Social Psychology Flashcards
(256 cards)
1
Q
A characteristic that is well designed for survival and reproduction in a particular environment
A
Adaptation
2
Q
An opportunity or threat provided by a situation
A
Affordance
3
Q
Behavior intended to injure another
A
Aggression
4
Q
Someone oriented toward bringing the group benefits, even if it means personal sacrifice
A
Altruist
5
Q
A mental shortcut through which people begin with a rough estimation as a starting point and then adjust this estimate to take into account unique characteristics of the present situation
A
Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic
6
Q
Demonstrating a combination of masculine and feminine characteristics in one’s behaviors
A
Androgynous
7
Q
Attachments marked by fear of abandonment and the feeling that one’s needs are not being met
A
Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment Style
8
Q
Examination of systematic data originally collected for other purposes (such as marriage licenses or arrest records)
A
Archival Method
9
Q
The view that observers of a victim’s suffering will want to help to relieve their own personal distress
A
Arousal/Cost-Reward Model
10
Q
Behavior intended to express dominance or confidence
A
Assertiveness
11
Q
Desire to be cared for, and protected by, another person
A
Attachment Love
12
Q
The process of consciously focusing on aspects of our environment or ourselves
A
Attention
13
Q
Favorable or unfavorable evaluations of a particular person, object, event, or idea
A
Attitudes
14
Q
Theories designed to explain how people determine the causes of behavior
A
Attribution Theories
15
Q
The judgmental rule that states that if an event occurs despite the presence of strong opposing forces, we should give more weight to those possible causes that lead toward the event
A
Augmenting Principle
16
Q
The tendency to submit to those having greater authority and to denigrate those having less authority
A
Authoritarianism
17
Q
A form of exchange in which goods are divided according to a person’s status in the group
A
Authority Ranking
18
Q
The ability of a behavior or cognitive process to operate without conscious guidance once it’s put into motion
A
Automaticity
19
Q
A mental shortcut people use to estimate the likelihood of an event by the ease with which instances of that event come to mind
A
Availability Heuristic
20
Q
Attachments marked by defensive detachment from the other
A
Avoidant Attachment Style
21
Q
Gaining a commitment to an arrangement, then making the arrangement unavailable or unappealing and offering a more costly arrangement
A
Bait and Switch Technique
22
Q
Heider’s theory that people prefer harmony and consistency in their views of the world
A
Balance Theory
23
Q
The process of associating ourselves with successful, high status others or events
A
Basking in Reflected Glory
24
Q
The popular term for nonverbal behaviors like facial expressions, posture, body orientation, and hand gestures
A
Body Language
25
The tendency of a bystander to be less likely to help in an emergency if there are other onlookers present
Bystander Effect
26
An intensive examination of an individual or group
Case Study
27
Discharge of aggressive impulses
Catharsis
28
The way people are persuaded when they focus on the quality of the arguments in a message
Central Route to Persuasion
29
The state of being easily activated, or primed, for use
Chronically Accessible
30
The unpleasant state of psychological arousal resulting from an inconsistency within one’s important attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors
Cognitive Dissonance
31
A mental shortcut used to make a judgement
Cognitive Heuristic
32
Theory that any unpleasant situation triggers a complex chain of internal events, including negative emotions and negative thoughts
- Depending on other cues in the situation (such as weapons), these negative feelings will be expressed as either aggression or flight
Cognitive Neoassociation Theory
33
A theory that locates the most direct cause of persuasion in the self talk of the persuasion target
Cognitive Response Model
34
The strength of the bonds among group members
Cohesiveness
35
A culture that socializes its members to think of themselves in terms of their relationships and as members of the larger social group, and to prioritize the concerns of their relationship partners and groups before their own
Collectivistic Culture
36
A prescriptive legal regulation that uses police power to punish violators
Command and Control Policy
37
A form of exchange in which members of a group share a pool of resources, taking when they are in need and giving when others are in need
Communal Sharing
38
The pattern of information flow through a group of
Communication Network
39
Affection and tenderness felt for those whose lives are entwined with our own
Companionate Love
40
The desire to perform effectively
Competence Motivation
41
Someone oriented to come out relatively better than other players, regardless of whether personal winnings are high or low in an absolute sense
Competitor
42
Behavior change that occurs as a result of a direct request
Compliance
43
The belief that escalations of international threat lead an opponent to feel more threatened and that leaders should thus demonstrate peaceful intentions to reduce the opponent’s own defensive hostilities
Conflict Spiral View
44
Behavior change designed to match the actions of others
Conformity
45
A variable that systematically changes along with the independent variable, potentially leading to a mistaken conclusion about the effect of the independent variable
Confound
46
The principle that people will change their attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, and actions to make them consistent with each other
Consistency Principle
47
Someone oriented toward working together to maximize the joint benefits to the self and the group
Cooperator
48
The extent to which two or more variables are associated with one another
Correlation
49
A mathematical expression of the relationship between two variables
Correlation Coeffecient
50
The tendency for observers to overestimate the causal influence of personality factors on behavior and to underestimate the causal role of situational influences
Correspondence Bias (Fundamental Attribution Error)
51
The theory that proposes that people determine whether a behavior corresponds to an actor’s internal disposition by asking whether (1) the behavior was intended, (2) the behavior’s consequences were foreseeable, (3) the behavior was freely chosen, and (4) the behavior occurred despite countervailing forces
Correspondent Inference Theory
52
An argument that challenges and opposes other arguments
Counterargument
53
A behavior that is inconsistent with an existing attitude
Counterattitudinal Action
54
The process of imagining alternative, “might have been” versions of actual events
Counterfactual Thinking
55
The theory that proposes that people determine the cause of an actor’s behavior by assessing whether other people act in similar ways (consensus), the actor behaves similarly in similar situations (distinctiveness), and the actor behaves similarly across time in the same situation (consistency)
Covariation Model
56
The beliefs, customs, habits, and languages shared by the people living in a particular time and place
Culture
57
A set of societal norms whose central idea is that people (particularly men) should be ready to defend their honor with violent retaliation if necessary
Culture of Honor
58
The process of distancing ourselves from unsuccessful, low status others or events
Cutting off Reflected Failure
59
A discussion of procedures, hypotheses, and participant reactions at the completion of a study
Debriefing
60
Factor on love scales composed of items tapping decision that one is in love with and committed to another
Decision/Commitment
61
A tendency to notice threats and interpret other people’s behavior as intended to do one harm
Defensive Attributional Style
62
The process of losing one’s sense of personal identity, which makes it easier to behave in ways inconsistent with one’s normal values
Deindividuation
63
Cue that makes participants aware of how the experimenter expects them to behave
Demand Characteristic
64
The variable measured by the experimenter
Dependent Variable
65
Procedure for measuring or recording behaviors, thoughts, and feelings in their natural state (including naturalistic observations, case studies, archival studies, surveys, and psychological tests)
Descriptive Method
66
A norm that defines what behaviors people typically perform in a given situation
Descriptive Norm
67
The belief that signs of weakness will be exploited by the opponent and that leaders need to show their willingness to use military force
Deterrence View
68
The principle that animals making higher investment in their offspring (female as compared to male mammals, for instance) will be more careful in choosing mates
Differential Parental Investment
69
The tendency for each group member to dilute personal responsibility for acting by spreading it among all other group members
Diffusion of Responsibility
70
Behavior intended to hurt someone to his or her face
Direct Aggression
71
The judgmental rule that states that as the number of possible causes for an event increases, our confidence that any particular cause is the true one should decrease
Discounting Principle
72
Behaviors directed toward people on the basis of their group membership
Discrimination
73
To reduce in one’s mind the relevance of a particular domain (eg, academic achievement) to one’s self esteem
Disidentify
74
Indirect expression of an aggressive impulse away from the person or animal that elicited it
Displacement
75
The judgment that a person’s behavior has been caused by an aspect of that person’s personality
Dispositional Inference
76
A tactic that operates to increase compliance by disrupting one’s initial, resistance laden view of a request and quickly reframing the request in more favorable terms
Disrupt Then Reframe Technique
77
A model that attempts to explain a wide range of different behaviors according to a simple general rule (such as do it if it’s rewarding)
Domain General Model
78
A model that presumes that the governing principles vary from one domain of behavior to another (such as friendship versus romance versus parent child relationships)
Domain Specific Model
79
A technique that increases compliance by beginning with a large favor likely to be rejected and then retreating to a more moderate favor
Door in the Face Technique
80
The process of comparing ourselves with those who are less well off
Downward Social Comparison
81
The perspective that much of social interaction can be thought of as a play, with actors, performances, settings, scripts, props, roles, and so forth
Dramaturgical Perspective
82
A model that accounts for the two basic ways that attitude change occurs - with and without much thought
Dual Process Model of Persuasion
83
A system (eg, a group) made up of many interacting elements (eg, people) that changes and evolves over time
Dynamical System
84
Assessment of the likely beneficial effect of aggressiveness balanced against the likely dangers
Effect/Danger Ratio
85
A model of persuasive communication that holds that there are two routes to attitude change occurs- the central route and the peripheral route
Elaboration Likelihood Model
86
Hurtful behavior that stems from angry feelings
Emotional Aggression
87
Relatively intense feelings characterized by physiological arousal and complex cognitions
Emotions
88
Compassionate feelings caused by taking the perspective of a needy other
Empathic Concern
89
The presumption that when one emphasizes with the plight of another, one will want to help that other for purely altruistic reasons
Empathy Altruism Hypothesis
90
A form of exchange in which each person gets the same as the others
Equality Matching
91
A state of affairs in which one person’s benefits and costs from a relationship are proportional to the benefits and costs incurred by his or her partner
Equity
92
Each person’s benefits and costs in a social relationship should be matched to the benefits and costs of the other person
Equity Rule
93
A disorder involving the fixed (but incorrect) belief that one is loved by another, which persists in the face of strong evidence to the contrary
Erotomania
94
A theoretical viewpoint that searches for the causes of social behavior in the physical and psychological predispositions that helped our ancestors survive and reproduce
Evolutionary Perspective
95
The theory that anger is physiologically similar to other emotional states and that any form of emotional arousal can enhance aggressive responses
Excitation Transfer Theory
96
A mental representation of a specific episode, event, or individual
Exemplar
97
A research method in which the researcher sets out to systematically manipulate one source of influence while holding others constant
Experiment
98
Procedure for uncovering causal processes by systematically manipulating some aspect of a situation
Experimental Method
99
The capacity to influence other people as a function of a person’s presumed wisdom or knowledge
Expert Power
100
The extent to which the results of an experiment can be generalized to other circumstances
External Validity
101
A statistical technique for sorting test items or behaviors into conceptually similar groupings
Factor Analysis
102
The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others agree with us
False Consensus Effect
103
The manipulation of independent variables using unknowing participants in natural settings
Field Experimentation
104
A technique that increases compliance with a large request by first getting compliance with a smaller, related request
Foot in the Door Technique
105
The theory that aggression is an automatic response to any blocking of goal directed behavior
Frustration Aggression Hypothesis (Original)
106
The theory that any unpleasant stimulation will lead to emotional aggression to the extent that it generates unpleasant feelings
Frustration Aggression Hypothesis (Reformulated)
107
The tendency for observers to overestimate the causal influence of personality factors on behavior and to underestimate the causal role of situational influences
Fundamental Attribution Error (Correspondence Bias)
108
The extent to which the findings of a particular research study extend to other similar circumstances or cases
Generalizability
109
A desired outcome; something one wishes to achieve or accomplish
Goal
110
A strategy for breaking conflict spirals by publicly challenging the opponent to match de-escalations
GRIT (Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction)
111
Minimally, these are two or more individuals who influence each other
- Collections of individuals become increasingly “group like,” however, when their members are interdependent and share a common identity, and when they possess structure
Group
112
Occurs when group discussion leads members to make decisions that are more extremely on the side of the issue that the group initially favored
Group Polarization
113
A style of group decision making characterized by a greater desire among members to get along and agree with one another than to generate and critically evaluate alternative viewpoints and positions
Groupthink
114
The study of behavioral and psychological factors that affect illness
Health Psychology
115
A researcher’s prediction about what he or she will find
Hypothesis
116
The motivation to achieve approval by making a good impression on others
Impression Motivation
117
A measure of success in passing on one’s genes, including directly, by producing one’s own offspring, and indirectly, by assisting one’s relatives who share common genes
Inclusive Fitness
118
The variable manipulated by the experimenter
Independent Variable
119
Behavior intended to hurt someone without face to face confrontation
Indirect Aggression
120
Someone oriented toward maximizing personal gains, without regard to the rest of the group
Individualist
121
A culture that socializes its members to think of themselves as individuals and to give priority to their personal goals
Individualistic Culture
122
An attempt to get others to like us
Ingratiation
123
The tendency to benefit members of one’s own groups over members of other groups
Ingroup Bias
124
A norm that describes what is commonly approved or disapproved in a situation
Injunctive Norm
125
A technique for increasing individuals’ resistance to a strong argument by first giving them weak, easily defeated versions of it
Inoculation Procedure
126
Hurting another to accomplish some other (nonaggressive) goal
Instrumental Aggression
127
The extent to which a person demonstrates simplified “black and white” categorical thinking, as opposed to acknowledgement of all sides of an issue
Integrative Complexity
128
The extent to which an experiment allows confident statements about cause and effect
Internal Validity
129
Factor on love scales composed of items tapping feelings of close bonding with another
Intimacy
130
Assigning a label to an individual and then requesting a favor that is consistent with the label
Labeling Technique
131
Gaining a commitment to an arrangement and then raising the cost of carrying out the arrangement
Low Ball Technique
132
An offer of rewards to those who reduce their socially harmful behaviors
Market Based Policy
133
A form of exchange in which everyone gets out in proportion to what they put in
Market Pricing
134
The tendency to feel positively toward people, places, or things we have seen frequently
Mere Exposure Effect
135
A statistical combination of results from different studies of the same topic
Meta Analysis
136
An experimental procedure in which short term, arbitrary, artificial groups are created to explore the foundations of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination
Minimal Intergroup Paradigm
137
Occurs when opinion minorities persuade others of their views
Minority Influence
138
Marital custom involving two people, most typically one man married to one woman
Monogamy
139
The idea that people use helping tactically to manage their moods
Mood Management Hypothesis
140
Relatively long lasting feelings that are diffuse and not directed toward particular targets
Moods
141
The force that moves people toward desired outcomes
Motivation
142
A high level goal fundamental to social survival
Motive
143
A situation in which a person needs to present different images to different audiences, often at the same time
Multiple Audience Dilemma
144
The process by which characteristics that help animals survive and reproduce are passed on to their offspring
Natural Selection
145
Recording everyday behaviors as they unfold in their natural settings
Naturalistic Observation
146
Each person in a social relationship provides benefits as the other needs them, without keeping account of individual costs and benefits
Need Based Rule
147
The tendency to enjoy and engage in deliberative thought
Need for Cognition
148
The human need to form and maintain strong, stable interpersonal relationships
Need to Belong
149
Measurement that does not change a subject’s responses while recording them
Nonreactive Meaurement
150
The norm that requires that we repay others with the form of behavior they have given us
Norm of Reciprocity
151
Feelings of tenderness and concern, central to parents caring for their children
Nurturant Love
152
Compliance that occurs in response to a directive from an authority figure
Obedience
153
Error introduced into measurement when an observer overemphasizes behaviors he or she expects to find and fails to notice behaviors he or she does not expect
Observer Bias
154
A research approach in which the researcher infiltrates the setting to be studied and observes its workings from within
Participant Observation
155
Factor on love scales composed of items tapping romantic attraction and sexual desire
Passion
156
A state of intense longing for union with another
Passionate Love
157
The phenomenon of overestimating the extent to which members within other groups are similar to each other
Perceived Outgroup Homogeneity
158
The combination of a social dilemma and an outgroup bias, in which each side in a conflict believes that it is best for both sides to cooperate, while simultaneously believing that the other side would prefer that “we” cooperated while “they” defected
Perceptual Dilemma
159
The way people are persuaded when they focus on factors other than the quality of the arguments in a message, such as the number of arguments
Peripheral Route to Persuasion
160
Anything that connects an individual’s identity more closely to a position or course of action
Personal Commitment
161
The internalized beliefs and values that combine to form a person’s inner standards for behavior
Personal Norms
162
Features or characteristics that individuals carry into social situations
Person
163
The extent to which a person and a situation are compatible
Person Situation Fit
164
The process of mentally putting oneself in another’s position
Perspective Taking
165
Change in a private attitude or belief as a result of receiving a message
Persuasion
166
The phenomenon in which people in a group misperceive the beliefs of others because everyone acts inconsistently with their beliefs
Pluralistic Ignorance
167
Marital arrangement involving one woman and more than one husband
Polyandry
168
Marital custom in which either one man marries more than one woman (polygyny) or one woman marries more than one man (polyandry)
Polygamy
169
Marital arrangement involving one man and more than one wife
Polygyny
170
The conflict one feels about a decision that could possibly be wrong
Postdecisional Dissonance
171
A generalized attitude toward members of a social group
Prejudice
172
The process of activating knowledge or goals, of making them ready for use
Priming
173
Action intended to benefit another
Prosocial Behavior
174
A focus on relatively immediate causes
Proximate Explanation
175
The tendency to become friends with those who live or work nearby
Proximity Attraction Principle
176
Instrument for assessing a person’s abilities, cognitions, or motivations
Psychological Test
177
Individual characterized by impulsivity, irresponsibility, low empathy, grandiose self worth, and lack of sensitivity to punishment
- Such individuals are inclined toward acting violently for personal gain
Psychopath
178
A situation in which (1) the whole group can benefit if some of the individuals give something for the common good but (2) individuals profit from “free riding” if enough others contribute
Public Goods Dilemma
179
The tendency to have a chronic awareness of oneself as being in the public eye
Public Self Consciousness
180
Action intended solely to benefit another
Pure (True) Altruism
181
The practice of assigning participants to treatments so each person has an equal chance of being in any condition
Random Assignment
182
Brehm’s theory that we react against threats to our freedoms by reasserting those freedoms, often by doing the opposite of what we are being pressured to do
Reactance Theory
183
The proposal that intergroup conflict, and negative prejudices and stereotypes, emerge out of actual competition between groups for desired resources
Realistic Group Conflict Theory
184
Helping that occurs in return for prior help
Reciprocal Aid
185
The process through which people come to know themselves by observing or imagining how others view them
Reflected Appraisal Process
186
The theory that we like people with whom we associate positive feelings and dislike those with whom we associate negative feelings
Reinforcement Affect Model
187
The feeling that one has less than the others to whom one compares oneself
Relative Deprivation
188
The consistency of the score yielded by a psychological test
Reliability
189
A situation in which group members share a renewable resource that will continue to produce benefits if group members do not over harvest it but in which any single individual profits from harvesting as much as possible
Replenishing Resource Management Dilemma
190
With regard to research, to reproduce the findings of a particular study using different populations of participants, or somewhat different procedures or measures
Replicate
191
A group of respondents having characteristics that match those of the larger population the researcher wants to describe
Representative Sample
192
A mental shortcut people use to classify something as belonging to a certain category to the extent that it is similar to a typical case from that category
Representativeness Heuristic
193
Expectation held by the group for how members in particular positions ought to behave
Role
194
The process of blaming members of other groups for one’s frustrations and failures
Scapegoating
195
A mental representation capturing the general characteristics of a particular class of episodes, events, or individuals
Schema
196
A situation in which certain events are expected to occur in a particular sequence
Scripted Situation
197
Attachments marked by trust that the other person will continue to provide love and support
Secure Attachment Style
198
Comfort provided by an attachment figure, which allows the person to venture forth more confidently to explore the environment
Secure Base
199
A mental representation capturing our views and beliefs about ourselves
Self Concept
200
The sharing of intimate information about oneself
Self Disclosure
201
Our attitude toward ourselves
Self Esteem
202
When an initially inaccurate expectation leads to accusations that cause the expectation to come true
Self Fulfilling Prophecy
203
The behavior of withdrawing effort or creating obstacles to one’s future successes
Self Handicapping
204
The tendency to be chronically concerned with one’s public image and to adjust one’s actions to fit the needs of the current situation
Self Monitoring
205
The process through which people observe their own behavior to infer internal characteristics such as traits, abilities, and attitudes
Self Perception Process
206
The process through which we try to control the impressions people form of us; synonymous with impression management
Self Presentation
207
An attempt to get others to see us as competent
Self Promotion
208
The process through which people select, monitor, and adjust their strategies in an attempt to reach their goals
Self Regulation
209
The tendency to take personal credit for our successes and to blame external factors for our failures
Self Serving Bias
210
A form of natural selection favoring characteristics that assist animals in attracting mates or in competing with members of their own sex
Sexual Selection
211
The tendency to feel tense, worried, or awkward in novel social situations and with unfamiliar people
Shyness
212
Environmental events or circumstances outside the person
Situation
213
A stimulus that brings rewards when used in small doses, but punishments when used in large doses
Sliding Reinforcer
214
The fear people experience while doubting that they’ll be able to create a desired impression
Social Anxiety
215
Assets that can be drawn from one’s network of personal relationships
Social Capital
216
The process of thinking about and making sense of oneself and others
Social Cognition
217
A theoretical viewpoint that focuses on the mental processes involved in paying attention to, interpreting, and remembering social experiences
Social Cognitive Perspective
218
The process through which people come to know themselves by comparing their abilities, attitudes, and beliefs with those of others
Social Comparison
219
The tendency for people to say what they believe is appropriate or acceptable
Social Desirability Bias
220
A situation in which an individual profits from selfishness unless everyone chooses the selfish alternative, in which case the whole group loses
Social Dilemma
221
The extent to which a person desires that his or her own group dominate other groups and be socially and materially superior to them
Social Dominance Orientation
222
The trading of benefits within relationships
Social Exchange
223
The process through which the presence of others increases the likelihood of dominant responses, leading to better performance on well mastered tasks and worse performance on unmastered tasks
Social Facilitation
224
The beliefs and feelings we have toward the groups to which we see ourselves belonging
Social Identity
225
A change in overt behavior caused by real or imagined pressure from others
Social Influence
226
A theoretical viewpoint that focuses on past learning experiences as determinants of a person’s social behaviors
Social Learning Perspective
227
Theory that aggression is learned through direct reward or by watching others being rewarded for aggressiveness
Social Learning Theory
228
Reducing one’s personal efforts when in a group
Social Loafing
229
A rule or expectation for appropriate social behavior
Social Norm
230
The scientific study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by other people
Social Psychology
231
The societal rule that people should help those who need them to help
Social Responsibility Norm
232
Emotional, material, or informational assistance provided by other people
Social Support
233
A situation in which individuals or groups are drawn toward immediate rewards that later prove to have unpleasant or lethal consequences
Social Trap
234
An interpersonal way to locate and validate the correct choice
Social Validation
235
The process whereby a culture teaches its members about its beliefs, customs, habits, and language
Socialization
236
The theoretical viewpoint that searches for the causes of social behavior in influences from larger social groups
Sociocultural Perspective
237
Individual differences in the tendency to prefer either unrestricted sex (without the necessity of love) or restricted sex (only in the context of a long term, loving relationship)
Sociosexual Orientation
238
A ranking of group members by their power and influence over other members
Status Hierarchy
239
Generalized belief about members of social groups
Stereotype
240
The fear that one might confirm the negative stereotypes held by others about one’s group
Stereotype Threat
241
The process of categorizing an individual as a member of a particular group and then inferring that he or se possesses the characteristics generally held by members of that group
Stereotyping
242
A technique in which the researcher asks people to report on their beliefs, feelings, or behaviors
Survey Method
243
A technique that increases compliance by “sweetening” an offer with additional benefits
That’s Not All Technique
244
Scientific explanation that connects and organizes existing observations and suggests fruitful paths for future research
Theory
245
A theory stating that the best predictor of a behavior is one’s behavioral intention, which is influenced by one’s attitude toward the specific behavior, the subjective norms regarding the behavior, and one’s perceived control over the behavior
Theory of Planned Behavior
246
A negotiating tactic in which the individual responds to competitiveness with competitiveness and to cooperation with cooperation
Tit For Tat Strategy
247
A group of memory system made up of (1) the knowledge held by individual group members and (2) a communication network for sharing this knowledge among the members
Transactive Memory
248
Leadership that changes the motivations, outlooks, and behaviors of followers, enabling the group to reach its goals better
Transformational Leadership
249
Technique of examining the same problem using different research methods, each having different biases
Triangulation
250
The theory that love consists of general arousal (factor 1), which is attributed to the presence of an attractive person and labeled as love (factor 2)
Two Factor Theory of Love
251
A group of personality characteristics, including time urgency and competitiveness, that is associated with higher risk for coronary disease
Type A Behavior Pattern
252
A focus on background or historical causes
Ultimate Explanation
253
The process of comparing ourselves with those who are better off
Upward Social Comparison
254
The extent to which a test measures what it is designed to measure
Validity
255
An appeal to people’s intrinsic sense of social responsibility
Voluntarist Policy
256
The tendency for weapons, such as guns, to enhance aggressive thoughts, feelings, and actions
Weapons Effect
