reduce positive and negative symptoms

94
Q

Schizophrenia cognitive treatment

A 
Rehabilitation
Modify over- & under-attention
Restructuring
Challenge delusional beliefs
Psychoeducation
95
Q

Manic episode

A

1 week
3 symptoms
Impairment
Not attributed to substance/medical condition

96
Q

Manic episode (ME) symptoms

A 
Lower need of sleep
Grandios self-esteem
Overly talkative
Racing thoughts
Easily distracted 
Engagement in high risk activities
97
Q

Hypomanic episode (HME)

A

4 days
Mood disturbance doesn’t crtitcally impair work/ social responsibilities
Not stable mental state

98
Q

Bipolar I disorder

A

MDE + ME

99
Q

Bipolar II disorder

A

MDE + HME

100
Q

Cyclothymic disorder

A

PDD + HME

101
Q

MDE

A

Major depressive episodes

102
Q

PDD

A

Persistent Depressive Disorder

103
Q

Bipolar epidemiology U.S

A

12 months: 1.6% (men); 1.5% (women)

Lifetime: 2.2% (men); 2.0% (women)

104
Q

Bipolar epidemiology NZ

A

3.8%

Maori x2 more likely

105
Q

Bipolar genetic factors

A

80% heritable

106
Q

Bipolar twin studies

A

FInland: 93%

107
Q

Bipolar adoption studies

A

Doesn’t explain timing of mania

108
Q

Bipolar and unipolar

A

Vulnerability for unipolar or bipolar mood disorder inherited separately

109
Q

Bipolar biochemical factors

A

Low 5HT + Hi NE -> mania
Low 5HT + low NE -> depression
Dopamine involvement
Ion activity in brain

110
Q

Bipolar brain abnormalities

A

Deficits in membranes

Basal ganglia & cerebellum

111
Q

Bipolar treatment

A

Medication and in conjuction psychotherapy

112
Q

Bipolar medication

A

Mood stabilizers - lithium
Anticonvulsants
Atypical antipsychotics

113
Q

Bipolar psychotherapy

A

Focuses: medication management, self-care, social skills, interpersonal relationships

114
Q

Bipolar psychotherapy benefits

A

Reduced hospitalization

Improves social and occupational functioning

115
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

Restriction of energy intake = less 15% of normal weight; arbitrary
Fear for gaining weight

116
Q

Anorexia Nervosa types

A

Restriciting type - no bingeing/purging

Binge-eating/purging type - regular

117
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

Binge eating with no control
Inappropriate compensatory behaviour
From 1 week to 3 months
Influnced by body image

118
Q

Bulimia Nervosa associated features

A

Normal weight/over weight
B/w binge, restrict caloric intake
Low self-esteem, mood
High smoking, substance abuse

119
Q

Binge eating disorder

A 
Recurrent binge (2x week, at least 6 months) 
DOESN'T involve use of compensatory behaviour
120
Q

Binge eating disorder symptoms

A 
Eating more rapidly
Eating until uncomfortably full
Binging when not hungry
Eating alone (embarrassment)
Feeling negative after overeating
121
Q

Epidemiology AN U.S

A
  1. 42% women

0. 12% men

122
Q

Epidemiology BN U.S

A
  1. 46% women

0. 08% men

123
Q

Epidemiology BED U.S

A
  1. 25% women

0. 42% men

124
Q

Epidemiology Anorexia NZ

A
  1. 0% w

0. 1% m

125
Q

Epidemiology Bulimia NZ

A

2 w

0.5 m

126
Q

Epidemiology any ED

A
  1. 9 w

0. 5 m

127
Q

Maori x…. ED

A

x2 (primarily BN)

128
Q

Risk of ED

A

Multidimensional

More = greater risk

129
Q

Biological factors ED

A

Genetic influence
x6 more likely to have ED with relatives with ED
Neurotransmitters
Hormones (AN - hypothalamus functioning - weight set point)

130
Q

Sociocultural factors ED

A

Societal pressure

131
Q

Treatment AN

A

Restoration of proper weight
REsidential programs
Cognitive Behvioural Therapy

132
Q

Treatment BN/BED

A

Cognitive Behvioural Therapy

Medication

133
Q

Defining disorder of childhood

A

Difficult
Likely to act out vs seek help
Some deviance normal
Some psychological disorder = little conscious distress

134
Q

Intellectual disability

A

Onset before 18
Persists throughout life
Deficits - communication, social, practical
Range from mild to profound

135
Q

Intellectual disability etiology

A

Genetic abnormalities
Metabolic abnormalities
Prenatal & postnatal complication

136
Q

Genetic abnormalities intellectual disability

A

Down syndrome

Fragile X Syndrome

137
Q

Metabolic abnormalities intellectual disability

A

PKU

Tay-Sachs Disease

138
Q

Prenatal & postnatal complication intellectual disability

A

Drug exposure

Anoxia at birth

139
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

Deficits in social communication
Restricted, reptitve behaviour patterns
Onset in early childhood

140
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder epidemiology

A

<1% pop
Recognized during 2nd year of life
4x more common in boys
No period of normal development, just gained in later childhood

141
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder etiology

A

Genetics - highly heritability
Brain abnormalities
Prenatal and birthing factors

142
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder brain abnormalities

A

Cerebellum, white matter

Neurotransmitter

143
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder treatment

A

Modeling conditioning
Communication training
Parent training
community intergration

144
Q

ADHD

A

Inattention, hyperactivity, inpulsivity

145
Q

ADHD 3 types

A

Predominantly inattentive type
Predominantly hyper-impulsive typee
Combined type

146
Q

ADHD etiology

A

50 - 75% heritability rates
Structural abnormalities - dorsolateral regions
Neurotransmitter abnormalities - dopamine

147
Q

ADHD treatment biological

A

Stimulant or non-stimulant medications

148
Q

ADHD treatment psychological

A

Behaviour therapy

149
Q

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

A 
Early onset
Argumenative
Temper tantrums
Authority problems
Anger
150
Q

Conduct disorder

A

More severe than ODD
Limited prosocial emotions
2+ for at least 12 months, in more than 1 relationship or setting

151
Q

Conduct disorder symptoms

A

Lack of remorse or guilt
Callous-lack of empathy
Unconcerned about performance
Shallow or deficient affect

152
Q

Etiology of ODD and CD

A

Genetic factors
Familial risk factors (child abuse, family conflict)
Sociocultural risk (poverty, past antisocial behaviours)

153
Q

Treatment of ODD and CD

A

Family focused
Child focused
Prevention focused

154
Q

Best predictor for ODD and CD

A

Peer groups + past antisocial behaviour

155
Q

NZ alcohol facts

A

Hazardous drinking
Higher in Maori, men and age group from 18 - 24 years
Economically deprived areas 1.7x more likely to be hazardous drinkers

156
Q

NZ Illicit drugs

A

x2 rate in Maori

x0.25 in asian ethnicities

157
Q

Substance Use disorder

A

Problematic pattern of use, 2+ symptoms, within one year period

158
Q

Substance use symptoms

A 
Failure to meet obligations
Continue use despite problems
substance taken for longer time or in greater amounts than intended
Impairment to functioning
Cravings
159
Q

Substance use diagnosis

A

Substance specific

160
Q

Addiction

A

Severe substance use

6+ symptoms

161
Q

Tolerance

A

Larger doses required

Effect of drug less

162
Q

Withdrawal effects

A

Dependence increses
Physical
Psychological

163
Q

Drug classes

A

Depressants
Stimulants
Hallucinogens
Cannabis

164
Q

Polysubstance use

A

Using 3 drugs, interchangably

165
Q

Gender difference substance use men

A

Men more likely to use alcohol and psychoactive drug

166
Q

Gender difference substance use women

A

More likely to misuse in respoonse to stress or self-medicate
Lower tolerance to alcohol

167
Q

Etilogy of substance abuse

A

Genetics
Biochemical factors
Behavioral
Sociocultural

168
Q

Treatment substance abuse

A

Biological treatments - detoxification, antagonist therapy
Aversion therapy
Motivational interviewing
12-step program

169
Q

Alcholics/Narcotics Anonymous

A

Self-help program

Alcoholic = disease without cure, abstinance

170
Q

Alcoholics/Narcotics Anonymous

A

Self-help program

Alcoholic = disease without cure, abstinance

171
Q

Personality disorder

A

Persisent maladaptive/culturally infreguent, thought, feeling, behaviour
Infelexible
Significant distress
Traced back to adolescence

172
Q

PD categorical

A

Psychiatric classification

173
Q

PD dimensional

A

From normality to severe

174
Q

PD normal vs abnormal traits

A

Extreme variants of normal traits

Abnormal traits in only disordered individuals

175
Q

Cluster A

A

Odd

Eccentric

176
Q

Cluster B

A

Dramatic
Emotional
Erratic

177
Q

Cluster C

A

Anxious

Fearful

178
Q

A PD

A

Paranoid PD
Schizoid PD
Schizotypal PD

179
Q

Paranoid PD

A

Deep mistrust of others
Hypersensitivity, caution
Pathological jealousy
Control, anger

180
Q

Schizoid PD

A

Persistent avoidance
Limited emotional expression
Withfrawn
<1% of pop (more likely to occur in men)

181
Q

Schizotypal PD

A

Odd beliefs/ magical thinking
Unusual perceptual experiences
Suspiciousness
Excessive social anxiety

182
Q

Etiology A

A

Genetic link - family members of schizophrenic at higher risk for schizotypal
Schizotypal - linked to positive symptoms of schizophreniz
Schizoid - linked to negative symptoms

183
Q

B PD

A

Antisocial PD
Borderline PD
Histrionic PD
Narcissistic PD

184
Q

Antisocial PD

A 
Disregard social norms
Reckless behaviour
Prone to anger
Lack of guilt or remorse
Evidence of CD before 15
185
Q

Antisocial PD diagnosis

A

Low cut-off criteria (3/7)
Mostly behavioral
50-80% of correctional inmates

186
Q

Alternative “diagnosis” for ASPD

A

Psychopathy

15-25%

187
Q

what is psychopathy?

A

Use charm, manipulation, violence to cotrol other an satisfy own selfish needs.
Lack conscience and feelings for others
Violate social norms
No sense of guilt

188
Q

Psychopathy

Interpersonal deficits

A

Grandiosity
Social potency
Low anxiety

189
Q

Psychopathy

Affecive deficits

A

Shallow emotions
Inability to form deep relationships
Fearlessness

190
Q

Etiology

Factor 1

A

Affective/interpersonal
Amygdala
Poor fear conditioning, inability to read distress cues

191
Q

Etiology

Factor 2

A

Antisocial behaviour
Orbitofrontal cortex
Disinhibition, poor emotional decision making

192
Q

Borderline personality disorder instability of self-image and relationships

A

Intense interpersonal attachments

Idolization vs devaluation

193
Q

Borderline personality disorder affective instability

A

Dysphoria, feelings of emptiness
Emotional outbursts
Extreme emotional response to abandonment

194
Q

Borderline personality disorder impulsive, unpredictable, destructive behaviour

A

Suicidal gestures
Substance abuse
Reckless behaviour

195
Q

Borderline personality disorder

Etiology Psychodynamic

A

Early parent relationships

196
Q

Borderline personality disorder

Etiology Object-relations

A

Lack of early acceptance of parents

197
Q

Borderline personality disorder

Etiology Biopsychosocial Theory

A

Invalidating childhood environments

198
Q

Borderline personality disorder

Treatment

A

Dialectical behavior therapy

199
Q

Histrionic PD symptoms

A

Extremely dramatic
Shallow emotion
Center of attention

200
Q

Histrionic PD

Etiology and treatment

A

No research

201
Q

Narcissistic PD symptoms

A

Need constant admiration
Lack of empathy
Superiority

202
Q

Narcissistic PD Etiology

Psychodynamic therorists

A

Cold, rejecting parents

203
Q

Narcissistic PD Etiology

Behaviour and congitive theorists

A

Too much positive reinforcement

204
Q

Narcissistic PD Treatment

A

None

Seeking treatment very rare

205
Q

Cluster C

A

Avoidant PD
Dependent PD
Obsessive-compulsive PD

206
Q

Avoidant PD symptoms

A

Inhibited in social situations

207
Q

Dependent PD symptoms

A

Difficultly with separation
Relys on others
Clingy
Dislike themselves

208
Q

Obsessive-compulsive PD symptoms

A

Preoccupied with order, control (no flexibility, openness)
High standards for themselves and others
RIgid, stubborn, trouble expressing affection

209
Q

Borderline personality disorder

Etiology Biopsychosocial Theory

A

Invalidating childhood environments

210
Q

Borderline personality disorder

Treatment

A

Dialectical behavior therapy

211
Q

Histrionic PD symptoms

A

Extremely dramatic
Shallow emotion
Center of attention

212
Q

Histrionic PD

Etiology and treatment

A

No research

213
Q

Narcissistic PD symptoms

A

Need constant admiration
Lack of empathy
Superiority

214
Q

Narcissistic PD Etiology

Psychodynamic therorists

A

Cold, rejecting parents

215
Q

Narcissistic PD Etiology

Behaviour and congitive theorists

A

Too much positive reinforcement

216
Q

Narcissistic PD Treatment

A

None

Seeking treatment very rare

217
Q

Cluster C

A

Avoidant PD
Dependent PD
Obsessive-compulsive PD

218
Q

Avoidant PD symptoms

A

Inhibited in social situations

219
Q

Dependent PD symptoms

A

Central feature
Clingy, obedient
Rely on others for decisions
Distressed, lonely, hate themselves

220
Q

Obsessive-compulsive PD symptoms

A

Preoccupied with order: no flexibility, openness
High standards
Rigid, trouble expressing affection

221
Q

Limitation with DSM-5 system

A

Excessive comorbidity
Inadequate coverage
No boundary b/w normal and pathological personality
Inadequate scientific base

222
Q

Solutions to DSM-5 system

A

Dimensional personality traits define disorders

Analogous to intellectual disability

223
Q

Dimensional personality traits define disorders

A

Vary in degree vs in kind

Extreme manifestation of personality traits = disorder

224
Q

Analogous to intellectual disability

A

Extreme standing on a dimension (intelligence) + impairment in functioning = disorder

225
Q

DSM-5 Section 3 model

Criterion A

A

Impairment in self (identity/self - direction) and interpersonal (empathy/intimacy) functioning

226
Q

DSM-5 Section 3 model

Criterion B

A

Personality profile

5 personality trait domains

227
Q

5 personality trait domains

A 
Negative affectivity
Detachment
Antagonism
Disinhibition &amp; compulsivity
Psychoticism
228
Q

Personality types

A

Defined by trait profile

Personality disorder trait specific (PDTS)

PSYC112 (4 decks)

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