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Psychology Unit 4 > Social Psychology > Flashcards

Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Group Polarisation

A

the strengthening of attitudes of individuals when in groups who hold similar attitudes

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2
Q

Group polarisation - empirical evidence

A

Those without racist views speaking about race issues leads to increased acceptance - and vice versa (Myers & Bishop, 1970)
Judges tend to take the extreme course of action when people are present (65%) vs when they are alone (30%) (Main & Walker, 1973)

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3
Q

Theories why group polarisation occurs

A

persuasion, comparison, differentiation

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4
Q

Persuation - group polarisation

A

Changing attitudes due to rational arguments presented by others

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5
Q

Comparison - group polarisation

A

Change attitude to conform with group norms, especially if they are socially desirable

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6
Q

Differentiation - group polarisation

A

Alter views to align with the decisions their group should be making

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7
Q

Groups that aren’t affected by group polarisation

A

Well established groups/ groups discussing well-known problems

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8
Q

Social facilitation

A

increased performance due to presence of others (Triplett, 1898)

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9
Q

Social inhibition

A

decreased performance due to presence of others

Triplett, 1898

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10
Q

Yerkes & Dodson (1908)

A

Perform best with moderate levels of arousal
Simple/well-known tasks - high level of arousal
Difficult/new tasks - low levels of arousal

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11
Q

Diffusion of Responsibility

A

the assumed reduction in responsibility if others are present

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12
Q

Bystander Effect

A

the tendency for individuals to be less likely to intervene if others are present

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13
Q

Kitty Genovese Case (1964)

A

Example of diffusion of responisibility, bystander effect 38 people heard the murder, noone called for help

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14
Q

Darley and Latane (1968)

A

Diffusion of responsibility, bystander effect - found that all participants who were alone went for help, 85% in first 80 seconds
62% in the group went for help, 31% going quickly

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15
Q

Five Stage Decision Model (1970)

A
  1. Notice the situation
  2. Interpret it as an emergency
  3. Accept some personal responsibility to intervene
  4. Consider the best form of intervention
  5. Decide how to implement their intervention
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16
Q

Stage 1 - 5 stage decision model (1970)

A

Notice the situation - Darley & Batson (1973): 10% of people who were late assisted, compared to 65% who were early

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17
Q

Stage 2 - 5 stage decision model (1970)

A

Interpret it as an emergency - Clark & Word (1972): all participants helped, regardless of being in a group when explicitly stated, vs 30% who heard a crash

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18
Q

Stage 3 - 5 stage decision model (1970)

A

Accept some personal responsibility to intervene - Darley & Latane, 1968

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19
Q

Stage 4 - 5 stage decision model (1970)

A

Consider the best form of intervention - Cramer et al., 1998 - more help from those trained in 1st aid

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20
Q

Stage 5 - 5 stage decision model (1970)

A

Decide how to impliment their intervention - Bryan & Test, 1967 - social learning is important

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21
Q

Conformity

A

tendency to adjust one’s thoughts feelings, and behaviour to be in alignment with those of a certain group/individual; conformity is required in society to established norms, accepted behaviour

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22
Q

Asch (1955) - findings

A

75% agreed with an incorrect response at least once
33% agreed with incorrect responses 1/2 the time
24% didn’t conform at all
- all reported feeling some degree of self doubt
- those who conformed - aware that their responses were wrong, went along because they didn’t want to hinder results/generate disharmony/conflict
- Felt conspicuous/crazy when they gave the wrong answer

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23
Q

Factors affecting conformity

A 
Group size - conformity increases up to 4 members 
Unanimous views
Group is a valuable source of info
Normative influence 
Cultural background
Social loafing
Deindividuation
24
Q

Conformity - Berns et al., 2005

A

Conforming responses showed activity in perception area of brain vs area for conscious thought - exposure to majority position had influenced perception

25
Q

Conformity - Eagly & Carli, 1981

A

Women generally more compliant than men due to differences in sex roles (interpersonally-orientated; more predisposed to conform)

26
Q

Conformity - Tanford & Penrod, 1986

A

Jurors don’t want to be in ‘opposition’ to other jurors - 95% of cases determined by the first vote of juror

27
Q

Obedience

A

Following the commands of an authoritative figure/ rules from society

28
Q

Compliance

A

involves altering behaviour in respose to a request to do so (may not involve authoritive figure)

29
Q

Milgram (1963) - shock experiment findings

A

No one stopped administering shock before 300v
65% continued to administer shocks at 450v
5 participants refused at 300v

30
Q

Milgram (1963) - Empirical support

A

Mantell (1971) - 85% obedience rate
Kilham & Mann (1974) - 28% full obedience rate
Ancona & Preyson (1968), Miranda et al., (1981) - high percentage of obedience

31
Q

Milgram - female studies

A

Similar findings when participants were female

Obedient women constantly reported high levels of stress

32
Q

Factors influencing obedience

A

Proximity to the ‘learner’
Proximity to the authority
Authority of the experimenter

33
Q

Proximity to ‘learner’ - obedience

A

closer, the less likely they were to administer shocks

34
Q

Proximity to the authority- obedience

A

less obedience when the experimenter was removed

35
Q

Authory of the experimenter - obedience

A

higher obedience when the authority was perceived as legitimate

36
Q

Reasons to obey authority - obedience

A

Belief in legitimate authority
Committment to the successful outcome of the experiment
Lack of disobedient models - isolation meant that there were no social norms.expected behaviours
Lack of personal responsibility - didn’t feel accountable

37
Q

Milgram (1963) - ethics

A

Didn’t obtain informed consent, used deception, participants mental health wasn’t safeguarded (Milgram, 1974 - approaching a stae of nervous collapse), didn’t let the participants know they could withdraw - pressured to stay in the study

38
Q

Zimbardo (1971)

A

Stanford Prison Experiment - explored the phenomenon of the effect of status/role, situational effects on behaviour

39
Q

Findings - SPE (1971)

A

Suggested we all have tendencies to act one way or another - decided by our sitation and environment
Demonstrated the effect of power and status on behaviour

40
Q

Attribution Theory

A

Suggests people attempt to understand the behaviour of others by attributing feelings, beliefs and intentions to them

41
Q

Internal/Dispositional Attribution -Heider (1958)

A

Infer that internal motives (attitudes, personality) are responsible for behaviour

42
Q

External/Situational Attribution - Heider (1958)

A

External means responsible for behaviour (peer pressure)

43
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error - Heider (1958)

A

Favouring internal attribution rather than external attriubtion (bias)
- trying to make sense of social world

44
Q

Jones & Harris (1973) - Attribution theory

A

Internal attribution is stronger than external attribution

45
Q

Self-serving bias - attribution theory

A

distort facts in order to protect self-esteem (De Michele et al., 1998)
- focus on external rather than internal

46
Q

Kelly (1973) - Causal Attribution Theory

A

(covariation model, 1967)

People make causal inferences to explain behaviour

47
Q

Covariation (Kelly, 1973)

A

Info gained from multiple observations, at different times and observations
Can percieve the covariation of the observed cause and effect
- persons
- time
- entities

48
Q

Attribution theory - strengths

A
  • can be applied to individuals of any age/environment
  • sense of control in env
  • explains the effect of societal/cultural norms on behaviour
49
Q

Attribution theory - weaknesses

A
  • feedback influences perception
  • perception of events differ for ind and observer
  • biases and social consensus change perception
50
Q

Cognitive dissonance - Festinger (1957)

A

Cognitive dissonance - feelings of tension when we hold conflicting views/opinions
Examined the relationship between cognition and behaviour
- conflict causees discomfort; leads to alteration in either attitudes, beliefs/behaviours to reduce discomfort
Suggests inner drive to hold attitudes and beliefs in harmony

51
Q

Priniciple of Cognitive Consistency - Festinger (1957)

A

Seeking consistency between cognitions
- may ignore/change attitude; alteration = consistency
If someone is induced into do something conflicting with their opinion, they will change their opinion to align (Festinger, 1957)

52
Q

Festinger & Carlsmith (1959) - Cognitive Dissonance

A

Dissonance is greatest when there isn’t compensating reasons for the behaviour
- those paid $1 to lie experienced cognitive dissonance, whereas those paid $20 to lie didn’t (ample compensation)

53
Q

Covariation model

A

consistency, consesus, distinctiveness

54
Q

Consistency - Covariation Model

A

Does the person behave the same way every time the situation occurs?

55
Q

Consensus- Covariation Model

A

do people behave in the same way?

56
Q

Distinctiveness - covariation model

A

Does the person behave the same way in all situations?

Psychology Unit 4 (4 decks)

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