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GRE more STUDY > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Type theory

A

Original personality theory
Hippocrates
Based on physical appearance
Mostly given way to trait theories

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2
Q

Phrenology

A

Head/skull shape to discern personality

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3
Q

Franz Gall

A

Developed phrenology

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4
Q

William Sheldon

A

Devised a system based on somatotypes (body types)

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5
Q

Enomorph

A

Short, plump

Pleasure-seeking, social

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6
Q

Mesomorph

A

Athletic, muscular

Energetic, aggressive

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7
Q

Ectomorph

A

Skinny, fragile

Inhibited, intellectual

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8
Q

Adler

A

Personality typology

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9
Q

Trait theories

A

Relatively stable characteristics

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10
Q

Gordon Allport

A

Emphasized ideographic approach

Conscious motives-proprium

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11
Q

Ideographic approach

A

Attempts to capture an individual’s unique, defining characteristics

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12
Q

Nomothetic approach

A

Uses large numbers of people to study commonalities of personality

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13
Q

Proprium

A

Allport’s version of ego

He believes acted mostly consistently based on developed traits through experience

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14
Q

Lexical approach

A

Picking all possible traits out of dictionary, allport gathered about 5,000 traits this way

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15
Q

Trait hierarchy

A

Allport hypothesized this as reason for people acting differently in different situations
Cardinal trait at top, then secondary

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16
Q

States

A

Temporary feelings/characteristics not to be confused with traits

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17
Q

Taxonomies

A

Organized categorical systems for personality

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18
Q

Raymond Cattell

A

Data reduction for Allport’s traits into 16 personality factors

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19
Q

Big Five

A

Superfactors, developed by modern theorists Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

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20
Q

Dispositionists

A

Emphasized internal determinants of behavior, original theory

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21
Q

Situationists

A

Such as behaviorists, argued only circumstances determine behavior

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22
Q

Interactionists

A

Forefront now, combination of internal and circumstance

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23
Q

Seymour Epstein Walter Mischel

A

Problem with trait and type theories is they assume behavior is stable
Consistency paradox

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24
Q

Consistency paradox

A

The possibility that a person may behave inconsistently, problematic for labeling people with one internal disposition

25
Q

Mischel with Nancy Cantor

A

Proposed the cognitive prototype approach

Thought consistency of behavior is a result of cognitive processes than personality traits

26
Q

Cognitive prototype approach

A

Cognitive behavior is examined in social situations

27
Q

Kay Deaux

A

Found women’s successes in male tasks were attributed to luck whereas males successes to skill
Even for themselves, indicating women have lower self-esteem

28
Q

Sandra Bem

A

Studied androgyny

Created Bem Sex Role Inventory

29
Q

Androgynous individuals

A

Higher self-esteem, lower anxiety, and more adaptability

30
Q

Matina Horner

A

Women feared success and negative repercussions, such as resentment and rejection

31
Q

Alice Eagly

A

Interaction between gender and social status, how easily can be influenced

32
Q

Maccoby and Jacklin

A

Scrutinized studies of sex differences, found few existed that couldn’t be explained from social learning

33
Q

Consistent Gender differences

A

Females- verbal
Males- visual/spatial
Still hotly debated

34
Q

Depression gender differences

A

Women are twice as likely to become depressed as men

35
Q

Meyer Friedman

Ray Rosenman

A

Studied type A personality

36
Q

Type A personality

A

Competitiveness, tension, hostility, drive, most common in middle and upper class men

37
Q

Grant Dahlstrom

A

Linked type A personality to heart disease and other health issues

38
Q

Authoritarianism

A

Disposition to view the world as full of power relationships
Conventional, aggressive, stereotyping, anti-introspective
Highly domineering if top dog
Highly submissive if more powerful

39
Q

Fascism Scale (F scale)

A

Measures authoritarianism personality traits

40
Q

Hans Eysenck

A

Identify underlying traits of introversion/extraversion and neuroticism stable/unstable

41
Q

Four quadrants of introversion/neuroticism

A

Phlegmatic, melancholic, choleric and Sanguine

42
Q

Phlegmatic

A

Relaxed, peaceful

43
Q

Melancholic

A

Analytical, quiet

44
Q

Choleric

A

Short tempered, irritable

45
Q

Sanguine

A

Optimistic, social

46
Q

George Kelley

A

Personal Constructs, ideas about self, others, and situations, determine personality and behavior

47
Q

Seymour Epstein

A

Critical of trait theory

48
Q

External locus of control

A

Events as the result of luck or fate

Too much-> helplessness

49
Q

Internal locus of of control

A

Events are outcomes of own actions

Too much= self blame

50
Q

Julian Rotter

A

Developed internal/external locus of control

51
Q

Implicit theories

A

Assumptions about dispositions based on actions

52
Q

Dispositional attribution

A

Tendency to think actions are caused by personality over situation
AKA fundamental attribution error

53
Q

Barnum effect

A

Tendency to accept personality interpretations provided

54
Q

Phenomenological view

A

Focuses on the individuals unique self and experiences

55
Q

Self-awareness

A

State- temporary condition

56
Q

Mirrors

A

Large mirrors ake people more self aware

57
Q

Self- monitoring

A

Act appropriately rather than honestly

58
Q

Self- consciousness

A

A trait, paying a lot of attention to yourself, self-aware

59
Q

Self esteem

A

50 percent of people accurate, 35 narcissistically

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