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Psychology Unit 4 > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

McCrae and Costa (1999) Big 5

A 
Openness 
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
trying to describe and explain combinations of chatacteristics and predicting behaviour 
reduction of cattell's 16PF
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2
Q

Big Five analysis

A

high level of agreement that the factors describe personality well
Supported by longitudinal studies, cross cultural studies
universally relevant

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3
Q

NEO PI-R

A

most widely used personality questionairre assessing the big 5
5 point likert scale

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4
Q

McCrae and Costa (1999) Big 5 theory

A

Personality traits are stable and enduring, little change through development
Measured by rank-order stability, mean level consistency, personal continuity
Increased conscientiousness between young adult and middle age (Donnellan & Lucas, 2008)
Decreased neuroticism and extraversion over time (Donnellan & Lucas, 2008)
Agreeableness peaks at 50-70 (McCrae, Brant & Costa, 2005)
80% experience stability in traits (Pullman et al., 2006)
Most accurate appromation of core trait dimensions (Funder, 2001)

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5
Q

Openness (McCrae and Cost, 1999)

A

Appreciation of art, adventure, creativity, varied experience
High levels = creativity, innovation
low levels = routine

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6
Q

Conscientiousness (McCrae and Costa, 1999)

A

Competence, thoughtfulness, goal-driven behaviour
High levels = planned behaviour, organisation, committment, dependability
Low levels = spontaneous, lax, disorganised

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7
Q

Extraversion (McCrae and Costa, 1999)

A

High energy, talkative, sociable, assertiveness; seeks stimulation in others company
high levels = attention-seeking, dominance
low levels = reserved, prefers solitude

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8
Q

Agreeableness (McCrae and Costa, 1999)

A

tendency to be compassionate and cooperative
High levels = acts warmly, unsuspicious, naive, passive
low levels = rudeness, competitiveness, argumentative, untrustworthy

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9
Q

Neuroticism (McCrae and Costa, 1999)

A

tendency to experience hostility, self-consciousness
high levels = aggression, anxiety, depression (Watson & Clark, 1984)
low levels = calm, even tempered

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10
Q

McCrae and Costa (1999) Big Five - Strengths

A

Traits relatively stable over 6 year period in adulthood
accurate description of personality
cross-cultural (McCrae and Allik, 2004)
Foundation for developing valid and reliable personality tests

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11
Q

McCrae and Costa (1999) Big Five - Limitations

A

traits change - decreased neuroticism and extraversion, increased agreeablness with age
May be influential in capturing personality (Ashton and Kibeom, 2007)
Over simplified

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12
Q

Maslow (1943) Humanistic approach

A

personality develops through efforts to satisfy the innate desire to self-actualise
Heirarchy describes the nature of info one seeks at different developmental stages (Norwood, 1971)

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13
Q

Self-actualisation

A

the state of fulfilment in which someone is performing at their highest level of capability

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14
Q

Maslow (1943) 8 stage heirarchy

A
  1. Biological and physiological needs
  2. Safety needs
  3. Belonging and love needs
  4. Esteem needs
  5. Cognitive needs
  6. Aesthetic needs
  7. Self-actualisation
  8. transcendence
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15
Q

Rogers (1961) Humanistic theory

A

Believed people were fundamentally good - genuiness, acceptance, empathy influence growth

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16
Q

Self-actualising - Rogers (1961)

A

Basic instinct to reach potential; personality develops through reactions to current perceptions, relationships and encounters

17
Q

Fully functioning person - Rogers (1961)

A

coherent concept of self, aided by unconditional positive regard
Defined by openness to experience,existential living, instinctual, creativity, fulfilment; wellbeing, well-adjusted, interesting - tend to be high achievers

18
Q

Unconditional positive regard - Rogers (1961)

A

absolute acceptance, no preconceived conditions of worth

19
Q

Conditional positive regard - Rogers (1961)

A

Hinders development; love and acceptance given under certain circumstances - ideal self is shaped by others, therefore there are greater inconsistancies in the concept of self

20
Q

Concept of self (Rogers, 1961)

A

True self - actual behaviour
Self-image - perception of self
Ideal self - who they aim to be
Greater consistencies = better mental health
Greater discrepancies = increased stress and anxiety (Scott and O’Hara, 1993)

21
Q

Q-Sort test

A

Humanistic theories state that personalities cannot be measured
Determines the extent of alignment between the concept of self

22
Q

Humanistic theories - strengths

A

Offered alternate viewpoint from behaviourism and psychoanalysis
Widely accepted despite lack of empirical evidence (Wahba and Bridgewell, 1976)

23
Q

Humansitic theories - limitations

A

vague concepts

western bias

24
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

Bandura (1989)
Emphasises the influence of cognitive processes on personal development; concentrates on thought and reactions in social situations
Behaviours are learnt through observation, influenced by environmental and cognitive factors (reciprical triadic relationship)

25
Q

Reciprocal Determinism - Bandura (1989)

A

human behaviour results from interactions between behavioural cognitive and environmental factors (Glanz et al., 2002)

26
Q

Self-efficacy - Bandura (1989)

A

Self-belief in one’s proficiency at a tas; high self-efficacy = more likely to succeed at task, low self efficacy = failure

27
Q

Sources of efficacy - Bandura (1989)

A

Mastery experiences - successfully handling situation/challenges
Social modelling - witnessing someone similar to youself successfully complete a task leads to greater belief that you can do the same

28
Q

Social persuation - Bandura (1989)

A

Persuaded to believe they posses the skills (eg encouragement)

29
Q

Psychological responses - bandura (1989)

A

reaction to a situation

30
Q

Social cognitive theory - Mischel (1998)

A

Traits are cognitive devices utilized to obtain a certain result
Found that traits are stable across varying situations (intellect), others vary dependant on situation (Mischel and Shoda, 1995)

31
Q

Factors for behaviour - Mischel (1998)

A

Comeptencies, cognitive strategies, expectancies, subjective values, self regulatory systems

32
Q

Competencies - Mischel (1998)

A

Intellectual capabilities, social and problem solving skills; adaption in different circumstances

33
Q

Cognitive strategies - Mischel (1998)

A

Subjective interpretation of events - provides consistency in behaviour due to cognitive patterns

34
Q

Expectancies - Mischel (1998)

A

Expected result of behaviour based on past experiences (links to self-efficacy)

35
Q

Subjective values - Mischel (1998)

A

Value of alternative outcomes

36
Q

Self-regulatory systems - Mischel (1998)

A

Rules/standards of behaviour dependant on intrinsic punishment/reinforcement that regulates behaviour

37
Q

Social cognitive theory - strengths (Mischel, 1998)

A

Influential, provoked further research in the area
Concepts supported by empirical evidence; correlations between self-efficacy and clinical problems (Marlatt, Baer, & Quigley, 1995)

38
Q

Social cognitive theory - limitations (Mischel, 1998)

A

Unconscious influences aren’t accounted for - all behaviour is determined through interrelation between cognitive processes, behaviour and environmental
Results rely on self-reports - bias (Cook and Campbell, 1979)

Psychology Unit 4 (4 decks)

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