Social Psychology

Question 1

How being social affects our behaviour

Answer 1

Conformity - Asch
Obedience - Milgram
Deindividualtion - Zajonc
Social roles - Zimbardo

Question 2

Social facilitation and inhibition?

Answer 2

Triplett, zanjonc

Question 3

Self fulfilling prophecies - Pygmalion effect

Answer 3

Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968)

Question 4

Hawthorne effect?

Answer 4

Landsberger, 1958 - individuals modify an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed.

Question 5

Naive scientist?

Answer 5

model of social thinking - heider 1958. rational and systematic based on cause and effect

Question 6

Fiske and Taylor (1991)?

Answer 6

Cognitive miser

Question 7

Thinking fast and slow?

Answer 7

Kahneman (2011) - two systems of thinking

Question 8

Kruglanski (1996)

Answer 8

The motivated tactician - flexible social thinkers

Question 9

Macrae, Hewstone and Griffifths, 1993?

Answer 9

Conditions promoting heuristic use - time constraints, cognitive overload, lack of information

Question 10

Accessibility

Answer 10

extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of people’s minds

Question 11

chronic accessibility

Answer 11

schemata activated easily for an individual across time and situations

Question 12

Smith, 1999

Answer 12

anchoring and adjustment - children and sweets in a jar

Question 13

Yik et al (2019)

Answer 13

anchoring and adjustment for feelings - more when under time constraints

Question 14

Naive diversification

Answer 14

asked to make several decisions at once, will diversify options

Question 15

Escalation of commitment

Answer 15

similar to cost sunk fallacy, justify increased investment in terms of prior investment

Question 16

Kunda, 1999

Answer 16

availibility heuristic explains the perserverence of refuted beliefs

Question 17

Why do we categorise?

Answer 17

Fiske and Taylor 91991) saves us time and cognitive processing.
Hogg (2000, 2002) reduces uncertainty and provides prescriptive norms

Question 18

Prototypes?

Answer 18

Barsalou (1991) most representative member of a category, categorisation of less typical members may be slower or more errorful

Question 19

Payne et al (2005)

Answer 19

rapidly showed pictures to students, participants more likely to rapidly misidentify a tool as a gun when preceded by a black face

Question 20

Affect as information theory?

Answer 20

affect valence - affective reactions provide a source of information about value or valence, positive or negative
Affect arousal - implicit or explicit responses - information on relevance, urgency or importance

Question 21

Forgas and Fielder (1996)

Answer 21

negative moods lead to more bottom up thinking

Question 22

Monteith, 1993

Answer 22

positive moods lead to more top down thinking

Question 23

How does heider (1958) provide the basis for attribution theory?

Answer 23

people are motivated by the need to forma coherent view of the world, and the need to gain control over the environment

Question 24

Locus of causality

Answer 24

internal attribution - locates cause as internal to the person - dispositional
external attribution - locates cause to the situation

Question 25

Fincham and O'Leary (1983)

Answer 25

spousal attribution, happy and unhappy marriages

Question 26

Weiner, 1982/5/6

Answer 26

stability and controllability act as additional dimensions along which attribution occurs

Question 27

Correspondant inference theory?

Answer 27

Jones and davis, 1965 - people try to infer that the actions of an actor correspond to a stable charactersitic - e.g. making a daredevil

Question 28

Kelley's Cube?

Answer 28

Covariation model - 1967 - consensus information, consistency information, generalisation (distinctiveness)

Question 29

Chen, yates and McGinniews, 1988

Answer 29

kelleys cube generally supported but not all three types of information created equally

Question 30

Wndschild and Wells, 1997

Answer 30

consistency and distinctiveness more important than consensus

Question 31

Fundamental Attribution Error?

Answer 31

Ross, 1977 - tendency to make internal attributions for others' behaviour

Question 32

Napolitan and Goetals (1979)

Answer 32

buying from friendly/ unfriendly cashier, even when told she was made to act that wa their dispositional attributions remained

Question 33

Jones and Nisbett, 1972

Answer 33

Actor observer bias - own behaviour to external causes, others to dispositional

Question 34

storms, 1973

Answer 34

2 pp as observers, 2 conversational actors.obs only focus on actor they are facing. obs attributed dispositional behaviour to actor they were watching, actors emphasised, situational - but when actors watched a video of themselves, they made internal attributes

Question 35

Perceptual salience

Answer 35

why we see A-O bias, also because of information differences

Question 36

Hewstone and Jaspers (1982)

Answer 36

attributional processes also apply to group situations1

Question 37

Perpetuating the outgroup status (attribution)

Answer 37

Pettigrew (1979) - neg behaviour attributed internally, positive situationally

Question 38

Neumann (2000)

Answer 38

the one about guilt and anger - self referent mindset = guilt, another referent = anger. guilt - internal attribution, anger - external

Question 39

Olson and Ross (1988)

Answer 39

Self serving attributions

Question 40

Walster (1966)

Answer 40

blaming the victim effect

Question 41

Facial expressions: encoding?

Answer 41

expressing or emiting nonverbal behaviour

Question 42

Facial expressions: decoding

Answer 42

interpreting the meaning of nonverbal behaviour

Question 43

Susskind and colleagues (2008)

Answer 43

fear and disgust are opposites, fear enhanced perception and increased sensory input, disgust = decreased sensory input

Question 44

Hejmadi (2000)

Answer 44

The Rasas in the Natyashastra, classical hindu emotions, suggest non verbal portrayal of emotions is universal

Question 45

Keltnes (1995)

Answer 45

students given difficult task and made to feel embarrassed, others could tell by photos of their faces

Question 46

Expressions and Emotions

Answer 46

categories v dimensions of emotions pictorial v semantic Emotions as events

Question 47

Affect blends?

Answer 47

one part of the face registers as one emotion, another part as another

Question 48

Richard and Gross (1999)

Answer 48

people try to hide or disguise their emotions - but findings suggest that emotion supression is a cognitively demanding form of self regulation

Question 49

Ekman and Davidson, 1994?

Answer 49

cultural display rules govern what emotions people are allowed to show, affecting decoding accuracy