Child Development Flashcards
1
Q
Development
A
Sequence of physical & psychological changes undergo with age
2
Q
Development Psychology
A
Study of age-related changes in individual
3
Q
Big questions
A
Continuity & change
Sources of development
Individual differences
4
Q
Continuity & change
A
Development different/same relative other species
Continuous (small changes over time) and discontinuous (separate stages)
Critical periods
5
Q
Critical periods
A
Something needs to happen for development to proceed normally
6
Q
Sources of development
A
Genetic program or external environment driving force of change
Epigenetics
7
Q
Epigenetics
A
Gene interact with environment
Expressed differently
8
Q
Individual differences
A
Nature vs nuture
Upbringing, education, culture
Stable over time (ie. shyness)
9
Q
Data collection
A
Self-report
Observation
Experimental
Clinical interview
10
Q
Self-report
A
Standardized measures to understand what’s happening
11
Q
Self-report flaws
A
Memory
Social desirability
Lack of communication in children
12
Q
Observation
A
Observe children in natural habitat
13
Q
Observation flaws
A
Unnnatural to child = unnatural behaviour
14
Q
Experimental
A
Introducing change and observing reaction
15
Q
Clinical interview
A
Questions
Depends on answer of previous question
16
Q
Longitudinal design
A
Observe same small group over time
17
Q
Cross - sectional design
A
At 1 point in time, observe full range of age
18
Q
Cognitive processes
A
Knowing ourselves and our world
19
Q
Jean Piaget
A
Observed children
Sequence of development
Discontinuous, need to master tasks to move up
20
Q
Sensorimotor stage
A
Birth - 2 years
Cognition linked to external environment
Thinking is doing
Object permanence
21
Q
Object permanence
A
Objects cease to exist when out of sight
22
Q
Sensorimotor stage birth - 3 months
A
Visual stimuli looking
Turn head to noise
23
Q
Sensorimotor stage 3 months
A
Follow moving object with eyes
Stares at where object disappeared, don’t search for it
24
Q
Sensorimotor stage 5 months
A
Manipulate object
Anticipate future position
Develop object still exist when gone
25
Sensorimotor stage 8 months
Searches for hidden object
| A not B
26
A not B
Search in last place found, not where the baby saw it go
27
Sensorimotor stage 12 months
Search in last place they saw object
28
Schema formation
Mental representation that defines a behaviour category
| Understand current and future situations
29
Assimilation
New info modified to fit into existing schema
30
Accommodation
Existing schema modified by new experience
31
Respresentation thought
Ability to form mental respresentation of other's behaviour
| End of sensorimotor period
32
Respresentation thought examples
Imitation
Deferred imitation
Use of word to represent objects
33
Preoperational stage
2 - 7 years
Think logically and symbolically
Rapid development of language ability
34
Preoperational stage struggles
Failure of conservation
| Egocentrism
35
Failure of conservation
Not understanding properties of change
| Remains same despite change of object eg mass
36
Egocentrism
That others see the world previsely the same as he/she does
37
Concrete operation stage
```
7 - 12 years
Logical analysis
Empathise
Understand cause-effect relation
No abstract thinking (what if)
```
38
Formal operation stage
12+ years
Abstract thinking
Metacognition (thinking about though processes)
Dependent on exposure to scientific thinking
39
Evaluationg piaget's theory
Underestimated abilites at various ages
40
Criticisms of piagets
1 Babies don't start with nothing
| 2 Cognitive development isn't an all or nothing phenomenon
41
1 Space and Object
Visual Cliff
Habituation prodedure
Understanding support
Object permanence
42
Visual Cliff
6 - 9 months perceive depth around crawling time
43
Habituation prodedure
4 months
Novel = interested
Accustomed to stimuli, less attention
Pay attention to new things
44
Understanding support
from 6 months
| Need to touch, majority need to be on top of another
45
Object permanence
A not B
Look at B, pick A
Motor problem, difficult to override motor habit
46
1 Number and math reasoning
from 6 months vs 6 years as piaget said
| Using sound 2 booms = 2 objects
47
1 Social cognition
Newborn look at faces vs scrambles faces
3 months - imitate expressiosn
9 months - look in direction of mother's gaze
Intentions
48
Intentions - social cognition
6 months
| Understand object reached sepearate to reach itself
49
2 Numerical skills in preschoolers
Understand concept of counting despite getting numbers wrong
| < 6 years conserve number if relevant
50
2 Social cognition in preschoolers
Egocentrism
Theory of mind
Others like and dislikes
True/false belief
51
Egocentrism
3-4 year pass diorama (3-d landscape) test if revalent
21/2 - 31/2 turn book around and bend down to talk to younger children
Lying
52
Theory of mind
Group of skills relating to understanding others mind
53
Others like and dislikes
18 months - gave experimenter what she liked
| 14 months - gave experimenter what they liked
54
True/false belief
Box with differnt object inside
What would new person see
4 years - image on outside box
3 years - object inside
55
Social development
Form friends
Good behaviour in social situation
Deal with adversaries
56
Social development how it's achieved
Social learning theory (watching others)
Cognitive development theory (drive social development)
Parents
Peers
57
Parents
Correct behaviour and deal with adversaries
Demandingness and Responiveness
2 way street
58
Emotional development
Understand other's feelings
| Emotion regulation
59
Moral development not doing right
Learn from consequences
Over time, rules internalized
Rules NOT learnt faster if consequences harsher
60
Moral development doing right
Children distressed when others are
Offer help
Learn what others think is helpful
61
Kohlberg's Theory
From boys 10 - 17
62
Preconventional level
Based on authority, punishment
63
Preconventional level stage 1
Morality of punishment and obedience
| Obey authority
64
Preconventional level stage 2
Morality of naive instrumental hedonism
| Egoentrically
65
Conventional level
Understand social system has interest in behaviour
66
Conventional level stage 3
Morality of maintaining good relation
67
Conventional level stage 4
Morality of maintaining social order
| Maintain order, must be obeyed
68
Post conventional level
Moral rules
69
Post conventional level stage 5
Morality of social contracts
| Individual rights take precedence over laws
70
Post conventional level stage 6
Morality of universal ethical principles
| Ethical values, human life values
71
Genetic sex
Type of chromosome
72
Morphological sex
Appearance, internal/external sex organs
73
Gender identity
Personal sense of gender
74
Gender role
Cultural expections about ways certain gender should act or think
75
Gender stereotypes
Beliefs about differences in behaviour, abilities, traits of gender
76
Development of gender 18 months
Beginning of gender-types preferences
77
Development of gender 3 years
Knowledge of own gender
| Ability to assign gender limited - superficial but doesn't understand gender constancy
78
Development of gender 5 years
Knowledge of gender constancy
79
Gandelman, Vom Saal & Reinisch
Prenatal exposure to testosterno = "male - like" behaviour in females
80
Ward
Male deprived of testosterone = more female like
81
Biological differnces
Physical aggression in males biologically predisposed
Gender difference = hormone exposure during development
Cognitive ability eg increase testosterone = better spatial ability
82
Evolutionary Theories
Gender evolved to behave differently, depends on role in society
83
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Internal female organs
| Adrenal gland overproduce testosterone = external male organ
84
Case of Bruce Reiner
Twin boys
| Penis burnt off, undergo surgery into girl = identity issues
85
Montemayor experiment
6 & 8 year olds boys and girls given game
| Labeled gender - appropriate, - neutral, - inappropriate
86
Montemayor results
Performance
Highest: - appropriate
Lowest - inapproprate
87
Morribguello & Dawber experiment
Parents communication to sons and daughters (2 -4 years) in free play, when teaching a playground safety
88
Morribguello & Dawber results
No difference in communication
Son = increase risk-taking
Daughter = greater perceived injury vulnerability
89
Smiths & Lloyd
Mother + 6 month
Gender of baby manipulated (no external change)
Mother behaved differently with each gender
90
Weisner & Silson - Mitchell
Kids raised with no gender differences = attitude and behaviour more gender neutral
91
Realistic stage
9 years
Continue or stop as spontaeous activity
Imitate real life
92
Intelligence
| Florence Goodenough
Draw-a-person test
| Difference b/w groups, not identity individual causes
93
Psychological wellbeing
Draw-a-family
Psychonalytic therapy (unconscious desire)
Can't differenate b/w well-adjusted and not
94
Sexual abuse
Non - verbal measure of abuse
| Yet to find consistent pattern
95
Verbal communication aid drawing
Content of drawing not relevant
| Help talk about events
96
Bulter, Gross & Hayne experiment
5 - 6 years
| Visited fire station and interviewed next day
97
Bulter, Gross & Hayne manipulated variable
Interview: draw & tell, tell (half and half - between subjects)
Question: free and directed recall (all - within subjects)
98
Bulter, Gross & Hayne measured variable
Amount recalled
| errors in recall
99
Bulter, Gross & Hayne results
Draw and tell x2 info in direct recall
| No difference in free recall
100
Beneficial effects of draw and tell
Help emotionally laden events
3 - 12 years
Delay up to 1 year
Real clinical setting
101
Why could drawing be beneficial?
Increase interview length
Own retrieval cues
Recreate situation
Affect interviewer behaviour, allow child to talk
102
Child sexual abuse dilemma
Unwilling to disclose abuse
Evidence rarely present
Absence of witnesses
103
Children's ability to be witnesses memory
Limited to duration
Context dependence
Language competence
Knowledge base
104
Children's ability to be witnesses verbal reports
Free recall accurate by brief
| Question more specific, more detail but more errors
105
Children's ability to be witnesses suggestibility
Degree of memory influenced by suggested info
| Cognitively and socially driven
106
NZ legal System
No lower age limit
No corroboration laws
System - direct and cross examination
107
Problems with child witnesses
Lack of legal knowledge
Confronting the accused
Courtroom environment
Cross - examination
108
3 options to give evidence child witnesses
In courtroon, screen shielding
In another room, via CCTV
Pre-recorded
