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Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Role theory

A

People are aware of social roles they are expected to fill

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2
Q

Social facilitation

A

Studied by Triplett with the cyclists experiments

Studied by Zajonc in dominant traits

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3
Q

Social Comparison

A

Evaluating own actions by comparing to others

Argument against mainstreaming children with difficulties

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4
Q

Father of Social Psych

A

Kurt Lewin

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5
Q

Lewin’s Field theory

A

Total influences on individual behavior

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6
Q

Life space

A

Collection of forces upon an individual

Forces: Valence, vector, barrier

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7
Q

Actor-observer attributional divergence

A

Tendency for the person doing the behavior to have a different perspective than person watching

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8
Q

Self-serving attributional bias

A

Interpreting one’s own actions in positive way, blaming situations for failures and taking credit for success

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9
Q

Illusory correlation

A

Assuming that two unrelated things have a relationship

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10
Q

Slippery slope

A

Logical fallacy that says small step in a direction will lead to greater steps and significant impact

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11
Q

False Consensus Bias

A

Assuming other people think as you do

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12
Q

Attitudes

A

Opinion statements

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13
Q

Consistency theories

A

People prefer consistency

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14
Q

Fritz Heider’s Balance theory

A

Consistency theory
Three elements: person, other, and another object/idea/person
Balance is when people like each other and both like/dislike third
Or if person doesn’t like other and they disagree on third
Imbalance is if people like each other but disagree on third

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15
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

Attitudes are not in synch with behaviors

Engaging in behavior that conflicts with an attitude may result in changing attitude so it is consistent with behavior

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16
Q

Leon Festinger’s Cognitive dissonance theory

A

Need to change either attitude or behavior

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17
Q

Two types of dissonant

A

Free-choice and forced-compliance

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18
Q

Post-decisional dissonance

A

Dissonance emerges after his choice

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19
Q

Spreading of alternatives

A

Relative worth of alternatives is spread apart through either accentuating negative on let go choice or accentuating positive on choice

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20
Q

Festinger and Carlsmith

A

Boring tasks, had to tell next subject that it was fun, were paid either 20$ or 1$. 1$s enjoyed the task more

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21
Q

Minimal Justification Effect

A

Changing internal cognitions because external justification is minimal

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22
Q

Daryl Bem’s Self perception theory

A

People infer what their attitudes are based on observation of their own behavior

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23
Q

Overjustification effect

A

If you award someone for doing something they already like, they may stop enjoying it

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24
Q

Self presentation

A

Ways we act in line with our attitudes or in ways that will be accepted by others

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25
Q

Self- monitoring

A

Pay attention to actions and change behaviors to be more favorable

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26
Q

Impression management

A

Behaving in ways that might make a good impression

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27
Q

Hovland’s 3 components of persuasion

A

Communicator, communication (presentation of argument), and situation

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28
Q

Credibility Study

A

Articles written by “different sources” One found more credible sources change attitudes

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29
Q

Sleeper effect

A

Over time, persuasiveness of credible source decreases

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30
Q

Self-interest

A

By arguing for Self-interest, persuasiveness increases

Ex. drug addicts who argue for greater police power persuasive

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31
Q

Two-sided messages

A

Contain arguments on both sides, used for persuasion because seemingly balanced

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32
Q

Petty and Cacioppo’s Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion

A

Two routes to persuasion
Peripheral: don’t care much about issue, doesn’t take a lot to convince
Central: care a lot about issue, strong arguments will change mind

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33
Q

Analogy of inoculation

A

Body resists stronger when exposed to pathogen, minds same with attack of persuasion

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34
Q

Cultural truisms

A

Beliefs seldom questioned

McGuire believed they were vulnerable to attack

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35
Q

Refuted counter

arguments

A

Practice defending beliefs can be helpful for actual attacks

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36
Q

Reactance

A

Trying too hard to persuade, it threatens other person’s freedom and they will believe the opposite

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37
Q

Festinger’s Social

Comparison theory

A

Drawn to affiliate because we tend to evaluate ourselves in relationships. Prefer to evaluate by non social means, but then compare to others when this isn’t possible. Less similarity, less tendency to compare
Self-evaluation linked to need to affiliate

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38
Q

Reciprocity hypothesis

A

We tend to like people who indicate they like us and dislike people who dislike us

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39
Q

Aronson and Linder’s Gain-loss Principle

A

Evaluation that changes will have more of an impact. Ex. Someone starts to like us, we will like more than someone who always liked us

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40
Q

Social exchange theory

A

A person weighs the rewards and costs of interacting with another person

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41
Q

Equity theory

A

We consider costs and rewards of another person as well. We prefer our ration to be equal to other’s ratio

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42
Q

Over Benefitted people

A

Tend to feel guilty, and illogical punishments make people anxious

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43
Q

Need complimentary

A

Choose relationships that mutually satisfy each other’s needs
Ex. dominant and submissive
Talker and more quiet

44
Q

Attractiveness Stereotype

A

Tendency to attribute positive and desirable characteristics to attractive people

45
Q

Spatial Proximity

A

Closer people live to each other, better opportunity for something to develop or increase intensity

46
Q

Zajonc Mere exposure hypothesis

A

Repeated exposure leads to enhanced liking of it

47
Q

Social Influence

A

Presence of others lead to interpretation of an event as nonemergency

48
Q

Diffusion of Responsibility

A

Most significant factor at Kew Gardens
Only one bystander, has the responsibility to help. Others present, responsibility shared
More people present, less likely to offer help

49
Q

Pluralistic Ignorance

A

Smoke in the room while alone or two confederates experiments. Defines event as nonemergency

50
Q

Base-rate fallacy

A

Overestimating the general frequency of things we are most familiar with

51
Q

Illusion of control

A

Belief you can control things you have no influence on

52
Q

Oversimplification

A

Simple explanations for complex events

53
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Shortcut assumptions to guess rather than relying on logic

54
Q

Availability heuristic

A

WHen people think there is a higher proportion of one thing in a group because examples come to mind more easily

55
Q

Batson’s empathy altruism model

A

Witnessing shocks, empathy-helped distress- left

56
Q

Berkowitz’s Frustration-

aggression hypothesis

A

Strength of frustration experienced correlated with level of aggression observed

57
Q

Sherif’s autokinetic effect

A

Stare at a light in a dark room, the light will appear to move
Had subjects estimate amount of movement alone and with others
Changed estimate in group

58
Q

Solomon Asch’s Conformity Study

A

Subject in a room of other men
Cards had lines differing in length
Confederates agreed on wrong answer, subject would agree with wrong 37% of time
Pressure to conform to group

59
Q

Compliance

A

Change in behavior as a result of situational or interpersonal pressure

60
Q

Foot-in-door effect

A

Compliance in small request increases likelihood of compliance with larger requests

61
Q

Door-in-face effect

A

Refusing a large initial requests are more likely to agree to a later small request

62
Q

Clark & Clark doll preference tasks

A

Showed children a black and white doll. Majority of both preferred white doll. Subsequent methodologies showed unreliable

63
Q

Dimensions of personal identity

A

Identities organized into hierarchy

More salient- more we conform to role expectation

64
Q

Bandura’s Self efficacy

A

Strong self-efficacy, more lily to exert effort on a task

Judgments based on performance, vicarious experience, social persuasion, physiological and emotional states

65
Q

Social perception

A

Impressions about the characteristics of individuals

66
Q

Primary effects

A

First impressions are more important than subsequent impression

67
Q

Recency effect

A

Most recent information is the most important in forming our impressions

68
Q

Heider’s Attribution theory

A 
Tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people’s behavior
Dispositional causes (related to person's character) or situational attribution (characteristics of situation that caused behavior
69
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

The tendency to look for personality flaws, the general bias toward making dispositional attributions

70
Q

Halo effect

A

General impression about a person influence more specific evaluations

71
Q

Theodore Newcomb’s study

A

Conservative students at a liberal college, increasingly accepted the norms of their community

72
Q

Edward Hall study on Proxemics

A

Cultural norms that govern how far away we stand from others. Strangers further than close friends

73
Q

Social loafing

A

Tendency for people to put forth less effort in a group than with acting individually

74
Q

Zimbardo’s Prison simulation

A

When a person is anonymous, there is diminished restraint of unacceptable behavior

75
Q

Deindividuation

A

Loss of self-awareness and personal identity (happened in Zimbardo’s study)

76
Q

Groupthink

A

The tendency for decision-making groups to strive for consensus by not considering discordant information Janis discovered in regards to historical situations

77
Q

Risky shift

A

Group decisions are riskier than the average of the individual choice

78
Q

Value hypothesis

A

Risky shift occurs in situations in which riskiness is culturally valued (ex. Risky business ventures)

79
Q

Stoner’s experiment

A

Pregnant couples choosing between mom and baby in risky pregnancy
Found a shift with group decisions towards caution not risk

80
Q

Group polarization

A

Leading current explanation

Tendency for group discussion to enhance the group’s initial tendencies towards riskiness or caution

81
Q

Kurt Lewin’s Leadership style study

A

Laissez-faire: less efficient, organized, and satisfying
Autocratic- more hostile, aggressive, dependent on leader (but quantity of work was greatest)
Democratic- more satisfying, cohesive, and greater work motivation and interest

82
Q

Deutsch Prisoner’s Dilemma

A

Investigating choice to compete or cooperate

Shown compete over cooperation

83
Q

Trucking Company Game

A

Companies could choose to cooperate on fixed prices or compete against each other with lower prices

84
Q

Robber’s Cave experiment

A

Cooperation and competition with boy’s camp. Able to make competition

85
Q

Superordinate goals

A

Best obtained through intergroup relations

86
Q

Excitation Transfer theory

A

Attribute our excitement to something else. Ex. bungee jumping on a first date. May like that person

87
Q

Objective self awareness

A

Self-perception, high self-monitoring, self-efficacy

And looking in a mirror

88
Q

Lazarus

A

Studied stress and coping
Problem-focused: change the stressor
Emotion-focused: change our response

89
Q

Rodin and Langer

A

Elderly w/ plants have better health

90
Q

Bogus Pipeline

A

Measures physiological reactions aka truthfulness of self-reporting

91
Q

Peter principle

A

Promoted at work until they reach a position of incompetence and stay there

92
Q

Stuart Valins

A

Studied environmental influences on behavior architecture impact on students

93
Q

Rokeach

A

Racial bias, people prefer to be with like minded people over like-skinned

94
Q

Fischbein and Ajzen’s theory of reasoned action

A

Behavior is determined by attitude and social norms

95
Q

Hazel Markus

A

Interdependence and independence cultures in cross cultural research

96
Q

Elaine Hatfield

A

Studied two basic types of love- passionate and companionate

97
Q

Paul Ekman

A

Sad, happy, fear, anger, surprise, disgust

98
Q

FACS coding

A

Coding facial expressions can determine whether smile is genuine or fake

99
Q

REciprocal socialization

A

When two parties adapt to each other

100
Q

Harold Kelly

A

Base attributions on consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus

101
Q

Walter Dill scott

A

Applied psych to business

102
Q

Landsberger

A

Hawthorne effect

103
Q

Sociotechnical system

A

Interaction between people and technology

104
Q

Richard LaPierre

A

Said they would refuse service to asians, but did not

Suggests that attitude does not necessarily dictate behavior

105
Q

Rosenthal and Jacobson’s pygmalion in the classroom

A

Self-fulfilling prophecy- kids told they were capable performed better

106
Q

Out Group homogeneity

A

Tend to see out group is being all the same

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