Abnormal Psychology Glossary

Question 1

The total number of cases of a health related state or condition in a population for a given year

Answer 1

1 Year Prevalence

Question 2

An experimental design, often involving a single subject, wherein a baseline period (A) is followed by a treatment (B)
- To confirm that the treatment resulted in a change in behavior, the treatment is then withdrawn (A) and reinstated (B)

Answer 2

ABAB Design

Question 3

Maladaptive behavior detrimental to an individual or a group

Answer 3

Abnormal Behavior

Question 4

Field of psychology concerned with the study, assessment, treatment, and prevention of abnormal behavior

Answer 4

Abnormal Psychology

Question 5

Refraining altogether from the use of a particular addictive substance or from a particular behavior

Answer 5

Abstinence

Question 6

Cognitive process of changing existing cognitive frameworks to make possible the incorporation of discrepant information

Answer 6

Accomodation

Question 7

Ego defense mechanism of engaging in antisocial or excessive behavior without regard to negative consequences as a way of dealing with emotional stress

Answer 7

Acting Out

Question 8

Energy mobilization required for an organism to pursue its goals and meet its needs

Answer 8

Activation (Arousal)

Question 9

Application of probability statistics to human behavior

Answer 9

Actuarial Approach

Question 10

Methods whereby data about subjects are analyzed by objective procedures or formulas rather than by human judgements

Answer 10

Actuarial Procedures

Question 11

Term used to describe a disorder of sudden onset, usually with intense symptoms

Answer 11

Acute

Question 12

Disorder that occurs within 4 weeks after a traumatic event and lasts for a minimum of 2 days and a maximum of 4 weeks

Answer 12

Acute Stress Disorder

Question 13

A habit forming drug comprised of a combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine

Answer 13

Adderall

Question 14

Behavior based on the pathological need for a substance or activity; it may involve the abuse of substances, such as nicotine, alcohol, or cocaine, or gambling

Answer 14

Addictive Behavior

Question 15

Outcome of a person’s efforts to deal with stress and meet his or her needs

Answer 15

Adjustment

Question 16

A disorder in which a person’s response to a common stressor is maladaptive and occurs within 3 months of the stressor

Answer 16

Adjustment Disorder

Question 17

Moderately severe mood disorder that is similar to dysthymic disorder but has an identifiable, though not severe, psychosocial stressor occurring within 3 months before the onset of depression and does not exceed 6 months in duration

Answer 17

Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood

Question 18

Comparison of biological and adoptive relatives with and without a given disorder to assess genetic versus environmental influences

Answer 18

Adoption Method

Question 19

Outer layer of the adrenal glands; secretes the adrenal steroids and other hormones

Answer 19

Adrenal Cortex

Question 20

Endocrine glands located at the upper end of the kidneys; consist of inner adrenal medulla and outer adrenal cortex

Answer 20

Adrenal Glands

Question 21

Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla during strong emotion; causes such bodily changes as an increase in blood sugar and a rise in blood pressure
- Also called epinephrine

Answer 21

Adrenaline

Question 22

Approach to meeting mental health needs in which advocates, often an interested group of volunteers, attempt to help children or others receive services that they need but often are unable to obtain for themselves

Answer 22

Advocacy

Question 23

Programs aimed at helping people in underserved populations to obtain aid with which to improve their situations

Answer 23

Advocacy Programs

Question 24

Emotion or feeling

Answer 24

Affect

Question 25

Follow up therapy after discharge from a hospital

Answer 25

Aftercare

Question 26

Behavior aimed at hurting or destroying someone or something

Answer 26

Aggression

Question 27

Marked restlessness and psychomotor excitement

Answer 27

Agitation

Question 28

Fear of being in places or situations where a panic attack may occur and from which escape would be physically difficult or psychologically embarassing, or in which immediate help would be unavailable in the event that some mishap occurred

Answer 28

Agoraphobia

Question 29

First stage of responding to trauma, alerting and mobilizing a person's resources for coping with the trauma

Answer 29

Alarm and Mobilization

Question 30

Formerly known as Korsakoff's syndrome, is a condition characterized by a persisting memory deficit (particularly with regard to recent events) that is sometimes accompanied by falsification of events - This disorder is caused by malnutrition, specifically the lack of vitamin B (thiamine)

Answer 30

Alcohol Amnestic Disorder

Question 31

A problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress

Answer 31

Alcohol Use Disorder

Question 32

Acute delirium associated with withdrawal from alcohol after prolonged heavy consumption; characterized by intense anxiety, tremors, fever and sweating, and hallucinations

Answer 32

Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium

Question 33

Term used to denote a personality pattern in which an individual has difficulty identifying and describing feelings

Answer 33

Alexithymia

Question 34

Lack or loss of relationships with others

Answer 34

Alienation

Question 35

The biological cost of adapting to stress - Under conditions of high stress our allostatic load is high - When we are calm, our allostatic load is low and our bodies are not experiencing any of the physiological consequences of stress (racing heart, high levels of cortisol, ect)...

Answer 35

Allostatic Load

Question 36

A term referring to poverty of speech; a symptom that often occurs in schizophrenia

Answer 36

Alogia

Question 37

In a person with dissociative identity disorder, personalities other than the host personality

Answer 37

Alter Identities

Question 38

A progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by deterioration in memory, cognition, and basic self care skills

Answer 38

Alzheimer's Disease

Question 39

Total or partial loss of memory

Answer 39

Amnesia

Question 40

Striking deficit in the ability to recall ongoing events more than a few minutes after they have taken place, or the inability to recall the recent past - Now grouped into a new diagnostic category called neurocognitive disorders

Answer 40

Amnestic Disorder

Question 41

Technique that involves drawing fluid from the amniotic sac of a pregnant woman so that sloughed off fetal cells can be examined for chromosomal irregularities, including that of Down Syndrome

Answer 41

Amniocentesis

Question 42

Drug that produces a psychologically stimulating and energizing effect

Answer 42

Amphetamine

Question 43

A collection of nuclei that are almond shaped and that lie in front of the hippocampus in the limbic system of the brain - It is involved in the regulation of emotion and is critically involved in the emotion of fear

Answer 43

Amygdala

Question 44

Found in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease, these deposits of aluminum silicate and abnormal protein (beta amyloid) are believed to cause loss of neurons

Answer 44

Amyloid Plaques

Question 45

In psychoanalytic theory, stage of psychosexual development in which behavior is presumably focused on anal pleasure and activities

Answer 45

Anal Stage

Question 46

Studies in which a researcher attempts to emulate the conditions hypothesized as leading to abnormality

Answer 46

Analogue Studies

Question 47

Hormone associated with the development and maintenance of male characteristics

Answer 47

Androgen

Question 48

Loss or impairment of sensitivity (usually to touch but often applied to sensitivity to pain and other senses as well)

Answer 48

Anesthesia

Question 49

Inability to experience pleasure or joy

Answer 49

Anhedonia

Question 50

Inability to experience pleasure or joy

Answer 50

Anhedonia

Question 51

Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming "fat" coupled with refusal to maintain adequate nutrition and with severe loss of body weight

Answer 51

Anorexia Nervosa

Question 52

Lack of sufficient oxygen

Answer 52

Anoxia

Question 53

Drug used in the treatment of alcoholism

Answer 53

Antabuse

Question 54

Loss of memory for events that occur following trauma or shock

Answer 54

Anterograde Amnesia

Question 55

Drugs that are used primarily for alleviating anxiety

Answer 55

Antianxiety Drugs

Question 56

Circulating blood substance coded for detection of and binding to a particular antigen

Answer 56

Antibody

Question 57

Drugs that are used primarily to elevate mood and relieve depression - Often also used in the treatment of certain anxiety disorders, bulimia, and certain personality disorders

Answer 57

Antidepressant Drugs

Question 58

A foreign body (eg; a virus or bacteria) or an internal threat (eg; a tumor) that can trigger an immune response

Answer 58

Antigen

Question 59

Medications that alleviate or diminish the intensity of psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations or delusions

Answer 59

Antipsychotics (Neuroleptics)

Question 60

Disorder characterized by continual violation of and disregard for the rights of others through deceitful, aggressive, or antisocial behavior, typically without remorse or loyalty to anyone

Answer 60

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)

Question 61

A general feeling of apprehension about possible danger

Answer 61

Anxiety

Question 62

An unrealistic, irrational fear or anxiety of disabling intensity - DSM-5 recognizes 11 types: specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism, substance/medication induced anxiety disorder, anxiety disorder due to a medical condition, other specified anxiety disorder, and unspecified anxiety disorder

Answer 62

Anxiety Disorder

Question 63

A personality trait involving a high level of belief that certain bodily symptoms may have harmful consequences

Answer 63

Anxiety Sensitivity

Question 64

Loss or impairment of ability to communicate and understand language symbols - involving loss of power of expression by speech, writing, or signs, or loss of ability to comprehend written or spoken language - resulting from brain injury or disease

Answer 64

Aphasia

Question 65

Variant of a gene on chromosome 19 that significantly enhances risk for late onset Alzheimer's disease

Answer 65

APOE-4 Allele

Question 66

Loss of ability to perform purposeful movements

Answer 66

Apraxia

Question 67

Second phase of the human sexual response, in which there is generally a subjective sense of sexual pleasure and physiological changes, including penile erection in the male and vaginal lubrication and enlargement in the female

Answer 67

Arousal Phase

Question 68

Degenerative thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries, occurring usually in old age

Answer 68

Arteriosclerosis

Question 69

This no longer exists in the DSM-5 - The term referred to severe and sustained childhood impairment in social relationships and peculiar behaviors but without the language delays seen in autism - In the DSM-5, this term is subsumed by autism spectrum disorders

Answer 69

Asperger's Disorder

Question 70

Persistent and vigorous follow up with and aid to patients in managing life problems

Answer 70

Assertive Community Treatment (ACT)

Question 71

Behavior therapy technique for helping people become more self assertive in interpersonal relationships

Answer 71

Assertiveness Therapy

Question 72

Cognitive process whereby new experiences tend to be worked in existing cognitive frameworks even if the new information has to be reinterpreted or distorted to make it fit

Answer 72

Assimilation

Question 73

Genetic research strategy comparing frequency of certain genetic markers known to be located on particular chromosomes in people with and without a particular disorder

Answer 73

Association Studies

Question 74

Historically, these were institutions meant solely for the care of people with mental illness

Answer 74

Asylums

Question 75

Condition of being considered vulnerable to the development of certain abnormal behaviors

Answer 75

At Risk

Question 76

Wasting away or shrinking of a bodily organ, particularly muscle tissue

Answer 76

Atrophy

Question 77

Contemporary developmental and psychodynamic theory emphasizing the importance of early experience with attachment relationships in laying the foundation for later functioning throughout life

Answer 77

Attachment Theory

Question 78

Disorder of childhood characterized by difficulties that interfere with task oriented behavior, such as impulsivity, excessive motor activity, and difficulties in sustaining attention

Answer 78

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Question 79

Characterized by psychotic like symptoms that are less severe and more transient and that lie below the threshold for a full psychotic disorder

Answer 79

Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome

Question 80

Process of assigning causes to things that happen

Answer 80

Attribution

Question 81

Pervasive developmental disorder beginning in infancy and involving a wide range of problematic behaviors, including deficits in language, perception, and motor development; defective reality testing; and social withdrawal

Answer 81

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Question 82

Paraphilia characterized by sexual arousal at the thought or fantasy of being a woman

Answer 82

Autogynephilia

Question 83

Section of the nervous system that regulates the internal organs; consists primarily of ganglia connected with the brain stem and spinal cord; may be subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

Answer 83

Autonomic Nervous System

Question 84

Individual's characteristic degree of emotional reactivity to stress

Answer 84

Autonomic Reactivity

Question 85

Self reliance; the sense of being an independent person

Answer 85

Autonomy

Question 86

Any chromosome other than those determining sex

Answer 86

Autosome

Question 87

Form of behavior therapy in which punishment or aversive stimulation is used to eliminate undesired responses

Answer 87

Aversion Therapy

Question 88

Stimulus that elicits psychic or physical pain

Answer 88

Aversive Stimulus

Question 89

Form of conditioning in which a subject learns to behave in a certain way in order to avoid an unpleasant stimulus

Answer 89

Avoidance Learning

Question 90

Extreme social inhibition and introversion, hypersensitivity to criticism and rejection, limited social relationships, and low self esteem

Answer 90

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Question 91

Refers to a psychological state that is characterized by a general lack of drive or motivation to pursue meaningful goals

Answer 91

Avolition

Question 92

Evaluation of an individual according to five foci, the first three assessing the person's present clinical status or condition and the other two assessing broader aspects of the person's situation

Answer 92

Axes (of DSM)

Question 93

Synthetic drugs that act as depressants to calm the individual and induce sleep

Answer 93

Barbiturates

Question 94

The initial level of responses emitted by an organism

Answer 94

Baseline

Question 95

A type of white blood cell, produced in the bone marrow, that is (along with T-cells) very important in the immune system - B-cells produce specific antibodies in response to specific antigens

Answer 95

B Cell

Question 96

Field that studies the heritability of mental disorders and other aspects of psychological functioning such as personality and intelligence

Answer 96

Behavior Genetics

Question 97

Change of specific behaviors by learning techniques

Answer 97

Behavior Modification

Question 98

Use of therapeutic procedures based primarily on principles of classical and operant conditioning

Answer 98

Behavior Therapy

Question 99

Treatment for depression in which the patient and the therapist work together to help the patient find ways to become more active and engaged with life

Answer 99

Behavioral Activation Treatment

Question 100

Positive reinforcement technique using a contract, often between family members, to identify the behaviors to be changed and to specify privileges and responsibilities

Answer 100

Behavioral Contracting

Question 101

Broad interdisciplinary approach to the treatment of physical disorders thought to have psychological factors as major aspects in their causation or maintenance

Answer 101

Behavioral Medicine

Question 102

A theoretical viewpoint organized around the theme that learning is central in determining human behavior

Answer 102

Behavioral Perspective

Question 103

Various interrelated disciplines, including psychology, sociology, and anthropology, that focus on human behavior

Answer 103

Behavioral Sciences

Question 104

School of psychology that formerly restricted itself primarily to the study of overt behavior

Answer 104

Behaviorism

Question 105

Of a mild, self limiting nature; not malignant

Answer 105

Benign

Question 106

Observer bias occurs when the researcher has preconceived ideas and expectations that influence the observations he or she makes in the research study

Answer 106

Bias

Question 107

An out of control consumption of an amount of food that is far greater than what most people would eat in the same amount of time and under the same circumstances

Answer 107

Binge

Question 108

Distinct from nonpurging bulimia nervosa, whereby binging is not accompanied by inappropriate compensatory behavior to limit weight gain

Answer 108

Binge Eating Disorder (BED)

Question 109

Treatment technique in which a person is taught to influence his or her own physiological processes that were formerly thought to be involuntary

Answer 109

Biofeedback

Question 110

Chemicals that serve as neurotransmitters or modulators

Answer 110

Biogenic Amines

Question 111

Regular biological cycles of sleep, activity, hormone activity, and metabolism characteristic of each species

Answer 111

Biological Clocks

Question 112

Approach to mental disorders emphasizing biological causation

Answer 112

Biological Viewpoint

Question 113

A viewpoint that acknowledges the interacting roles of biological, psychosocial, and sociocultural factors in the origins of psychopathology

Answer 113

Biopsychosocial Viewpoint

Question 114

Bipolar disorder with recurrences in particular seasons of the year

Answer 114

Bipolar Disorder with a Seasonal Pattern

Question 115

Mood disorders in which a person experiences both manic and depressive episodes

Answer 115

Bipolar Disorders

Question 116

A form of bipolar disorder in which the person experiences both manic (or mixed) episodes and major depressive episodes

Answer 116

Bipolar I Disorder

Question 117

A form of bipolar disorder in which the person experiences both hypomanic episodes and major depressive episodes

Answer 117

Bipolar II Disorder

Question 118

Sexual attraction to both females and males

Answer 118

Bisexuality

Question 119

Involuntary inhibition of recall, ideation, or communication (including sudden stoppage of speech)

Answer 119

Blocking

Question 120

Persistent and disproportionate fear of the sight of blood or injury, or the possibility of having an injection - Afflicted persons are likely to experience a drop in blood pressure and sometimes faint

Answer 120

Blood Injection Injury Phobia

Question 121

A reduction in the range of affective expression commonly found in patients with schizophrenia - The difference between this and flat affect is one of degree - When the reduction in affective range is more pronounced and extreme (such that the person is almost expressionless), the patient may be said to have flat affect

Answer 121

Blunted Affect

Question 122

Obsession with some perceived flaw or flaws in one's appearance

Answer 122

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Question 123

An estimation of total body fat calculated as body weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters) squared

Answer 123

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Question 124

Impulsivity and instability in interpersonal relationships, self image, and moods

Answer 124

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

Question 125

Diseased or disordered condition of the brain

Answer 125

Brain Pathology

Question 126

Minute oscillations of electrical potential given off by neurons in the cerebral cortex and measured by the electroencephalograph (EEG)

Answer 126

Brain Waves

Question 127

Objective method of rating clinical symptoms that provides scores on 18 variables (eg; somatic concern, anxiety, withdrawal, hostility, and bizarre thinking)

Answer 127

Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)

Question 128

Short term therapy, usually 8 to 10 sessions, focused on restoring an individual's functioning and offering emotional support

Answer 128

Brief Psychotherapy

Question 129

Brief episodes (lasting a month or less) of otherwise uncomplicated delusional thinking

Answer 129

Brief Psychotic Disorder

Question 130

Frequent occurrence of binge eating episodes accompanied by a sense of loss of control over eating and recurrent inappropriate behavior such as purging or excessive exercise to prevent weight gain

Answer 130

Bulimia Nervosa

Question 131

A drug of dependence found in many commonly available drinks and foods

Answer 131

Caffeine

Question 132

Genes that are of specific interest to researchers because they are thought to be involved in processes that are known to be abberant in that disorder (eg; serotonin transporter genes in depression, or dopamine receptor genes in schizophrenia)

Answer 132

Candidate Genes

Question 133

Pertaining to the heart and blood vessels

Answer 133

Cardiovascular

Question 134

An in depth examination of an individual or family that draws from a number of data sources, including interviews and psychological testing

Answer 134

Case Study (Method)

Question 135

Refers to any source of injury to the genitals, or, more broadly, to a threat to the masculinity of an individual

Answer 135

Castrating

Question 136

As postulated by Freud, the anxiety a young boy experiences when he desires his mother while at the same time fearing that his father may harm him by cutting off his penis; the anxiety forces the boy to repress his sexual desire for his mother and his hostility toward his father

Answer 136

Castration Anxiety

Question 137

Condition seen in some schizophrenic psychoses, and some psychotic mood disorders, in which body postures are waxy and semirigid, with the limbs maintaining for prolonged periods any position in which they are placed

Answer 137

Catalepsy

Question 138

Class of monoamine compounds sharing a similar chemical structure - Known to be neurotransmitters - norepinephrine and dopamine

Answer 138

Catecholamines

Question 139

Approach to classifying abnormal behavior that assumes that (1) all human behavior can be sharply divided into the categories normal and abnormal, and (2) there are exist discrete, nonoverlapping classes or types of abnormal behavior, often referred to as mental illnesses or diseases

Answer 139

Categorical Approach

Question 140

Discharge of emotional tension associated with something, such as by talking about past traumas

Answer 140

Catharsis

Question 141

In a cause and effect relationship, a situation in which more than one causal factor is involved

Answer 141

Causal Pattern

Question 142

A variable risk factor that, when changed, changes the likelihood of the outcome of interest (eg; if effectively treating depression decreased the risk of suicide, we would call it a causal risk factor)

Answer 142

Causal Risk Factor

Question 143

Relationship in which the preceding variable causes the other(s)

Answer 143

Causation

Question 144

The brain and spinal cord

Answer 144

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Question 145

Hardening of the arteries in the brain

Answer 145

Cerebral Arteriosclerosis

Question 146

Surface layers of the cerebrum

Answer 146

Cerebral Cortex

Question 147

Bleeding into brain tissue from a ruptured blood vessel

Answer 147

Cerebral Hemorrhage

Question 148

Tearing of brain tissue associated with severe head injury

Answer 148

Cerebral Laceration

Question 149

Syphilitic infection of the brain

Answer 149

Cerebral Syphilis

Question 150

Formation of a clot or thrombus in the vascular system of the brain

Answer 150

Cerebral Thrombosis

Question 151

Blockage or rupture of a large blood vessel in the brain leading to both focal and generalized impairment of brain function - Also called stroke

Answer 151

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

Question 152

Main part of the brain; divided into left and right hemispheres

Answer 152

Cerebrum

Question 153

Infliction of physical or psychological damage on a child by parents or other adults

Answer 153

Child Abuse

Question 154

Movement concerned with protecting rights and ensuring well being of children

Answer 154

Child Advocacy

Question 155

Pathological condition characterized by jerky, involuntary movements

Answer 155

Chorea

Question 156

Inherited defects or vulnerabilities caused by irregularities in chromosomes

Answer 156

Chromosomal Anomalies

Question 157

Chain like structures within cell nucleus that contain genes

Answer 157

Chromosomes

Question 158

Term used to describe a long standing or frequently recurring disorder, often with progressing seriousness

Answer 158

Chronic

Question 159

A debilitating illness characterized by disabling fatigue that lasts 6 months or more and occurs with other symptoms

Answer 159

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Question 160

A disorder in which a major depressive episode does not remit over a 2 year period

Answer 160

Chronic Major Depressive Disorder

Question 161

Term that can be used to describe a patient with this disorder whose clinical condition has deteriorated or remained stable over a very long period of time (years)

Answer 161

Chronic Schizophrenia

Question 162

The 24 hour rhythmic fluctuations in animals' sleep activity and in the metabolic processes of plants and animals

Answer 162

Circadian Rhythms

Question 163

Procedure whereby a person certified as mentally disordered can be hospitalized, either voluntarily or against his or her will

Answer 163

Civil Commitment

Question 164

A basic form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired repeatedly with an unconditioned stimulus (US) that naturally elicits an unconditioned response (UR) - After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits a conditioned response (CR)

Answer 164

Classical Conditioning

Question 165

Irrational fear of small enclosed places

Answer 165

Claustrophobia

Question 166

Nondirective approach to psychotherapy, developed chiefly by Carl Rogers, that focuses on the natural power of the organism to heal itself; a key goal is to help clients accept and be themselves

Answer 166

Client Centered (Person Centered) Therapy

Question 167

The process through which a clinician arrives at a general "summary classification" of the patient's symptoms by following a clearly defined system such as DSM-5 or ICD-11

Answer 167

Clinical Diagnosis

Question 168

Diagnostic picture formed by observation of patient's behavior or by all available assessment data

Answer 168

Clinical Picture

Question 169

Computer administered psychological assessment procedure for surveying the range of psychological problems a patient is experiencing

Answer 169

Clinical Problem Checklist

Question 170

Mental health professional with Ph.D degree or Psy.D degree in clinical psychology and clinical experience in assessment and psychotherapy

Answer 170

Clinical Psychologist

Question 171

Field of psychology concerned with the understanding, assessment, treatment, and prevention of maladaptive behavior

Answer 171

Clinical Psychology

Question 172

Stimulating and pain reducing psychoactive drug

Answer 172

Cocaine

Question 173

Act, process, or product of knowing or perceiving

Answer 173

Cognition

Question 174

Condition of tension existing when several of one's beliefs and attitudes are inconsistent with each other

Answer 174

Cognitive Dissonance

Question 175

Mental processes, including perception, memory, and reasoning, by which one acquires knowledge, solves problems, and makes plans

Answer 175

Cognitive Processes (Cognition)

Question 176

Training efforts designed to help patients improve their neurocognitive (eg; memory, vigilance) skills - The hope is that this will also help improve patients' overall levels of functioning

Answer 176

Cognitive Remediation

Question 177

Cognitive behavioral therapy techniques that aim to change a person's negative or unrealistic thoughts and attributions

Answer 177

Cognitive Restructuring

Question 178

A theory of abnormal behavior that focuses on how thoughts and information processing can become distorted and lead to maladaptive emotions and behavior

Answer 178

Cognitive Behavioral Perspective

Question 179

Therapy based on altering dysfunctional thoughts and cognitive distortions

Answer 179

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Question 180

Term used by Carl Jung to refer to that portion of the unconscious that he considered common to all humanity, based on wisdom acquired by our predecessors

Answer 180

Collective Unconscious

Question 181

Profound stupor with unconsciousness

Answer 181

Coma

Question 182

Application of psychosocial and sociocultural principles to the improvement of given environments

Answer 182

Community Mental Health

Question 183

Use of community resources in dealing with maladaptive behavior; tends to be more concerned with community intervention than with personal or individual change

Answer 183

Community Psychology

Question 184

Occurrence of two or more identified disorders in the same psychologically disordered individual

Answer 184

Comorbidity

Question 185

Group of subjects who do not exhibit the disorder being studied but who are comparable in all other respects to the criterion group - Also, a comparison group of subjects who do not receive a condition or treatment the effects of which are being studied

Answer 185

Comparison or Control Group

Question 186

The determination that a person who is charged with a crime has the mental health capability to participate in the proceedings

Answer 186

Competent to Stand Trial

Question 187

Overt repetitive behaviors (such as hand washing or checking) or more covert mental acts (such as counting, praying, saying certain words silently, or ordering) that a person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession

Answer 187

Compulsions

Question 188

A specialized technique that is often used in a clinical context - During the CT scan the person is placed into a CT scanner - X ray measurements are then taken at various angles and combined to provide more detailed information than that given by a conventional x ray

Answer 188

Computed Tomography (CT)

Question 189

Use of computers to obtain or interpret assessment data

Answer 189

Computer Assessment

Question 190

Radiographical technique used to locate and assess the extent of organic damage to the brain without surgery

Answer 190

Computerized Axial Tomohraphy (CAT) Scan

Question 191

The percentage of twins sharing a disorder or trait

Answer 191

Concordance Rate

Question 192

Childhood and adolescent disorders that can appear by age 9 and are marked by persistent acts of aggressive or antisocial behavior that may or may not be against the law

Answer 192

Conduct Disorders

Question 193

Filling in of memory gaps with false and often irrelevant details

Answer 193

Confabulation

Question 194

Commitment on the part of a professional person to keep information he or she obtains from a client confidential

Answer 194

Confidentiality

Question 195

Simultaneous arousal of opposing impulses, desires, or motives

Answer 195

Conflict

Question 196

Existing at birth or before birth, but not necessarily hereditary

Answer 196

Congenital

Question 197

Genetic defect or environmental condition occurring before birth and causing a child to develop a physical or psychological anomaly

Answer 197

Congenital Defect

Question 198

Direct involvement of the family in improving communication, interaction, and relationships among family members and fostering a family system that better meets the needs of each member

Answer 198

Conjoint Family Therapy

Question 199

Awareness of inner or outer environment

Answer 199

Consciousness

Question 200

Relatively constant biological makeup of an individual, resulting from the interaction of heredity and environment

Answer 200

Constitution

Question 201

Community intervention approach that aims at helping individuals at risk for disorder by working indirectly through caretaker institutions (eg; police and teachers)

Answer 201

Consultation

Question 202

Relationship, usually causal, between two events in which one is usually followed by the other

Answer 202

Contingency

Question 203

Reward or reinforcement given regularly after each correct response

Answer 203

Continuous Reinforcement

Question 204

A condition that increases the probability of developing a disorder but that is neither necessary nor sufficient for it to occur

Answer 204

Contributory Cause

Question 205

Pattern in which symptoms of some physical malfunction or loss of control appear without any underlying organic pathology; originally called hysteria

Answer 205

Conversion Disorder

Question 206

Pathological, involuntary muscle contractions

Answer 206

Convulsion

Question 207

Efforts to deal with stress

Answer 207

Coping Strategies

Question 208

Verbal tic in which an individual utters obscenities aloud

Answer 208

Coprolalia

Question 209

Potentially lethal blockage of the arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle, or myocardium

Answer 209

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

Question 210

Nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain

Answer 210

Corpus Callosum

Question 211

A factor that co-varies with, or is associated with, some outcome of interest (eg; height and weight)

Answer 211

Correlate

Question 212

The tendency of two variables to change together - With positive correlation, as one variable goes up, so does the other; with negative correlation, one variable goes up as the other one goes down

Answer 212

Correlation

Question 213

A statistic that ranges from +1.0 to -1.0 and reflects the degree of association between two variables - The magnitude of the correlation indicates the strength of the association, and the sign indicates whether the correlation is positive or negative

Answer 213

Correlation Coefficient

Question 214

A research strategy that examines whether and how variables go together (co-vary) without manipulating (changing) any variables

Answer 214

Correlational Research

Question 215

Brain mechanisms that regulate autonomic and other bodily functions

Answer 215

Corticovisceral Control Mechanisms

Question 216

Human stress hormone released by the cortex of the adrenal glands

Answer 216

Cortisol

Question 217

Field of psychology that focuses on helping people with problems pertaining to education, marriage, or occupation

Answer 217

Counseling Psychology

Question 218

Psychodynamic concept that the therapist brings personal issues, based on his or her own vulnerabilities and conflicts, to the therapeutic relationship

Answer 218

Countertransference

Question 219

Treatment for disordered interpersonal relationships involving sessions with both members of the relationship present and emphasizing mutual need gratification, social role expectations, communication patterns, and similar interpersonal factors

Answer 219

Couple Therapy

Question 220

Concealed, disguised, not directly observable

Answer 220

Covert

Question 221

Behavioral treatment method for extinguishing undesirable behavior by associating noxious mental images with that behavior

Answer 221

Covert Sensitization

Question 222

Legal question of whether a person should be permitted to use insanity as a defense after having committed a crime

Answer 222

Criminal Responsibility

Question 223

Stressful situation that approaches or exceeds the adaptive capacities of an individual or a group

Answer 223

Crisis

Question 224

Provision of psychological help to an individual or a group in times of severe and special stress

Answer 224

Crisis Intervention

Question 225

Group of subjects who exhibit the disorder under study

Answer 225

Criterion Group

Question 226

The desire to be, or the insistence that one is, of the opposite sex

Answer 226

Cross Gender Identification

Question 227

Refer to a psychologist's need to be informed of the issues involved in multicultural assessment

Answer 227

Cultural Competence

Question 228

Position that one cannot apply universal standards of normality or abnormality to all societies

Answer 228

Cultural Relativism

Question 229

Mild mood disorder characterized by cyclical periods of hypomanic and depressive symptoms

Answer 229

Cyclothymic Disorder

Question 230

Small protein molecules that enable the brain and the immune system to communicate with each other - These can augment or enhance an immune system response or cause immunosuppression, depending on the specific cytokine that is released

Answer 230

Cytokines

Question 231

Community based mental hospital where patients are treated during the day, returning to their homes at night

Answer 231

Day Hospital

Question 232

Psychological debriefing is a brief, directive treatment method that is used in helping people who have undergone a traumatic situation - Debriefing sessions are usually conducted with small groups of trauma victims shortly after the incident for the purpose of helping them deal with the emotional residuals of the event

Answer 232

Debriefing Sessions

Question 233

Behavior directed primarily at protecting the self from hurt and disorganization rather than at resolving the situation

Answer 233

Defense Oriented Response

Question 234

Movement to close mental hospitals and treat people with severe mental disorders in the community

Answer 234

Deinstitutionalization

Question 235

Retarded ejaculation, or the inability to ejaculate following a normal sexual excitement phase

Answer 235

Delayed Ejaculation Disorder

Question 236

Antisocial or illegal behavior by a minor

Answer 236

Delinquency

Question 237

State of mental confusion characterized by relatively rapid onset of widespread disorganization of the higher mental processes, caused by a generalized disturbance in brain metabolism - May include impaired perception, memory, and thinking and abnormal psychomotor activity

Answer 237

Delirium

Question 238

False belief about reality maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary

Answer 238

Delusion

Question 239

False belief that one is a noted or famous person, such as Napoleon or the Virgin Mary

Answer 239

Delusion of Grandeur

Question 240

False belief that one is being mistreated or interfered with by one's enemies

Answer 240

Delusion of Persecution

Question 241

Nurturing, giving voice to, and sometimes taking action on beliefs that are considered completely false by others; formerly called paranoia

Answer 241

Delusional Disorder

Question 242

Internally coherent, systematized pattern of delusions

Answer 242

Delusional System

Question 243

Progressive deterioration of brain functioning occurring after the completion of brain maturation in adolescence - Characterized by deficits in memory, abstract thinking, acquisition of new knowledge or skills, visuospatial comprehension, motor control, problem solving, and judgement - Now referred to as major neurocognitive disorder

Answer 243

Dementia

Question 244

Older term for schizophrenia

Answer 244

Dementia Praecox

Question 245

Viewpoint emphasizing supernatural causation of mental disorder, especially "possession" by evil spirits or forces

Answer 245

Demonology

Question 246

Ego defense mechanism that protects the self from an unpleasant reality by refusing to perceive or face it

Answer 246

Denial of Reality

Question 247

Tendency to over rely on others

Answer 247

Dependence

Question 248

Extreme dependence on others, particularly the need to be taken care of, leading to clinging and submissive behavior

Answer 248

Dependent Personality Disorder

Question 249

In an experiment, the factor that is observed to change with changes in the manipulated (independent) variables

Answer 249

Dependent Variable

Question 250

Temporary loss of sense of one's own self and one's own reality

Answer 250

Depersonalization

Question 251

Dissociative disorder in which episodes of depersonalization and derealization become persistent and recurrent

Answer 251

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

Question 252

Emotional state characterized by extraordinary sadness and dejection

Answer 252

Depression

Question 253

Period of markedly depressed mood or loss of interest in formerly pleasurable activities (or both) for at least two weeks, accompanied by other symptoms such as changes in sleep or appetite or feelings of worthlessness

Answer 253

Depressive Episode

Question 254

Provisional category of personality disorder in DSM-5 that involves a pattern of depressive cognitions and behaviors that begin by early adulthood and is pervasive in nature

Answer 254

Depressive Personality Disorder

Question 255

Dysfunctional beliefs that are rigid, extreme, and counterproductive and that are thought to leave one susceptible to depression when experiencing stress

Answer 255

Depressogenic Schemas

Question 256

Experience in which the external world is perceived as distorted and lacking a stable and palpable existence

Answer 256

Derealization

Question 257

Therapeutic process by means of which reactions to traumatic experiences are reduced in intensity by repeatedly exposing a person to them in mild form, either in reality or in fantasy

Answer 257

Desensitization

Question 258

First phase of the human sexual response, consisting of fantasies about sexual activity or a sense of desire to have sexual activity

Answer 258

Desire Phase

Question 259

Premise that punishment for criminal offenses will deter that criminal and others from future criminal acts

Answer 259

Deterrence

Question 260

Center or facility for receiving and detoxifying alcohol or drug intoxicated individuals

Answer 260

Detox Center

Question 261

Treatment directed toward ridding the body of alcohol or other drugs

Answer 261

Detoxification

Question 262

Problem that is rooted in deviations in the development process itself, thus disrupting the acquisition of skills and adaptive behavior and often interfering with the transition to well functioning adulthood

Answer 262

Developmental Disorder

Question 263

Field of psychology that focuses on determining what is abnormal at any point in the developmental process by comparing and contrasting it with normal and expected changes that occur

Answer 263

Developmental Psychopathology

Question 264

Acknowledgement that genetic activity influences neural activity, which in turn influences behavior, which in turn influences the environment, and that these influences are bidirectional

Answer 264

Developmental Systems Approach

Question 265

Behavior that deviates markedly from the average or norm

Answer 265

Deviant Behavior

Question 266

Determination of the nature and extent of a specific disorder

Answer 266

Diagnosis

Question 267

A unique kind of cognitive and behavioral therapy specifically adapted for treating borderline personality disorder

Answer 267

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

Question 268

Predisposition or vulnerability to developing a given disorder

Answer 268

Diathesis

Question 269

View of abnormal behavior as the result of stress operating on an individual who has a biological, psychosocial, or sociocultural predisposition to developing a specific disorder

Answer 269

Diathesis - Stress Model

Question 270

Approach to classifying abnormal behavior that assumes that a person's typical behavior is the product of differing strengths or intensities of behavior along several definable dimensions, such as mood, emotional stability, aggressiveness, gender, identity, anxiousness, interpersonal trust, clarity of thinking and communication, social introversion, and so on

Answer 270

Dimensional Approach

Question 271

Method of collecting research data that involves directly observing behavior in a given situation

Answer 271

Direct Observation

Question 272

Refers to the fact that, in correlational research, it cannot be concluded whether variable A causes variable B or whether variable B causes variable A

Answer 272

Direction of Effect Problem

Question 273

Type of therapeutic approach in which a therapist supplies direct answers to problems and takes much of the responsibility for the progress of therapy

Answer 273

Directive Therapy

Question 274

Reactions of many victims of major catastrophes during the traumatic experience and the initial and long lasting reactions after it

Answer 274

Disaster Syndrome

Question 275

Marriage in which one or both of the partners are not gaining satisfaction from the relationship and one spouse may express frustration and disillusionment in hostile ways, such as nagging, belittling, and purposely doing things to annoy the other

Answer 275

Discordant Marriage

Question 276

Ability to interpret and respond differently to two or more similar stimuli

Answer 276

Discrimination

Question 277

Loss of organization or integration in any organized system

Answer 277

Disintegration

Question 278

Severely impaired integration

Answer 278

Disorganization

Question 279

Mental confusion with respect to time, place, or person

Answer 279

Disorientation

Question 280

Ego defense mechanism that discharges pent up feelings, often of hostility, on objects less dangerous than those arousing the feelings

Answer 280

Displacement

Question 281

Family that is incomplete as a result of death, divorce, separation, or some other circumstance

Answer 281

Disrupted Family

Question 282

The human mind's capacity to mediate complex mental activity in channels split off from or independent of conscious awareness

Answer 282

Dissociation

Question 283

Psychogenically caused memory failure

Answer 283

Dissociative Amnesia

Question 284

Conditions involving a disruption in an individual's normally integrated functions of consciousness, memory, or identity

Answer 284

Dissociative Disorders

Question 285

A dissociative amnesic state in which the person is not only amnesic for some or all aspects of his or her past but also departs from home surroundings

Answer 285

Dissociative Fugue

Question 286

Condition in which a person manifests at least two or more distinct identities or personality states that alternate in some way in taking control of behavior - Formerly called Multiple Personality Disorder

Answer 286

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Question 287

Negative stress, associated with pain, anxiety, or sorrow

Answer 287

Distress

Question 288

Family in which one or both parents behave in grossly eccentric or abnormal ways and may keep the home in constant emotional turmoil

Answer 288

Disturbed Family

Question 289

Twins that develop from two separate eggs

Answer 289

Dizygotic (Fraternal) Twins

Question 290

Deoxyribonucleic acid; principal component of genes

Answer 290

DNA

Question 291

A gene whose hereditary characteristics prevail, in offspring, over any recessive gene that affects the same trait

Answer 291

Dominent Gene

Question 292

Neurotransmitter from the catecholamine family that is initially synthesized from tyrosine, an amino acid common in the diet - It is produced from L-DOPA by the enzyme dopamine decarboxylase

Answer 292

Dopamine

Question 293

Hypothesis that schizophrenia is the result of an excess of dopamine activity at certain synaptic sites

Answer 293

Dopamine Hypothesis

Question 294

Theory suggesting that addiction is the result of a dysfunction of the dopamine reward pathway

Answer 294

Dopamine Theory of Addiction

Question 295

Situation in which a person will be disapproved for performing a given act and equally disapproved if he or she does not perform it

Answer 295

Double Bind

Question 296

Type of faulty communication in which one person (eg; a parent) presents to another (eg; a child) ideas, feelings, and demands that are mutually incompatible

Answer 296

Double Bind Communication

Question 297

Often used in studies examining drug treatment effects, a condition where neither the subject nor the experimenter has knowledge about what specific experimental condition (or drug) the subject is receiving

Answer 297

Double Blind Study

Question 298

This condition is diagnosed when a person with dysthymia has a superimposed major depressive episode

Answer 298

Double Depression

Question 299

Form of moderate to severe intellectual disability associated with a chromosomal abnormality and typically accompanied by characteristic physical features

Answer 299

Down Syndrome

Question 300

Method involving the recording, description, and interpretation of a patient's dreams

Answer 300

Dream Analysis

Question 301

Internal conditions directing an organism toward a specific goal, often involving biological rather than psychological motives

Answer 301

Drive

Question 302

Use of a drug to the extent that it interferes with health and/or occupational or social adjustment

Answer 302

Drug Abuse

Question 303

Physiological or psychological dependence on a drug

Answer 303

Drug Addiction (Dependence)

Question 304

Current diagnostic manual of the American Psychiatric Association

Answer 304

DSM-5

Question 305

Condition of arrested growth and very short stature

Answer 305

Dwarfism

Question 306

Two person group

Answer 306

Dyad

Question 307

Integrated evaluation of an individual's personality traits, behavior patterns, environmental demands, and the like to describe the person's current situation and to hypothesize about what is driving the person to behave in maladaptive ways

Answer 307

Dynamic Formulation

Question 308

Impairment or disturbance in the functioning of an organ or in behavior

Answer 308

Dysfunction

Question 309

Negative beliefs that are rigid, extreme, and counterproductive

Answer 309

Dysfunctional Beliefs

Question 310

Impairment of the ability to read

Answer 310

Dyslexia

Question 311

Painful coitus in a male or a female

Answer 311

Dyspareunia

Question 312

Abnormal brain wave pattern

Answer 312

Dysrhythmia

Question 313

Moderately severe mood disorder characterized by a persistently depressed mood most of the day for more days than not for at least 2 years - Additional symptoms may include poor appetite, sleep disturbance, lack of energy, low self esteem, difficulty concentrating, and feelings of hopelessness

Answer 313

Dysthymic Disorder

Question 314

Form of Alzheimer's disease that appears in people who are younger than approximately 60 years of age - Thought to be caused by rare genetic mutations

Answer 314

Early Onset Alzheimer's Disease

Question 315

A diagnostic category reserved for disorders of eating that do not meet criteria for any other specific eating disorder

Answer 315

Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS)

Question 316

Disorders of food ingestion, regurgitation, or attitude that affect health and well being, such as anorexia, bulimia, or binge eating

Answer 316

Eating Disorders

Question 317

Parrot like repetition of a few words or phrases

Answer 317

Echolalia

Question 318

A human manufactured drug that is taken orally and acts as both a stimulant and a hallucinogen - The drug effects include feelings of mental stimulation, emotional warmth, enhanced sensory perception, and increased physical energy

Answer 318

Ecstasy

Question 319

Swelling of tissues

Answer 319

Edema

Question 320

A statistical term referring to the strength of the relationship between two variables in a statistical population

Answer 320

Effect Size

Question 321

In a situation where treatment is tested under ideal conditions (usually in a controlled clinical trial), this is how well a given treatment improves clinical outcome compared to a control or comparison condition

Answer 321

Efficacy

Question 322

In psychoanalytic theory, the rational part of the personality that mediates between the demands of the id, the constraints of the superego, and the realities of the external world

Answer 322

Ego

Question 323

Psychodynamic theory emphasizing the importance of the ego - the "executive branch of the personality" - in organizing normal personality development

Answer 323

Ego Psychology

Question 324

Preoccupied with one's own concerns and relatively insensitive to the concerns of others

Answer 324

Egocentric

Question 325

Psychic mechanisms that discharge or soothe anxiety rather than coping directly with an anxiety provoking situation; usually unconscious and reality distorting - Also called defense mechanisms

Answer 325

Ego Defense Mechanism

Question 326

Use of electricity to produce convulsions and unconsciousness; a treatment used primarily to alleviate depressive and manic episodes - Also known as electroshock therapy

Answer 326

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

Question 327

Graphical record of the brain’s electrical activity obtained by placing electrodes on the scalp and measuring the brain wave impulses from various brain areas

Answer 327

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Question 328

Lodgment of a blood clot in a blood vessel too small to permit its passage

Answer 328

Embolism

Question 329

Strong feeling accompanied by physiological changes

Answer 329

Emotion

Question 330

Psychological disorder

Answer 330

Emotional Disturbance

Question 331

Ability to understand, and to some extent share, the state of mind of another person

Answer 331

Empathy

Question 332

Inflammation of the brain

Answer 332

Encephalitis

Question 333

Disorder in children who have not learned appropriate toileting for bowel movements after age 4

Answer 333

Encopresis

Question 334

Small group designed to provide an intensive interpersonal experience focusing on feelings and group interactions; used in therapy or to promote personal growth

Answer 334

Encounter Group

Question 335

Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the lymph or bloodstream

Answer 335

Endocrine Glands

Question 336

Factors originating within an organism that affect behavior

Answer 336

Endogenous Factors

Question 337

Discrete, measurable traits that are thought to be linked to specific genes that might be important in schizophrenia or other mental disorders

Answer 337

Endophenotypes

Question 338

Opiates produced in the brain and throughout the body that function like neurotransmitters to dampen pain sensations - They also play a role in the body's building up tolerance to certain drugs

Answer 338

Endorphins

Question 339

Bed wetting; involuntary discharge of urine after the age of expected continence (age 5)

Answer 339

Enuresis

Question 340

Field of psychology focusing on the effects of an environmental setting on an individual's feelings and behavior

Answer 340

Environmental Psychology

Question 341

Attempts to establish the patterns of occurrence of certain (mental) disorders in different times, places, and groups of people

Answer 341

Epidemiological Studies

Question 342

Study of the distribution of diseases, disorders, or health related behaviors in a given population - Mental health epidemiology is the study of the distribution of mental disorders

Answer 342

Epidemiology

Question 343

Group of disorders varying from momentary lapses of consciousness to generalized convulsions

Answer 343

Epilepsy

Question 344

Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; also called adrenaline

Answer 344

Epinephrine

Question 345

Term used to describe a disorder that tends to abate and recur

Answer 345

Episodic

Question 346

Steady state; balance

Answer 346

Equilibrium

Question 347

Sexual dysfunction in which a male is unable to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for successful sexual gratification; formerly known as impotence

Answer 347

Erectile Disorder

Question 348

Pertaining to sexual stimulation and gratification

Answer 348

Erotic

Question 349

Instrumental response in which a subject learns to terminate or escape an aversive stimulus

Answer 349

Escape Learning

Question 350

Female hormones produced by the ovaries

Answer 350

Estrogens

Question 351

Group of people who are treated as distinctive in terms of culture and group patterns

Answer 351

Ethnic Group

Question 352

Factors that are related to the development (or cause) of a particular disorder

Answer 352

Etiology

Question 353

Exaggerated feeling of well being and contentment

Answer 353

Euphoria

Question 354

Positive stress

Answer 354

Eustress

Question 355

Treatment that has been demonstrated to be superior to a standard comparison treatment or to placebo in a randomized controlled trial

Answer 355

Evidence Based Treatment

Question 356

Intensify

Answer 356

Exacerbate

Question 357

Third and final stage of responding to continued excessive trauma, in which a person’s adaptive resources are depleted and the coping patterns developed during the resistance stage fail

Answer 357

Exhaustion

Question 358

Intentional exposure of one's genitals to others under inappropriate circumstances and without their consent

Answer 358

Exhibitionistic Disorder

Question 359

Anxiety concerning one's ability to find a satisfying and fulfilling way of life

Answer 359

Existential Anxiety

Question 360

Disorder characterized by feelings of alienation, meaninglessness, and apathy

Answer 360

Existential Neurosis

Question 361

Type of therapy that is based on existential thought and focuses on individual uniqueness and authenticity on the part of both client and therapist

Answer 361

Existential Psychotherapy

Question 362

View of human beings that emphasizes an individual’s responsibility for becoming the kind of person he or she should be

Answer 362

Existentialism

Question 363

Originating from or due to external causes

Answer 363

Exogenous

Question 364

Religiously inspired treatment procedure designed to drive out evil spirits or forces from a "possessed" person

Answer 364

Exorcism

Question 365

Group of subjects used to assess the effects of independent variables

Answer 365

Experimental Group

Question 366

Rigorous scientific procedure by which hypotheses are tested

Answer 366

Experimental Method

Question 367

Research that involves the manipulation of a given factor or variable with everything else held constant

Answer 367

Experimental Research

Question 368

A method of treatment for obsessive compulsive disorder that combines intense exposure of the patient to feared conditions and then they are asked not to respond by engaging in their usual rituals to the feared stimuli

Answer 368

Exposure and Response Prevention

Question 369

A technique in psychological treatment of anxiety disorders that involves exposing the patient to the feared object or context without any danger in order to overcome the anxiety

Answer 369

Exposure Therapy

Question 370

Type of negative communication involving excessive criticism and emotional overinvolvement directed at a patient by family members

Answer 370

Expressed Emotion (EE)

Question 371

The extent to which the findings from a single study are relevant to other populations, contexts, or times

Answer 371

External Validity

Question 372

Modifying the perception of environmental stimuli acting on the body

Answer 372

Exteroceptive Conditioning

Question 373

Gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when it is no longer reinforced

Answer 373

Extinction

Question 374

Direction of interest toward the outer world of people and things rather than toward concepts and intellectual concerns

Answer 374

Extroversion

Question 375

Feigning of symptoms to maintain the personal benefits that a sick role may provide, including the attention and concern of medical personnel or family members

Answer 375

Factitious Disorder

Question 376

This diagnosis is given when a person deliberately falsifies medical or psychological symptoms in another adult, a child, or even a pet - This occurs in the absence of any external reward (eg; insurance money) - Methods might include fabrication, exaggeration of existing problems, or deliberate creation of illness or disease - The person who induces the injury or disease is given the diagnosis, not the victim who is made ill or impaired - Also called Factitious Disorder by Proxy or Munchausen’s Syndrome by Proxy

Answer 376

Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another

Question 377

Statistical technique used for reducing a large array of intercorrelated measures to the minimum number of factors necessary to account for the observed overlap or associations among them

Answer 377

Factor Analysis

Question 378

Technique whereby a stimulus causing some reaction is gradually replaced by a previously neutral stimulus such that the latter acquires the property of producing the reaction in question

Answer 378

Fading

Question 379

"Memories" of events that did not actually happen, often produced by highly leading and suggestive techniques

Answer 379

False Memories

Question 380

Pertaining to characteristics that tend to run in families and have a higher incidence in certain families than in the general population

Answer 380

Familial

Question 381

The clustering of certain traits, behaviors, or disorders within a given family - It may arise because of genetic or environmental similarities

Answer 381

Family Aggregation

Question 382

Behavior genetic research strategy that examines the incidence of disorder in relatives of an index case to determine whether incidence increases in proportion to the degree of the hereditary relationship

Answer 382

Family History Method

Question 383

Form of interpersonal therapy focusing on the within family behavior of a particular family member and the assumption that it is largely influenced by the behaviors and communication patterns of other family members

Answer 383

Family Systems Approach

Question 384

A treatment approach that includes all family members, not just the identified patient

Answer 384

Family Therapy

Question 385

Daydream; also, an ego defense mechanism by means of which a person escapes from the world of reality and gratifies his or her desires in fantasy achievements

Answer 385

Fantasy

Question 386

A basic emotion that involves the activation of the "fight or flight" response of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 386

Fear

Question 387

Explicit information pertaining to internal physiological processes or to the social consequences of one's overt behavior

Answer 387

Feedback

Question 388

Persistent or recurrent delay in, or absence of, orgasm after a normal sexual excitement phase

Answer 388

Female Orgasmic Disorder

Question 389

Sexual dysfunction involving an absence of sexual arousal and unresponsiveness to most or all forms of erotic stimulation

Answer 389

Female Sexual Interest/ Arousal Disorder

Question 390

Observed pattern in infants born to mothers with alcoholism in which there is a characteristic facial or limb irregularity, low body weight, and behavioral abnormality

Answer 390

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Question 391

Sexual variant in which sexual interest centers on some inanimate object or nonsexual part of the body

Answer 391

Fetishism

Question 392

Embryo after the sixth week following conception

Answer 392

Fetus

Question 393

Ego defense mechanism involving an unreasonable or exaggerated attachment to some person or arresting of emotional development on a childhood or adolescent level

Answer 393

Fixation

Question 394

Schedule of reinforcement based on a fixed period of time after the previous reinforced response

Answer 394

Fixed Interval Schedule

Question 395

A risk factor that cannot change within a person (eg; race cannot vary within a person, and white race is a marker of increased risk of suicide death)

Answer 395

Fixed Marker

Question 396

Schedule of reinforcement based on reinforcement after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses

Answer 396

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Question 397

Involuntary recurrence of perceptual distortions or hallucinations weeks or months after taking a drug; in posttraumatic stress disorder, a dissociative state in which the person briefly relives the traumatic experience

Answer 397

Flashback

Question 398

The lack of emotional expression

Answer 398

Flat Affect

Question 399

Anxiety eliciting therapeutic technique involving having a client repeatedly experience the actual internal or external stimuli that had been identified as producing anxiety reactions

Answer 399

Flooding

Question 400

Research procedure in which people are studied over a period of time or are recontacted at a later time after an initial study

Answer 400

Follow Up Study

Question 401

Pertaining to or used in a court of law

Answer 401

Forensic

Question 402

Dizygotic twins; fertilized by separate germ cells, thus not having the same genetic inheritance - May be of the same or of opposite sexes

Answer 402

Fraternal Twins

Question 403

Method for probing the unconscious by having patients talk freely about themselves, their feelings, and their motives

Answer 403

Free Association

Question 404

Anxiety not referable to any specific situation or cause

Answer 404

Free Floating Anxiety

Question 405

Portion of the brain active in reasoning and other higher thought processes

Answer 405

Frontal Lobe

Question 406

A term that refers to interest in rubbing, usually one's pelvis or erect penis, against a non-consenting person for sexual gratification

Answer 406

Frotteurism

Question 407

Thwarting of a need or desire

Answer 407

Frustration

Question 408

Ability to withstand frustration without becoming impaired psychologically

Answer 408

Frustration Tolerance

Question 409

Dissociative disorder that entails loss of memory for personal information accompanied by actual physical flight from one’s present life situation to a new environment or a less threatening former one

Answer 409

Fugue

Question 410

Outdated term used to refer to disorders that were not considered to have an organic basis

Answer 410

Functional Mental Disorders

Question 411

Internal scanning technique that measures changes in local oxygenation (blood flow) to specific areas of brain tissue that in turn depend on neuronal activity in those specific regions, allowing the mapping of psychological activity such as sensations, images, and thoughts

Answer 411

Functional MRI (fMRI)

Question 412

Severe mental disorders for which a specific organic pathology has not been demonstrated

Answer 412

Functional Psychoses

Question 413

Wagering on games or events in which chance largely determines the outcome

Answer 413

Gambling

Question 414

Persistent discomfort about one's biological sex or the sense that the gender role of that sex is inappropriate

Answer 414

Gender Dysphoria

Question 415

Individual’s identification as being male or female

Answer 415

Gender Identity

Question 416

Identification with members of the opposite sex, persistent discomfort with one's biological sexual identity, and strong desire to change to the opposite sex

Answer 416

Gender Identity Disorder

Question 417

A model that helps explain the course of a person's biological deterioration under excessive stress; consists of three stages (alarm reaction, stage of resistance, and exhaustion)

Answer 417

Gender Adaptation Syndrome

Question 418

Mental disorder associated with syphilis of the brain

Answer 418

General Paresis

Question 419

The extent to which the findings from a single study can be used to draw conclusions about other samples

Answer 419

Generalizability

Question 420

Tendency of a response that has been conditioned to one stimulus to be elicited by other, similar stimuli

Answer 420

Generalization

Question 421

Chronic excessive worry about a number of events or activities, with no specific threat present, accompanied by at least three of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance

Answer 421

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Question 422

Long molecules of DNA that are present at various locations on chromosomes and that are responsible for the transmission of hereditary traits

Answer 422

Genes

Question 423

Means by which DNA controls the sequence and structure of proteins manufactured within each cell and also makes exact duplicates of itself

Answer 423

Genetic Code

Question 424

Counseling of prospective parents concerning the probability of their having impaired offspring as a result of genetic defects

Answer 424

Genetic Counseling

Question 425

Potential for development and behavior determined at conception by egg and sperm cells

Answer 425

Genetic Inheritance

Question 426

Science of the inheritance of traits and the mechanisms of this inheritance

Answer 426

Genetics

Question 427

In psychoanalytic theory, the final stage of psychosexual development, involving a shift from autoeroticism to heterosexual interest

Answer 427

Genital Stage

Question 428

Organs of reproduction, especially the external organs

Answer 428

Genitalia

Question 429

Recurring difficulties of vaginal penetration or pelvic pain during intercourse

Answer 429

Genito - Pelvic Pain/ Penetration Disorder

Question 430

This type of study allows researchers to scan the entire genomes of large numbers of individuals to search for genetic variants associated with specific diseases - DNA is usually obtained from blood or from cheek swab samples - The DNA is then placed on tiny chips and scanned on highly specialized automated machines - Genetic variations in people with and without the disease or disorder are then compared

Answer 430

Genome - Wide Association Study (GWAS)

Question 431

A person's total genetic endowment

Answer 431

Genotype

Question 432

Genotypic vulnerability that can shape a child’s environmental experiences

Answer 432

Genotype Environment Correlation

Question 433

Differential sensitivity or susceptibility to their environments by people who have different genotypes

Answer 433

Genotype Environment Interaction

Question 434

Science of the diseases and treatment of the older people

Answer 434

Geriatrics

Question 435

Reproductive cells ( female ovum and male sperm) that unite to produce a new individual

Answer 435

Germ Cells

Question 436

Science dealing with the study of old age

Answer 436

Gerontology

Question 437

School of psychology that emphasizes patterns rather than elements or connections, taking the view that the whole is more than the sum of its parts

Answer 437

Gestalt Psychology

Question 438

Therapy designed to increase the integration of thoughts, feelings, and actions and to promote self awareness and self acceptance

Answer 438

Gestalt Therapy

Question 439

It is a hormone that is produced by the stomach - It stimulates appetite

Answer 439

Ghrelin

Question 440

Adrenocortical hormones involved in sugar metabolism but also having widespread effects on injury - repair mechanisms and resistance to disease; they include cortisol

Answer 440

Glucocorticoids

Question 441

An excitatory neurotransmitter that is widespread throughout the brain

Answer 441

Glutamate

Question 442

Sex glands

Answer 442

Gonads

Question 443

Psychotherapy administered to several people at the same time

Answer 443

Group Therapy

Question 444

Feelings of culpability arising from behavior or desires contrary to one's ethical principles - Involves both self devaluation and apprehension growing out of fears of punishment

Answer 444

Guilt

Question 445

Plea and possible verdict that would provide an alternative to pleading not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) and would allow for placing a defendant in a treatment facility rather than in a prison

Answer 445

Guilty but Mentally Ill (GBMI)

Question 446

Automatic process whereby a person’s response to the same stimulus lessens with repeated presentations

Answer 446

Habituation

Question 447

Time needed for the level of an active drug or medication in the body to be reduced to 50 percent of the original level

Answer 447

Half Life

Question 448

Facility that provides aftercare following institutionalization, seeking to ease a person's adjustment to the community

Answer 448

Halfway House

Question 449

False perceptions such as things seen or heard that are not real or present

Answer 449

Hallucinations

Question 450

Drugs known to induce hallucinations; often referred to as psychedelics

Answer 450

Hallucinogens

Question 451

Persistent hallucinations in the presence of known or suspected organic brain pathology

Answer 451

Hallucinosis

Question 452

Strongest drug derived from the hemp plant; a relative of marijuana that is usually smoked

Answer 452

Hashish

Question 453

Subspecialty within behavioral medicine that deals with psychology's contributions to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of psychological components of physical dysfunction

Answer 453

Health Psychology

Question 454

Paralysis of one lateral half of the body

Answer 454

Hemiplegia

Question 455

Genetic transmission of characteristics from parents to their children

Answer 455

Heredity

Question 456

Anatomical sexual abnormality in which a person has some sex organs of both sexes

Answer 456

Hermaphroditism

Question 457

Powerful psychoactive drug, chemically derived from morphine, that relieves pain but is even more intense and addictive than morphine

Answer 457

Heroin

Question 458

Sexual interest in a member of the opposite sex

Answer 458

Heterosexuality

Question 459

Concept, articulated by Maslow, that needs arrange themselves in a hierarchy in terms of importance from the most basic biological needs to those psychological needs concerned with self actualization

Answer 459

Hierarchy of Needs

Question 460

Term applied to persons showing great vulnerability to physical or mental disorders

Answer 460

High Risk

Question 461

Excessive attention seeking, emotional instability, and self dramatization

Answer 461

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Question 462

A new DSM-5 diagnosis characterized by long standing difficulties discarding possessions, even those of little value

Answer 462

Hoarding Disorder

Question 463

Tendency of organisms to maintain conditions that make possible a constant level of physiological functioning

Answer 463

Homeostasis

Question 464

Sexual preference for a member of one's own sex

Answer 464

Homosexuality

Question 465

Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands that regulate development of and activity in various parts of the body

Answer 465

Hormones

Question 466

The identity in dissociative identity disorder that is most frequently encountered and carries the person's real name - This is not usually the original identity and it may or may not be the best adjusted identity

Answer 466

Host Identity (Personality)

Question 467

Emotional reaction or drive toward the destruction or damage of an object interpreted as a source of frustration or threat

Answer 467

Hostility

Question 468

Psychotherapies emphasizing personal growth and self direction

Answer 468

Humanistic- Experiential Therapies

Question 469

Approach to understanding abnormal behavior that views basic human nature as good and emphasizes people's inherent capacity for growth and self actualization

Answer 469

Humanistic Perspective

Question 470

A rare and fatal degenerative disorder that is manifested in jerking, twitching movements, and mental deterioration - Caused by a dominant gene on chromosome 4 - Formerly called Huntington's Chorea

Answer 470

Huntington's Disease

Question 471

Relatively rare condition in which the accumulation of an abnormal amount of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium causes damage to the brain tissues and enlargement of the skull

Answer 471

Hydrocephaly

Question 472

Use of hot or cold baths, ice packs, and so on, in treatment

Answer 472

Hydrotherapy

Question 473

Prefix meaning "increased" or "excessive"

Answer 473

Hyper-

Question 474

Extreme overweight; 100 pounds or more above ideal body weight

Answer 474

Hyperobesity

Question 475

Rapid breathing associated with intense anxiety

Answer 475

Hyperventilation

Question 476

Partial loss of sensitivity

Answer 476

Hypesthesia

Question 477

Trance like mental state induced in a cooperative subject by suggestion

Answer 477

Hypnosis

Question 478

Use of hypnosis in psychotherapy

Answer 478

Hypnotherapy

Question 479

Prefix meaning "decreased" or "insufficient"

Answer 479

Hypo-

Question 480

Sexual dysfunction in which either a man or a woman shows little or no sexual drive or interest

Answer 480

Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

Question 481

Delusions concerning various horrible disease conditions, such as the belief that one's brain is turning to dust

Answer 481

Hypochondriacal Delusions

Question 482

Preoccupation, based on misinterpretations of bodily symptoms, with the fear that one has a serious disease

Answer 482

Hypochondriasis

Question 483

Mild form of mania

Answer 483

Hypomania

Question 484

A condition lasting at least 4 days in which a person experiences abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood - At least three out of seven other designated symptoms similar to those in a manic episode must also be present but to a lesser degree than in mania

Answer 484

Hypomanic Episode

Question 485

The HPA axis is a hormonal feedback system that becomes activated by stress and results in the production of cortisol

Answer 485

Hypothalamic - Pituitary - Adrenal (HPA) Axis/System

Question 486

Key structure at the base of the brain; important in emotion and motivation

Answer 486

Hypothalamus

Question 487

Statement or proposition, usually based on observation, that is tested in an experiments may be refuted or supported by experimental results but can never be conclusively proved

Answer 487

Hypothesis

Question 488

Insufficient delivery of oxygen to an organ, especially the brain

Answer 488

Hypoxia

Question 489

Older term used for conversion disorders; involves the appearance of symptoms of organic illness in the absence of any related organic pathology

Answer 489

Hysteria

Question 490

In psychoanalytic theory, the reservoir of instinctual drives and the first structure to appear in infancy

Answer 490

Id

Question 491

Monozygotic twins; developed from a single fertilized egg

Answer 491

Identical Twins

Question 492

Ego defense mechanism in which a person identifies himself or herself with some person or institution, usually of an illustrious nature

Answer 492

Identification

Question 493

System of beliefs

Answer 493

Ideology

Question 494

Excessive preoccupation with illness or fears of becoming ill - Anxiety is present even when symptoms are mild or absent - When symptoms are present, anxiety about the meaning of the symptoms is out of proportion to the severity of the medical problems being experienced

Answer 494

Illness Anxiety Disorder

Question 495

Misinterpretation of sensory data; false perception

Answer 495

Illusion

Question 496

Form of exposure therapy that does not involve a real stimulus - Instead, the patient is asked to imagine the feared stimulus or situation

Answer 496

Imaginal Exposure

Question 497

Pattern of childhood maladaptive behaviors suggesting lack of adaptive skills

Answer 497

Immaturity

Question 498

Complex defensive reaction initiated on detection of an antigen invading the body

Answer 498

Immune Reaction

Question 499

The body's principal means of defending itself against the intrusion of foreign substances

Answer 499

Immune System

Question 500

A downregulation or dampening of the immune system - This can be short or long term and can be triggered by injury, stress, illness, and other factors

Answer 500

Immunosuppression

Question 501

Memory that occurs below the conscious level

Answer 501

Implicit Memory

Question 502

Perception that occurs below the conscious level

Answer 502

Implicit Perception

Question 503

Exposure that takes place in a real life situation as opposed to in a therapeutic or laboratory setting

Answer 503

In Vivo Exposure

Question 504

External inducement to behave in a certain way

Answer 504

Incentive

Question 505

Culturally prohibited sexual relations between family members, such as a brother and sister or a parent and child

Answer 505

Incest

Question 506

Occurrence (onset) rate of a given disorder in a given population

Answer 506

Incidence

Question 507

Factor whose effects are being examined and which is manipulated in some way, while other variables are held constant

Answer 507

Independent Variable

Question 508

Early detection and prompt treatment of maladaptive behavior in a person’s family and community setting

Answer 508

Indicated Intervention

Question 509

Restraint of impulse or desire

Answer 509

Inhibition

Question 510

Inborn

Answer 510

Innate

Question 511

Hospitalized patient

Answer 511

Inpatient

Question 512

Legal term for mental disorder, implying lack of responsibility for one's acts and inability to manage one's affairs

Answer 512

Insanity

Question 513

The not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) plea used as a legal defense in criminal trials

Answer 513

Insanity Defense

Question 514

Clinically, a person's understanding of his or her illness or of the motivations underlying a behavior pattern; in general psychology, the sudden grasp or understanding of meaningful relationships in a situation

Answer 514

Insight

Question 515

Type of psychotherapy that focuses on helping a client achieve greater self understanding with respect to his or her motives, values, coping patterns, and so on

Answer 515

Insight Therapy

Question 516

Difficulty in sleeping

Answer 516

Insomnia

Question 517

Inborn tendency to perform particular behavior patterns under certain conditions in the absence of learning

Answer 517

Instinct

Question 518

Reinforcement of a subject for making a correct response that leads either to receipt of something rewarding or to escape from something unpleasant

Answer 518

Instrumental (Operant) Conditioning

Question 519

Physiological treatment for schizophrenia that is rarely used today; it involved administration of increasing amounts of insulin until the patient went into shock

Answer 519

Insulin Coma Therapy

Question 520

Modification of traditional behavioral couple therapy that has a focus on acceptance of the partner rather than being solely change oriented

Answer 520

Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy (IBCT)

Question 521

Significant impairment in general intellectual functioning that is accompanied by significant limitations in adaptive functioning and is obvious during the developmental period

Answer 521

Intellectual Disability

Question 522

Ego defense mechanism by which a person achieves some measure of insulation from emotional hurt by cutting off or distorting the emotional charge that normally accompanies hurtful situations

Answer 522

Intellectualization

Question 523

The ability to learn, reason, and adapt

Answer 523

Intelligence

Question 524

Measurement of "intelligence" expressed as a number or position on a scale

Answer 524

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Question 525

Test used in establishing a subject’s level of intellectual capability

Answer 525

Intelligence Test

Question 526

Use of multidisciplinary teams with limited caseloads to ensure that discharged patients do not get overlooked and "lost" in the system

Answer 526

Intensive Care Management (ICM)

Question 527

Integration of various scientific disciplines in understanding, assessing, treating, and preventing mental disorders

Answer 527

Interdisciplinary (Multidisciplinary) Approach

Question 528

Reinforcement given intermittently rather than after every response

Answer 528

Intermittent Reinforcement

Question 529

The extent to which a study is free of confounds, is methodologically sound, and allows the researcher to have confidence in the findings

Answer 529

Internal Validity

Question 530

System of classification of disorders published by the World Health Organization

Answer 530

International Classification of Diseases (ICD -11)

Question 531

This term refers to a learning process that is similar to classic conditioning - It involves two conditioned stimuli and one unconditioned response

Answer 531

Interoceptive Conditioning

Question 532

Fear of various internal bodily sensations

Answer 532

Interoceptive Fears

Question 533

Process through which two people develop patterns of communication and interaction that enable them to attain common goals, meet mutual needs, and build a satisfying relationship

Answer 533

Interpersonal Accommodation

Question 534

Approach to understanding abnormal behavior that views much of psychopathology as rooted in the unfortunate tendencies we develop while dealing with our interpersonal environments; it thus focuses on our relationships, past and present, with other people

Answer 534

Interpersonal Perspective

Question 535

A time limited psychotherapy approach that focuses on the interpersonal context and on building interpersonal skills

Answer 535

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)

Question 536

A measure of the agreement between different raters, who assess the same person

Answer 536

Inter- Rater Reliability

Question 537

Inner mental struggles resulting from the interplay of the id, ego, and superego when the three subsystems are striving for different goals

Answer 537

Intrapsychic Conflict

Question 538

Internal process by which a child incorporates symbolically, through images and memories, important people in his or her life

Answer 538

Introjection

Question 539

Insertion of the penis into the vagina or anus

Answer 539

Intromission

Question 540

Observing (and often reporting on) one’s inner experiences

Answer 540

Introspection

Question 541

Direction of interest toward one's inner world of experience and toward concepts rather than external events and objects or people

Answer 541

Introversion

Question 542

Form of radiation; major cause of gene mutations

Answer 542

Ionizing Radiation

Question 543

Ego defense mechanism by means of which contradictory attitudes or feelings that normally accompany particular attitudes are kept apart, thus preventing conflict or hurt

Answer 543

Isolation

Question 544

Legal term used to refer to illegal acts committed by minors

Answer 544

Juvenile Delinquency

Question 545

General paresis in children, usually of congenital origin

Answer 545

Juvenile Paresis

Question 546

Type of intellectual disability associated with sex chromosome anomaly

Answer 546

Klinefelter's Syndrome

Question 547

This disorder, also referred to as Korsakoff’s Dementia, Korsakoff’s Psychosis, or Amnesiac - Confabulatory Syndrome, is a neurological condition resulting from chronic alcohol abuse and severe malnutrition (vitamin B)

Answer 547

Korsakoff's Syndrome

Question 548

The unconcern about serious illness or disability that is sometimes characteristic of conversion disorder

Answer 548

La Belle Indifference

Question 549

Assigning a person to a particular diagnostic category, such as schizophrenia

Answer 549

Labeling

Question 550

Instability, particularly with regard to affect

Answer 550

Lability

Question 551

In psychoanalytic theory, a stage of psychosexual development during which sexual motivations recede in importance and a child is preoccupied with developing skills and other activities

Answer 551

Latency Stage

Question 552

Inactive or dormant

Answer 552

Latent

Question 553

In psychoanalytic theory, repressed actual motives of a dream that are seeking expression but are so painful or unacceptable that they are disguised by the manifest content of the dream

Answer 553

Latent Content

Question 554

The occurrence of Alzheimer's disease in the more elderly - One gene thought to be involved in this form of Alzheimer's disease is the APOE gene

Answer 554

Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease

Question 555

Principle that responses that have rewarding consequences are strengthened and those that have aversive consequences are weakened or eliminated

Answer 555

Law of Effect

Question 556

A theory that animals and people exposed to uncontrollable aversive events learn that they have no control over these events and this causes them to behave in a passive and helpless manner when later exposed to potentially controllable events - Later extended to become a theory of depression

Answer 556

Learned Helplessness

Question 557

Modification of behavior as a consequence of experience

Answer 557

Learning

Question 558

A set of disorders that reflect deficits in academic performance

Answer 558

Learning Disorders

Question 559

It is a hormone produced by fat cells that acts to reduce food intake

Answer 559

Leptin

Question 560

Female homosexual person

Answer 560

Lesbian

Question 561

Anatomically localized area of tissue pathology in an organ or a part of the brain

Answer 561

Lesion

Question 562

Criteria used to assess the likelihood of a person's committing suicide

Answer 562

Lethality Scale

Question 563

In psychoanalytic theory, a term used to describe the instinctual drives of the id; the basic constructive energy of life, primarily sexual in nature

Answer 563

Libido

Question 564

Stress situation that approaches or exceeds a person's capacity to adjust

Answer 564

Life Crisis

Question 565

Technique of psychological observation in which the development of particular forms of behavior is traced by means of records of a subject's past or present behavior

Answer 565

Life History Method

Question 566

General pattern of assumptions, motives, cognitive styles, and coping techniques that characterize a person's behavior and give it consistency

Answer 566

Lifestyle

Question 567

The proportion of living persons in a population who have ever had a disorder up to the time of the epidemiologic assessment

Answer 567

Lifetime Prevalence

Question 568

Genetic research strategy in which occurrence of a disorder in an extended family is compared with that of a genetic marker for a physical characteristic or biological process that is known to be located on a particular chromosome

Answer 568

Linkage Analysis

Question 569

A common salt formed from a soft, silver white metal; it has been found to reduce the symptoms of bipolar disorder although it has a number of negative side effects

Answer 569

Lithium

Question 570

Muscular incoordination usually resulting from syphilitic damage to the spinal cord pathways

Answer 570

Locomotor Ataxia

Question 571

A research design in which people are followed over time

Answer 571

Longitudinal Design

Question 572

Lysergic acid diethylamide, or LSD, is the most potent of the hallucinogens - It is odorless, colorless, and tasteless, and an amount smaller than a grain of salt can produce intoxication

Answer 572

LSD

Question 573

Old term roughly synonymous with insanity

Answer 573

Lunacy

Question 574

Generalized term for white blood cells involved in immune protection

Answer 574

Lymphocyte

Question 575

Rare type of intellectual disability characterized by an increase in the size and weight of the brain, enlargement of the skull, visual impairment, convulsions, and other neurological symptoms resulting from abnormal growth of glial cells that form the supporting structure for brain tissue

Answer 575

Macrocephaly

Question 576

Literally, "big eater" - A white blood cell that destroys antigens by engulfment

Answer 576

Macrophage

Question 577

Internal scanning technique involving measurement of variations in magnetic fields that allows visualization of the anatomical features of internal organs, including the central nervous system and particularly the brain

Answer 577

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Question 578

Placement of children with intellectual disabilities in regular school classrooms for all or part of the day

Answer 578

Mainstreaming

Question 579

Moderate to severe mood disorder in which a person experiences only major depressive episodes but no hypnomanic, manic, or mixed episodes - Single episode de if only one; recurrent episode if more than one

Answer 579

Major Depressive Disorder

Question 580

A mental condition in which a person must be markedly depressed for most of every day for most days for at least 2 weeks - In addition, a total of at least five out of nine designated symptoms must also be present during the same time period

Answer 580

Major Depressive Episode

Question 581

A type of major depressive episode that includes a pattern of symptoms characterized by marked mood reactivity, as well as at least two out of four other designated symptoms

Answer 581

Major Depressive Episode with Atypical Features

Question 582

A subset of major depressive disorders that is characterized by severe disturbances in motor function

Answer 582

Major Depressive Episode with Catatonic Features

Question 583

A type of major depressive episode that includes marked symptoms of loss of interest or pleasure in almost al activities, plus at least three of six other designated symptoms

Answer 583

Major Depressive Episode with Melancholic Features

Question 584

A new DSM-5 diagnosis, this involves severe impairment in cognitive functioning that reflects a significant decline from the person's previous level of performance - The problems in cognitive functioning create problems for the person in terms of their ability to perform routine activities

Answer 584

Major Neurocognitive Disorder

Question 585

Antipsychotic drugs, such as the phenothiazines

Answer 585

Major Tranquilizers

Question 586

Behavior that is detrimental to the well being of an individual or a group

Answer 586

Maladaptive (Abnormal) Behavior

Question 587

More or less enduring failure of adjustment; lack of harmony with self or environment

Answer 587

Maladjustment

Question 588

Sexual dysfunction in which a man shows little or no sexual drive or interest

Answer 588

Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

Question 589

Consciously taking illness or symptoms of disability to achieve some specific nonmedical objective

Answer 589

Malingering

Question 590

Emotional state characterized by intense and unrealistic feelings of excitement and euphoria

Answer 590

Mania

Question 591

A condition in which a person shows markedly elevated, euphoric, or expansive mood, often interrupted by occasional outbursts of intense irritability or even violence that lasts for at least 1 week - In addition, at least three out of seven other designated symptoms must also occur

Answer 591

Manic Episode

Question 592

Older term denoting a group of psychotic disorders characterized by prolonged periods of excitement and overactivity (mania) or by periods of depression and underactivity (depression) or by alternation of the two - Now known as bipolar disorders

Answer 592

Manic Depressive Psychoses

Question 593

In psychoanalytic theory, the apparent (or obvious) meaning of a dream; masks the latent (or hidden) content

Answer 593

Manifest Content

Question 594

Standardization of psychosocial treatments (as in development of a manual) to fit the randomized clinical paradigm

Answer 594

Manualized Therapy

Question 595

Mild hallucinogenic drug derived from the hemp plant; often smoked in cigarettes called reefers or joints

Answer 595

Marijuana

Question 596

"Masking" of underlying depression or other emotional disturbance by delinquent behavior or other patterns seemingly unrelated to the basic disturbance

Answer 596

Masked Disorder

Question 597

Sexual stimulation and gratification from experiencing pain or degradation in relating to a lover

Answer 597

Masochism

Question 598

Self stimulation of genitals for sexual gratification

Answer 598

Masturbation

Question 599

Lack of adequate care and stimulation by the mother or mother surrogate

Answer 599

Maternal Deprivation

Question 600

Process of development and body change resulting from heredity rather than learning

Answer 600

Maturation

Question 601

View of disordered behavior as a symptom of a disease process rather than as a pattern representing faulty learning or cognition

Answer 601

Medical Model

Question 602

Subtype of major depression that involves loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities and other symptoms, including early morning awakenings, worse depression in the morning, psychomotor agitation or retardation, loss of appetite or weight, excessive guilt, and sadness qualitatively different from that usually experienced after a loss

Answer 602

Melancholic Type

Question 603

Membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord

Answer 603

Meninges

Question 604

Scale unit indicating level of intelligence in relation to chronological age

Answer 604

Mental Age (MA)

Question 605

Entire range of abnormal behavior patterns

Answer 605

Mental Disorder

Question 606

Movement that advocated a method of treatment focused almost exclusively on the physical well being of hospitalized patients with mental disorders

Answer 606

Mental Hygiene Movement

Question 607

Serious mental disorder

Answer 607

Mental Illness

Question 608

Hallucinogenic drug derived from the peyote cactus

Answer 608

Mescaline

Question 609

Theory of "animal magnetism" (hypnosis) formulated by Anton Mesmer

Answer 609

Mesmerism

Question 610

Center of psychoactive drug activation in the brain - This area is involved in the release of dopamine and in mediating the rewarding properties of drugs

Answer 610

Mesocorticolimbic Dopamine Pathway (MCLP)

Question 611

A statistical method used to combine the results of a number of similar research studies - The data from each study are transformed into a common metric called the effect size - This allows the data from the various studies to be combined and then analyzed - You can think of a meta-analysis as being like research that you are already familiar with, except that the "participants" are individual research studies, not individual people

Answer 611

Meta-analysis

Question 612

Synthetic narcotic related to heroin; used in the treatment of heroin addiction because it satisfies the craving for heroin without producing serious psychological impairment

Answer 612

Methadone

Question 613

Type of intellectual disability resulting from impaired development of the brain and a consequent failure of the cranium to attain normal size

Answer 613

Microcephaly

Question 614

Intensely painful, recurrent headache that typically involves only one side of the head and may be accompanied by nausea and other disturbances

Answer 614

Migraine

Question 615

Disorder low in severity

Answer 615

Mild (Disorder)

Question 616

A new DSM-5 diagnosis that is characterized by a modest decline in cognitive functioning that does not interfere with the person's ability to perform the routine tasks

Answer 616

Mild Neurocognitive Disorder

Question 617

Immediate environment, physical or social or both

Answer 617

Milieu

Question 618

General approach to treatment for hospitalized patients that focuses on making the hospital environment itself a therapeutic community

Answer 618

Milieu Therapy

Question 619

Widely used and empirically validated personality scales

Answer 619

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Question 620

Antianxiety drugs, such as the benzodiazepines

Answer 620

Minor Tranquilizers

Question 621

A condition in which a person is characterized by symptoms of both full blown manic and major depressive episodes for at least 1 week, whether the symptoms are intermixed or alternate rapidly every few days

Answer 621

Mixed Episode

Question 622

Analogy that helps a scientist order findings and see important relationships among them

Answer 622

Model

Question 623

Learning of skills by imitating another person who performs the behavior to be acquired

Answer 623

Modeling

Question 624

Disorder intermediate in severity

Answer 624

Moderate (Disorder)

Question 625

Class of antidepressant drugs sometimes used for treating depression

Answer 625

Monoamine - Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

Question 626

Identical twins, developed from one fertilized egg

Answer 626

Monozygotic Twins

Question 627

Delusions or hallucinations that are consistent with a person's mood

Answer 627

Mood Congruent

Question 628

Disturbances of mood that are intense and persistent enough to be clearly maladaptive

Answer 628

Mood Disorders

Question 629

Delusional thinking that is inconsistent with a person's predominant mood

Answer 629

Mood Incongruent

Question 630

Wide ranging method of treatment that focuses on a patient's social, individual, and occupational needs

Answer 630

Moral Management

Question 631

Therapy based on provision of kindness, understanding, and favorable environment; prevalent during early part of the nineteenth century

Answer 631

Moral Therapy

Question 632

Unhealthful; pathological

Answer 632

Morbid

Question 633

Addictive drug derived from opium that can serve as a powerful sedative and pain reliever

Answer 633

Morphine

Question 634

Often used as a synonym for drive or activation; implies that an organism’s actions are partly determined in direction and strength by its own inner nature

Answer 634

Motivation

Question 635

A brief form of therapy, often used in areas of substance abuse and addiction, that allows clients to explore their desires, reasons, ability, and need for change

Answer 635

Motivational Interviewing

Question 636

Internal condition that directs action toward some goal; the term is generally used to include both the drive and the goal to which it is directed

Answer 636

Motive

Question 637

Gene that has undergone some change in structure

Answer 637

Mutant Gene

Question 638

Change in the composition of a gene, usually causing harmful or abnormal characteristics to appear in the offspring

Answer 638

Mutation

Question 639

Refusal or inability to speak

Answer 639

Mutism

Question 640

Self love

Answer 640

Narcissism

Question 641

Exaggerated sense of self importance, preoccupation with being admired, and lack of empathy for the feelings of others

Answer 641

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Question 642

Disorder characterized by transient, compulsive states of sleepiness

Answer 642

Narcolepsy

Question 643

Drugs, such as morphine, that lead to physiological dependence and increased tolerance

Answer 643

Narcotic Drugs

Question 644

White blood cell that destroys antigens by chemical dissolution

Answer 644

Natural Killer Cell

Question 645

A condition that must exist for a disorder to occur

Answer 645

Necessary Cause

Question 646

Biological or psychological condition whose gratification is necessary for the maintenance of homeostasis or for self actualization

Answer 646

Need

Question 647

The experience of an emotional state characterized by negative emotions - Such negative emotions might include anger, anxiety, irritability, and sadness

Answer 647

Negative Affect

Question 648

Thoughts that are just below the surface of awareness and that involve unpleasant pessimistic predictions

Answer 648

Negative Automatic Thoughts

Question 649

Negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future

Answer 649

Negative Cognitive Triad

Question 650

A relationship between two variables such that a high score on one variable is associated with a low score on another variable

Answer 650

Negative Correlation

Question 651

Schizophrenia characterized by an absence or deficit of normal behaviors, such as emotional expressiveness, communicative speech, and reactivity to environmental events

Answer 651

Negative Symptom Schizophrenia

Question 652

Symptoms that reflect an absence or deficit in normal functions (eg; blunted affect, social withdrawal)

Answer 652

Negative Symptoms

Question 653

Form of aggressive withdrawal that involves refusing to cooperate or obey commands, or doing the exact opposite of what has been requested

Answer 653

Negativism

Question 654

New words; a feature of language disturbance in schizophrenia

Answer 654

Neologisms

Question 655

Newborn infant

Answer 655

Neonate

Question 656

Tumor

Answer 656

Neoplasm

Question 657

General term used to refer broadly to lowered integration and inability to deal adequately with one's life situation

Answer 657

Nervous Breakdown

Question 658

A group of disorders in DSM-5 that are typically manifested in early childhood

Answer 658

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Question 659

Twisted and web like nerve filaments that characterize the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease

Answer 659

Neurofibrillary Tangles

Question 660

Examination to determine the presence and extent of organic damage to the nervous system

Answer 660

Neurological Examination

Question 661

Field concerned with the study of the brain and nervous system and disorders thereof

Answer 661

Neurology

Question 662

Individual nerve cell

Answer 662

Neuron

Question 663

Branch of biology concerned with the functioning of nervous tissue and the nervous system

Answer 663

Neurophysiology

Question 664

Use of psychological tests that measure a person's cognitive, perceptual, and motor performance to obtain clues to the extent and locus of brain damage

Answer 664

Neuropsychological Assessment

Question 665

Disorders that occur when there has been significant organic impairment or damage to a normal adolescent or adult brain

Answer 665

Neuropsychological Disorders

Question 666

Serious mood disturbances apparently caused by disruptions in the normal physiology of cerebral function

Answer 666

Neuropsychological Mood Syndromes

Question 667

Changes in an individual’s general personality style or traits following brain injury of one or another type

Answer 667

Neuropsychological Personality Syndromes

Question 668

Term historically used to characterize maladaptive behavior resulting from intrapsychic conflict and marked by prominent use of defense mechanisms

Answer 668

Neurosis

Question 669

Surgery on the nervous system, especially the brain

Answer 669

Neurosurgery

Question 670

Syphilis affecting the central nervous system

Answer 670

Neurosyphilis

Question 671

Anxiety driven, exaggerated use of avoidance behaviors and defense mechanisms

Answer 671

Neurotic Behavior

Question 672

Personality pattern including the tendency to experience anxiety, anger, hostility, depression, self consciousness, impulsiveness, and vulnerability

Answer 672

Neuroticism

Question 673

Chemical substances that are released into a synapse by a presynaptic neuron and that transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another

Answer 673

Neurotransmitters

Question 674

Addictive alkaloid that is the chief active ingredient in tobacco and a drug of dependence

Answer 674

Nicotine

Question 675

Mental hospital in which an individual may receive treatment during all or part of the night while carrying on his or her usual occupation during the daytime

Answer 675

Night Hospital

Question 676

Fixed belief that everything is unreal

Answer 676

Nihilistic Delusion

Question 677

A formalized naming system

Answer 677

Nomenclature

Question 678

Approach to psychotherapy in which a therapist refrains from giving advice or directing the therapy

Answer 678

Nondirective Therapy

Question 679

Direct, deliberate destruction of body tissue in the absence of any intent to die

Answer 679

Nonsuicidal Self Injury (NSSI)

Question 680

Catecholamine neurotransmitter substance

Answer 680

Norepinephrine

Question 681

Standard based on the measurement of a large group of people; used for comparing the scores of an individual with those of others in a defined group

Answer 681

Norm

Question 682

Conforming to the usual or norm; healthy

Answer 682

Normal

Question 683

Tendency for most members of a population to cluster around a central point or average with respect to a given trait, with the rest spreading out to the two extremes in decreasing frequency

Answer 683

Normal Distribution

Question 684

Stages of sleep not characterized by the rapid eye movements that accompany dreaming

Answer 684

NREM Sleep

Question 685

The not guilty by reason of insanity plea, or NGRI, is a legal defense a defendant might use to claim that he or she was not guilty of a crime because of insanity

Answer 685

Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity (NGRI)

Question 686

The condition of having elevated fat masses in the body - It is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher

Answer 686

Obesity

Question 687

In psychoanalytic theory, this viewpoint focuses on an infant or young child's interactions with "objects" (ie, real or imagined people), as well as how they make symbolic representations of important people in their lives

Answer 687

Object - Relations Theory

Question 688

Structured tests, such as questionnaires, self inventories, or rating scales, used in psychological assessment

Answer 688

Objective Personality Tests

Question 689

Learning through observation alone without directly experiencing an unconditioned stimulus (for classical conditioning) or a reinforcement (for instrumental conditioning)

Answer 689

Observational Learning

Question 690

Systematic technique by which observers are trained to watch and record behavior without bias

Answer 690

Observational Method

Question 691

In contrast to experimental research (which involves manipulating variables in some way and seeing what happens), in observational research the researcher simply observes or assesses the characteristics of different groups, learning about them without manipulating the conditions to which they are exposed - Sometimes called correlational research, although the former is the preferred term

Answer 691

Observational Research

Question 692

Persistent and recurrent intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses that a person experiences as disturbing and inappropriate but has difficulty suppressing

Answer 692

Obsessions

Question 693

Anxiety disorder characterized by the persistent intrusion of unwanted and intrusive thoughts or distressing images; these are usually accompanied by compulsive behaviors designed to neutralize the obsessive thoughts or images or to prevent some dreaded event or situation

Answer 693

Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Question 694

Perfectionism and excessive concern with maintaining order, control, and adherence to rules

Answer 694

Obsessive - Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)

Question 695

Portion of cerebrum concerned chiefly with visual function

Answer 695

Occipital Lobe

Question 696

Hallucinations involving the sense of smell

Answer 696

Olfactory Hallucinations

Question 697

Form of learning in which if a particular response is reinforced, it becomes more likely to be repeated on similar occasions

Answer 697

Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning

Question 698

Definition of a concept on the basis of a set of operations that can be observed and measured

Answer 698

Operational Definition

Question 699

Narcotic drug that leads to physiological dependence and the development of tolerance; derivatives are morphine, heroin, and codeine

Answer 699

Opium

Question 700

Childhood disorder that appears by age 6 and is characterized by persistent acts of aggressive or antisocial behavior that may or may not be against the law

Answer 700

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

Question 701

First stage of psychosexual development in Freudian theory, in which mouth or oral activities are the primary source of pleasure

Answer 701

Oral Stage

Question 702

Outdated term used to refer to disorders that resulted from some identifiable brain pathology

Answer 702

Organic Mental Disorders

Question 703

Concept that all mental disorders have an organic basis

Answer 703

Organic Viewpoint

Question 704

Third phase of the human sexual response, during which there is a release of sexual tension and a peaking of sexual pleasure

Answer 704

Orgasm

Question 705

Studies of effectiveness of treatment

Answer 705

Outcome Research

Question 706

Ambulatory client who visits a hospital or clinic for examination and treatment, as distinct from a hospitalized client

Answer 706

Outpatient

Question 707

Female gonads

Answer 707

Ovaries

Question 708

Disorder of childhood characterized by excessive worry and persistent fears unrelated to any specific event; often includes somatic and sleeping problems

Answer 708

Overanxious Disorder

Question 709

Type of ego defense mechanism in which an undesirable trait is covered up by exaggerating a desirable trait

Answer 709

Overcompensation

Question 710

Subjecting an organism to excessive stress, for example, forcing the organism to handle or "process" an excessive amount of information

Answer 710

Overloading

Question 711

Shielding a child to the extend that he or she becomes too dependent on the parent

Answer 711

Overprotection

Question 712

Activities that can be observed by an outsider

Answer 712

Overt Behavior

Question 713

Female gamete or germ cell

Answer 713

Ovum

Question 714

Experience of pain of sufficient duration and severity to cause significant life disruption in the absence of medical pathology that would explain it

Answer 714

Pain Disorder

Question 715

A basic emotion that involves activation of the "fight or flight" response of the sympathetic nervous system and that is often characterized by an overwhelming sense of fear or terror

Answer 715

Panic

Question 716

A severe, intense fear response that appears to come out of the blue; it has many physical and cognitive symptoms such as fear of dying or losing control

Answer 716

Panic Attack

Question 717

Occurrence of repeated unexpected panic attacks, often accompanied by intense anxiety about having another one

Answer 717

Panic Disorder

Question 718

A variety of biological challenge procedures that provoke panic attacks at higher rates in people with panic disorder than in people without panic disorder

Answer 718

Panic Provocation Procedures

Question 719

Model or pattern; in research, a basic design specifying concepts considered legitimate and procedures to be used in the collection and interpretation of data

Answer 719

Paradigm

Question 720

Symptoms of delusions and impaired contact with reality without the bizarreness, fragmentation, and severe personality disorganization characteristic of schizophrenia

Answer 720

Paranoia

Question 721

Pervasive suspiciousness and distrust of others

Answer 721

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Question 722

Persistent sexual behavior patterns in which unusual objects, rituals, or situations are required for full sexual satisfaction

Answer 722

Paraphilic Disorders

Question 723

Person who has been trained in mental health services but not at the professional level

Answer 723

Paraprofessional

Question 724

Division of the autonomic nervous system that controls most of the basic metabolic functions essential for life

Answer 724

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Question 725

Exceptional sensations, such as tingling

Answer 725

Paresthesia

Question 726

A neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor problems (rigidity, tremors) and caused by destruction of dopamine neurons in the brain

Answer 726

Parkinson's Disease

Question 727

Provisional category of personality disorder in DSM- IV-TR characterized by a pattern of passive resistance to demands in social or work situations, which may take such forms as simple resistance to performing routine tasks, being sullen or argumentative, or alternating between defiance and submission

Answer 727

Passive Aggressive Personality Disorder

Question 728

Pertaining to conditions that lead to pathology

Answer 728

Pathogenic

Question 729

Progressive disorder characterized by loss of control over gambling, preoccupation with gambling and obtaining money for gambling, and irrational gambling behavior in spite of adverse consequences

Answer 729

Pathological Gambling

Question 730

Abnormal physical or mental condition

Answer 730

Pathology

Question 731

Phencyclidine; developed as a tranquilizer but not marketed because of its unpredictability - Known on the street as "angel dust", this drug produces stupor and, at times, prolonged coma or psychosis

Answer 731

PCP

Question 732

Observation of samples of relatives of each subject or each carrier of the trait or disorder in question

Answer 732

Pedigree (Family History) Method

Question 733

A paraphilia in which an adult's preferred or exclusive sexual partner is a prepubertal child

Answer 733

Pedophilic Disorder

Question 734

Drug, similar to Ritalin, used to treat ADHD

Answer 734

Pemoline

Question 735

Interpretation of sensory input

Answer 735

Perception

Question 736

Processes involved in selective attention to aspects of the great mass of incoming stimuli that continually impinge on an organism

Answer 736

Perceptual Filtering

Question 737

The need to get things exactly right - A personality trait that may increase risk for the development of eating disorders, perhaps because perfectionistic people may be more likely to idealize thinness

Answer 737

Perfectionism

Question 738

Test in which perceptual motor rather than verbal content is emphasized

Answer 738

Performance Test

Question 739

Nerve fibers passing between the central nervous system and the sense organs, muscles, and glands

Answer 739

Peripheral Nervous System

Question 740

Persistent continuation of a line of thought or activity once it is under way - Clinically inappropriate repetition

Answer 740

Perseveration

Question 741

A new DSM-5 disorder that involves long standing depressed mood (2 years or more) - The disorder incorporates dysthymic disorder and chronic major depression from DSM-IV-TR

Answer 741

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymic Disorder)

Question 742

Unique pattern of traits that characterize an individual

Answer 742

Personality

Question 743

Gradual development of inflexible and distorted personality and behavioral patterns that result in persistently maladaptive ways of perceiving, thinking about, and relating to the world

Answer 743

Personality Disorder

Question 744

Inability to adapt to sustained or severe stressors

Answer 744

Personality or Psychological Decompensation

Question 745

Graphical summary that is derived from several tests or subtests of the same test battery or scale and that shows the personality configuration of an individual or group of individuals

Answer 745

Personality Profile

Question 746

Severely disabling conditions marked by deficits in language, perceptual, and motor development; defective reality testing; and inability to function in social situations

Answer 746

Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDDs)

Question 747

Cognitive style involving a tendency to make internal, stable, and global attributions for negative life events

Answer 747

Pessimistic Attributional Style

Question 748

Circulating white blood cell that binds to antigens and partially destroys them by engulfment

Answer 748

Phagocyte

Question 749

In psychoanalytic theory, the stage of psychosexual development during which genital exploration and manipulation occur

Answer 749

Phallic Stage

Question 750

The science of drugs

Answer 750

Pharmacology

Question 751

Treatment by means of drugs

Answer 751

Pharmacotherapy

Question 752

Pertaining to the immediate perceiving and experiencing of an individual

Answer 752

Phenomenological

Question 753

The observed structural and functional characteristics of a person that result from interaction between the genotype and the environment

Answer 753

Phenotype

Question 754

Type of intellectual disability resulting from a baby's lack of a liver enzyme needed to break down phenylalanine, an amino acid found in many foods

Answer 754

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Question 755

Persistent and disproportionate fear of some specific object or situation that presents little or no actual danger

Answer 755

Phobia

Question 756

Type of drug dependence involving withdrawal symptoms when drug is discontinued

Answer 756

Physiological Dependence

Question 757

Form of presenile dementia

Answer 757

Pick's Disease

Question 758

Small gland at the base of the brain that helps regulate the body's biological clock and may also establish the pace of sexual development

Answer 758

Pineal Gland

Question 759

Endocrine gland associated with many regulatory functions

Answer 759

Pituitary Gland

Question 760

Positive effect experienced after an inactive treatment is administered in such a way that a person thinks he or she is receiving an active treatment

Answer 760

Placebo Effect

Question 761

An inert pill or otherwise neutral intervention that produces desirable therapeutic effects because of the subject's expectations that it will be beneficial

Answer 761

Placebo Treatment

Question 762

Abnormal accumulations of protein found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease

Answer 762

Plaques

Question 763

Use of play activities in psychotherapy with children

Answer 763

Play Therapy

Question 764

Demand that an instinctual need be immediately gratified regardless of reality or moral considerations

Answer 764

Pleasure Principle

Question 765

The number of cases of a specific condition or disorder that can be found in a population at one given point in time

Answer 765

Point Prevalence

Question 766

Caused by the action of many genes together in an additive or interactive fashion

Answer 766

Polygenic

Question 767

A relationship between two variables such that a high score on one variable is associated with a high score on another variable

Answer 767

Positive Correlation

Question 768

A new field that focuses on human traits (eg; optimism) and resources that are potentially important for health and well being

Answer 768

Positive Psychology

Question 769

Reinforcer that increases the probability of recurrence of a given response

Answer 769

Positive Reinforcer

Question 770

Schizophrenia characterized by something added to normal behavior and experience, such as marked emotional turmoil, motor agitation, delusions, and hallucinations

Answer 770

Positive Symptom Schizophrenia

Question 771

Symptoms that are characterized by something being added to normal behavior or experience - Includes delusions, hallucinations, motor agitation, and marked emotional turmoil

Answer 771

Positive Symptoms

Question 772

Scanning technique that measures metabolic processes to appraise how well an organ is functioning

Answer 772

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan

Question 773

Subject's lack of memory for the period during which he or she was hypnotized

Answer 773

Posthypnotic Amnesia

Question 774

Suggestion given during hypnosis to be carried out by a subject after he or she is brought out of hypnosis

Answer 774

Posthypnotic Suggestion

Question 775

Depression occurring after childbirth - Most commonly it is mild and transient (postpartum blues) but can become a major depressive episode

Answer 775

Postpartum Depression

Question 776

Disorder that occurs following an extreme traumatic event, in which a person reexperiences the event, avoids reminders of the trauma, and exhibits persistent increased arousal

Answer 776

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Question 777

The view that DID starts from the child's attempt to cope with an overwhelming sense of hopelessness and powerlessness in the face of repeated traumatic abuse (also referred to as trauma theory)

Answer 777

Posttraumatic Theory (of DID)

Question 778

Tendency to develop certain symptoms under given stress conditions

Answer 778

Predisposition

Question 779

Surgical procedure used before the advent of antipsychotic drugs, in which the frontal lobes of the brain were severed from the deeper centers underlying them, resulting in permanent structural changes in the brain

Answer 779

Prefrontal Lobotomy

Question 780

Emotionally toned conception favorable or unfavorable to some person, group, or idea - typically in the absence of sound evidence

Answer 780

Prejudice

Question 781

Persistent and recurrent onset of orgasm and ejaculation with minimal sexual stimulation

Answer 781

Premature Ejaculation

Question 782

Birth of an infant before the end of a normal period of pregnancy

Answer 782

Prematurity

Question 783

Existing before the onset of mental disorder

Answer 783

Premorbid

Question 784

Before birth

Answer 784

Prenatal

Question 785

The view that people are biologically prepared through evolution to more readily acquire fears of certain objects or situations that may once have posed a threat to our early ancestors - For example, people more readily develop fears of snakes and spiders if they are paired with aversive events, than they develop fears of knives or guns

Answer 785

Prepared Learning

Question 786

Mental disorders resulting from brain degeneration before old age

Answer 786

Presenile Dementia

Question 787

Major symptoms and behavior the client is experiencing

Answer 787

Presenting Problem

Question 788

In a population, the proportion of active cases of a disorder that can be identified at a given point in time or during a given period

Answer 788

Prevalence

Question 789

In psychodynamic theory it is the goal achieved by symptoms of conversion disorder by keeping internal intrapsychic conflicts out of awareness - In contemporary terms it is the goal achieved by symptoms of conversion disorder by allowing the person to escape or avoid stressful situations

Answer 789

Primary Gain

Question 790

Older term for preventative efforts aimed at reducing the incidence of a disease or disorder and fostering positive health

Answer 790

Primary Prevention

Question 791

Gratification of id demands by means of imagery or fantasy without the ability to undertake the realistic actions needed to meet those instinctual demands

Answer 791

Primary Process Thinking

Question 792

In a a genetic study, the original individual who evidences the trait in which the investigator is interested - Same as index case

Answer 792

Proband

Question 793

Inventory used in behavioral assessment to determine an individual’s fears, moods, and other problems

Answer 793

Problem Checklist

Question 794

Behavioral term referring to one who has serious problems associated with drinking

Answer 794

Problem Drinker

Question 795

Schizophrenic pattern - marked by seclusiveness, gradual waning of interest in the surrounding world, diminished emotional responsivity, and mildly inappropriate responses - that develops gradually and tends to be long lasting; alternatively known as Poor Premorbid Schizophrenia and Chronic Schizophrenia

Answer 795

Process Schizophrenia

Question 796

Considered to be an early (subclinical) stage of schizophrenia, characterized by very low level symptoms or behavioral idiosyncrasies

Answer 796

Prodromal

Question 797

Prediction of the probable course and outcome of a disorder

Answer 797

Prognosis

Question 798

Ego defense mechanism of attributing one's own unacceptable motives or characteristics to others

Answer 798

Projection

Question 799

Techniques that use various ambiguous stimuli that a subject is encouraged to interpret and from which the subject's personality characteristics can be analyzed

Answer 799

Projective Personality Tests

Question 800

A behaviorally oriented treatment strategy in which a patient is asked to vividly recount the traumatic event over and over until the patient experiences a decrease in his or her emotional response

Answer 800

Prolonged Exposure

Question 801

Method that often focuses on individuals who have a higher than average likelihood of becoming psychologically disordered before abnormal behavior is observed

Answer 801

Prospective Research

Question 802

Influences that modify a person's response to an environmental stressor, making it less likely that the person will experience the adverse effects of the stressor

Answer 802

Protective Factors

Question 803

Approach to classifying abnormal behavior that assumes the existence of prototypes of behavior disorders that, rather than being mutually exclusive, may blend into others with which they share many characteristics

Answer 803

Prototypal Approach

Question 804

Hallucinogenic drug derived from a variety of mushrooms

Answer 804

Psilocybin

Question 805

Drugs such as LSD that often produce hallucinations

Answer 805

Psychedelic Drugs

Question 806

Field of nursing primarily concerned with mental disorders

Answer 806

Psychiatric Nursing

Question 807

Professional who has had graduate training in social work with psychiatric specialization, typically leading to a master's degree

Answer 807

Psychiatric Social Worker

Question 808

Medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders

Answer 808

Psychiatrist

Question 809

Field of medicine concerned with understanding, assessing, treating, and preventing mental disorders

Answer 809

Psychiatry

Question 810

Any aversive experience that inflicts serious psychological damage on a person

Answer 810

Psychic Trauma

Question 811

Drug that affects mental functioning

Answer 811

Psychoactive Substance

Question 812

Pathological use of a substance resulting in potentially hazardous behavior or in continued use despite a persistent social, psychological, occupational, or health problem

Answer 812

Psychoactive Substance Abuse

Question 813

Use of a psychoactive substance to the point where one has a marked physiological need for increasing amounts of the substance to achieve the desired effects

Answer 813

Psychoactive Substance Dependence

Question 814

Methods Freud used to study and treat patients

Answer 814

Psychoanalysis

Question 815

Theory of psychopathology, initially developed by Freud, that emphasizes the inner dynamics of unconscious motives

Answer 815

Psychoanalytic Perspective

Question 816

Psychotherapeutic technique in which the acting of various roles is an essential part

Answer 816

Psychodrama

Question 817

Theories of psychopathology based on modification and revision of Freud's theories

Answer 817

Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 818

Psychological treatment that focuses on individual personality dynamics, usually from a psychodynamic or psychodynamically derived perspective

Answer 818

Psychodynamic Therapy

Question 819

Of psychological origin: originating in the psychological functioning of an individual

Answer 819

Psychogenic

Question 820

Amnesia of psychological origin, common in initial reactions to traumatic experiences

Answer 820

Psychogenic Amnesia

Question 821

Psychologically induced or maintained disease

Answer 821

Psychogenic Illness

Question 822

A field of study analyzing history according to psychoanalytic principles

Answer 822

Psychohistory

Question 823

The use of psychological procedures such as behavioral observations, interview, and psychological tests to obtain a picture of a client's mental health symptoms and personality

Answer 823

Psychological Assessment

Question 824

Analytical procedure used to determine whether or not death was self inflicted and, if so, why

Answer 824

Psychological Autopsy

Question 825

Need emerging out of environmental interactions, for example, the need for social approval

Answer 825

Psychological Need

Question 826

Use of psychological procedures or tests to detect psychological problems among applicants in preemployment evaluations

Answer 826

Psychological Screening

Question 827

Standardized procedure designed to measure a subject's performance on a specified task

Answer 827

Psychological Test

Question 828

Involving both psychological and physical activity

Answer 828

Psychomotor

Question 829

Slowing down of psychological and motor functions

Answer 829

Psychomotor Retardation

Question 830

Study of the interactions between the immune system and the nervous system and the influence of these factors on behavior

Answer 830

Psychoneuroimmunology

Question 831

Abnormal behavior

Answer 831

Psychopathology

Question 832

A condition involving the features of antisocial personality disorder and such traits as lack of empathy, inflated and arrogant self appraisal, and glib and superficial charm

Answer 832

Psychopathy

Question 833

Science of determining which drugs alleviate which disorders and why they do so

Answer 833

Psychopharmacology

Question 834

Physical disorders in which psychological factors are believed to play a major causal role

Answer 834

Psychophysiological (Psychosomatic) Disorders

Question 835

Measures of biological functioning including heart rate, blood pressure, EEG, and so on

Answer 835

Psychophysiological Variables

Question 836

Freudian view of development as involving a succession of stages, each characterized by a dominant mode of achieving libidinal pleasure

Answer 836

Psychosexual Development

Question 837

According to Freudian theory, there are five stages of psychosexual development, each characterized by a dominant mode of achieving sexual pleasure: the oral stage, the anal stage, the phallic stage, the latency stage, and the genital stage

Answer 837

Psychosexual Stages of Development

Question 838

Severe impairment in the ability to tell what is real and what is not real

Answer 838

Psychosis

Question 839

Lack of needed stimulation and interaction during early life

Answer 839

Psychosocial Deprivation

Question 840

Approaches to understanding mental disorders that emphasize the importance of early experience and an awareness of social influences and psychological processes within an individual

Answer 840

Psychosocial Viewpoints

Question 841

Brain surgery used in the past with excessive frequency in the treatment of functional mental disorders

Answer 841

Psychosurgery

Question 842

Treatment of mental disorders by psychological methods

Answer 842

Psychotherapy

Question 843

Drugs whose main effects are mental or behavioral in nature

Answer 843

Psychotropic Drugs

Question 844

Purging refers to the removal of food from the body by such means as self induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, and enemas

Answer 844

Purge

Question 845

Personality measure in which a subject, or a clinician, sorts a number of statements into piles according to their applicability to the subject

Answer 845

Q Sort

Question 846

Prejudice and discrimination directed toward individuals or groups because of their racial background

Answer 846

Racism

Question 847

A procedure used to create equivalent groups in which every research participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group in the study

Answer 847

Random Assignment

Question 848

A procedure used to create equivalent groups in which every research participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group in the study

Answer 848

Random Assignment

Question 849

Sample drawn in such a way that each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected; it is hoped that such a sample will be fully representative of the population from which it is drawn

Answer 849

Random Sample

Question 850

A clinical trial in which participants are randomly assigned to different treatments

Answer 850

Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs)

Question 851

A randomized controlled trial involves a specific treatment group (the group the researchers are most interested in) as well as a control treatment group (against which the treatment group will be compared) - Participants have an equal chance of being placed in either group because placement is determined randomly

Answer 851

Randomized Controlled Trials

Question 852

Sexual activity that occurs under actual or threatened forcible coercion of one person by another

Answer 852

Rape

Question 853

A pattern of bipolar disorder involving at least four manic or depressive episodes per year

Answer 853

Rapid Cycling

Question 854

Interpersonal relationship characterized by a spirit of cooperation, confidence, and harmony

Answer 854

Rapport

Question 855

Formal structure for organizing information obtained from clinical observation and self reports to encourage reliability and objectivity

Answer 855

Rating Scales

Question 856

Form of psychotherapy focusing on changing a client's maladaptive thought processes, on which maladaptive emotional responses and thus behavior are presumed to depend

Answer 856

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Question 857

Ego defense mechanism that involves the use of contrived "explanations" to conceal or disguise unworthy motives for a person’s behavior

Answer 857

Rationalization

Question 858

Ego defense mechanism that prevents the awareness or expression of unacceptable desires via the exaggerated adoption of seemingly opposite behavior

Answer 858

Reaction Formation

Question 859

Schizophrenia pattern - marked by confusion and intense emotional turmoil - that normally develops suddenly and has identifiable precipitating stressors; alternatively known as Good Premorbid Schizophrenia, Type I Schizophrenia, and Acute Schizophrenia

Answer 859

Reactive Schizophrenia

Question 860

Awareness of the demands of the environment and adjustment of behavior to meet these demands

Answer 860

Reality Principle

Question 861

Behavior aimed at testing or exploring the nature of a person's social and physical environment; often used more specifically to refer to testing the limits of the permissiveness of the social environment

Answer 861

Reality Testing

Question 862

Gene that is effective only when paired with an identical gene

Answer 862

Recessive Gene

Question 863

Shift back to one's original behavior (often delinquent or criminal) after a period of treatment or rehabilitation

Answer 863

Recidivism

Question 864

Increase in integration or inner organization - Opposite of decompensation

Answer 864

Recompensation

Question 865

A new occurrence of a disorder after a remission of symptom

Answer 865

Recurrence

Question 866

Term used to describe a disorder pattern that tends to come and go

Answer 866

Recurrent

Question 867

A form of major depression where the episodes of depression recur on a regular seasonal basis (fall/winter), but not at other times of the year

Answer 867

Recurrent Major Depressive Episode with a Seasonal Pattern

Question 868

Sending or recommending an individual or family for psychological assessment or treatment

Answer 868

Referral

Question 869

Ego defense mechanism of retreat to an earlier developmental level involving less mature behavior and responsibility

Answer 869

Regression

Question 870

Use of reeducation rather than punishment to overcome behavioral deficits

Answer 870

Rehabilitation

Question 871

The process of rewarding desired responses

Answer 871

Reinforcement

Question 872

Return of the symptoms of a disorder after a fairly short period of time

Answer 872

Relapse

Question 873

Degree to which a measuring device produces the same result each time it is used to measure the same thing or when two or more different raters use it

Answer 873

Reliability

Question 874

Stage of sleep involving rapid eye movements (REM); associated with dreaming

Answer 874

REM Sleep

Question 875

Marked improvement or recovery appearing in the course of a mental illness; may or may not be permanent

Answer 875

Remission

Question 876

Small group selected in such a way as to be representative of the larger group from which it is drawn

Answer 876

Representative Sample

Question 877

Ego defense mechanism that prevents painful or dangerous thoughts from entering consciousness

Answer 877

Repression

Question 878

The ability to adapt successfully to even very difficult circumstances

Answer 878

Resilience

Question 879

Second stage of responding to continuing trauma, involving finding some means to deal with the trauma and adjust to it - In psychodynamic treatment, the person's unwillingness or inability to talk about certain thoughts, motives, or experiences

Answer 879

Resistance

Question 880

Tendency of a conditioned response to persist despite lack of reinforcement

Answer 880

Resistance to Extinction

Question 881

Final phase of the human sexual response, during which a person has a sense of relaxation and well being

Answer 881

Resolution

Question 882

Positive reinforcement technique used in therapy to establish, by gradual approximation, a response not initially in a person's behavioral repertoire

Answer 882

Response Shaping

Question 883

Fibers going from the reticular formation to higher brain centers and presumably functioning as a general arousal system

Answer 883

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

Question 884

Neural nuclei and fibers in the brain stem that apparently play an important role in arousing and alerting an organism and in controlling attention

Answer 884

Reticular Formation

Question 885

Loss of memory for events that occurred during a circumscribed period prior to brain injury or damage

Answer 885

Retrograde Amnesia

Question 886

Research approach that attempts to retrace earlier events in the life of a subject

Answer 886

Retrospective Research

Question 887

Method of trying to uncover the probable causes of abnormal behavior by looking backward from the present

Answer 887

Retrospective Strategy

Question 888

A hypothesis suggesting that addiction is more likely to occur in individuals who have a genetic predisposition to be less satisfied by natural rewards, which leads them to overuse drugs as a way to adequately stimulate their reward pathway

Answer 888

Reward Deficiency Syndrome

Question 889

Tendency to follow established coping patterns, with failure to see alternatives or extreme difficulty in changing one's established patterns

Answer 889

Rigidity

Question 890

A correlate that occurs before some outcome of interest (eg; depression is a risk factor for suicide)

Answer 890

Risk Factor

Question 891

Central nervous system stimulant often used to treat ADHD

Answer 891

Ritalin

Question 892

Form of assessment in which a person is instructed to play a part, enabling a clinician to observe a client’s behavior directly

Answer 892

Role Playing

Question 893

Use of 10 inkblot pictures to which a subject responds with associations that come to mind - Analysis of these responses enables a clinician to infer personality characteristics

Answer 893

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Question 894

Refers to the process of going over and over in one's mind or going over a thought repeatedly time and again

Answer 894

Rumination

Question 895

Group on which measurements are taken; should normally be representative of the population about which an inference is to be made

Answer 895

Sample

Question 896

The process of selecting a representative subgroup from a defined population of interest

Answer 896

Sampling

Question 897

Displacement of aggression onto some object, person, or group other than the source of frustration

Answer 897

Scapegoating

Question 898

Program of rewards for requisite behavior

Answer 898

Schedule of Reinforcement

Question 899

An underlying representation of knowledge that guides current processing of information and often leads to distortions in attention, memory, and comprehension

Answer 899

Schema

Question 900

Form of psychotic disorder in which the symptoms of schizophrenia co-occur with symptoms of a mood disorder

Answer 900

Schizoaffective Disorder

Question 901

Inability to form social relationships or express feelings, and lack of interest in doing so

Answer 901

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Question 902

Disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and behavior, as well as problems in self care and general functioning

Answer 902

Schizophrenia

Question 903

Category of schizophrenic like psychosis less than 6 months in duration

Answer 903

Schizophreniform Disorder

Question 904

Schizophrenia causing

Answer 904

Schizophrenogenic

Question 905

Disorder characterized by excessive introversion, pervasive social interpersonal deficits, cognitive and perceptual distortions, and eccentricities in communication and behavior

Answer 905

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Question 906

Mood disorder involving at least two episodes of depression in the past 2 years occurring at the same time of year (most commonly fall or winter), with remission also occurring at the same time of year (most commonly spring)

Answer 906

Seasonal Affective Disorder

Question 907

External circumstances that tend to reinforce the maintenance of disability

Answer 907

Secondary Gain

Question 908

Older term for prevention techniques that typically involve emergency or crisis intervention, with efforts focused on reducing the impact, duration, or spread of a problem

Answer 908

Secondary Prevention

Question 909

Reality oriented rational processes of the ego for dealing with the external world and the exercise of control over id demands

Answer 909

Secondary Process Thinking

Question 910

Reinforcement provided by a stimulus that has gained reward value by being associated with a primary reinforcing stimulus

Answer 910

Secondary Reinforcer

Question 911

Drug used to reduce tension and induce relaxation and sleep

Answer 911

Sedative

Question 912

Mobilization of prevention resources to eliminate or reduce a particular type of problem (such as teenage pregnancy or alcohol or drug abuse)

Answer 912

Selective Intervention

Question 913

Condition that involves the persistent failure to speak in specific social situations and interferes with educational or social adjustment

Answer 913

Selective Mutism

Question 914

A medication that inhibits serotonin and is used in the treatment of depression

Answer 914

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Question 915

Integrating core of a personality that mediates between needs and reality

Answer 915

Self (Ego)

Question 916

Being satisfied with one's attributes and qualities while remaining aware of one's limitations

Answer 916

Self Acceptance

Question 917

Achieving one's full potentialities as a human being

Answer 917

Self Actualizing

Question 918

A person's sense of his or her own identity, worth, capabilities, and limitations

Answer 918

Self Concept

Question 919

Feeling of personal worth

Answer 919

Self Esteem

Question 920

Way in which an individual views the self, in terms of worth, adequacy, and so forth

Answer 920

Self Evaluation

Question 921

Person or "self" a person thinks he or she could and should be

Answer 921

Self Ideal (Ego Ideal)

Question 922

Individuals delineation and awareness of his or her continuing identity as a person

Answer 922

Self Identity

Question 923

Cognitive behavioral method aimed at teaching a person to alter his or her covert behavior

Answer 923

Self Instructional Training

Question 924

Observing and recording one's own behavior, thoughts, and feelings as they occur in various natural settings

Answer 924

Self Monitoring

Question 925

Reward of self for desired or appropriate behavior

Answer 925

Self Reinforcement

Question 926

Data collected directly from participants, typically by means of interviews or questionnaires

Answer 926

Self Report Data

Question 927

Procedure in which a subject is asked to respond to statements in terms of their applicability to him or her

Answer 927

Self Report Inventory

Question 928

Our view of what we are, what we might become, and what is important to us

Answer 928

Self Schema

Question 929

A person's implicit verbalizations of what he or she is experiencing

Answer 929

Self Statements

Question 930

In a semi structured interview, the interviewer is required to ask questions in a specific order and in a specific way - Then, depending on the answer, the clinician will ask his or her own follow up questions designed to obtain more information

Answer 930

Semi Structured Assessment Interview

Question 931

Pertaining to old age

Answer 931

Senile

Question 932

Mental disorders that sometimes accompany brain degeneration in old age

Answer 932

Senile Dementia

Question 933

Learning to derive pleasure from touching one's partner and being touched by him or her; this training is used in sexual therapy to enhance sexual feelings and help overcome sexual dysfunction

Answer 933

Sensate Focus Learning

Question 934

Restriction of sensory stimulation below the level required for normal functioning of the central nervous system

Answer 934

Sensory Deprivation

Question 935

Projective technique utilizing incomplete sentences that a person is to complete, analysis of which enables a clinician to infer personality dynamics

Answer 935

Sentence Completion Test

Question 936

Childhood disorder characterized by unrealistic fears, oversensitivity, self consciousness, nightmares, and chronic anxiety

Answer 936

Separation Anxiety Disorder

Question 937

According to Mahler, a developmental phase in which a a child gains an internal representation of the self as distinct from representations of other objects

Answer 937

Separation Individuation

Question 938

Symptoms remaining as the aftermath of a disorder

Answer 938

Sequelae

Question 939

A neurotransmitter from the indolamine class that is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan - Also referred to as 5-HT ( 5- hydroxytryptamine), this neurotransmitter is thought to be involved in a wide range of psychopathological conditions

Answer 939

Serotonin

Question 940

The tendency of our bodies to resist efforts to bring about a marked change (increase or decrease) in weight

Answer 940

Set Point

Question 941

Disorder of a high degree of seriousness

Answer 941

Severe (Disorder)

Question 942

Major depression involving loss of contact with reality, often in the form of delusions or hallucinations

Answer 942

Severe Major Depressive Episode with Psychotic Features

Question 943

Pair of chromosomes inherited by an individual that determine sex and certain other characteristics

Answer 943

Sex Chromosomes

Question 944

Sexual contact that involves physical or psychological coercion or occurs when at least one individual cannot reasonably consent to the contact

Answer 944

Sexual Abuse

Question 945

Refers to acts, separate from rape, that involve unwanted sexual contact, such as groping or fondling another person without that person’s consent

Answer 945

Sexual Assault

Question 946

Sexual dysfunction in which a person shows extreme aversion to, and avoidance of, all genital sexual contact with a partner

Answer 946

Sexual Aversion Disorder

Question 947

Impairment either in the desire for sexual gratification or in the ability to achieve it

Answer 947

Sexual Dysfunction

Question 948

Disorder in which an individual achieves sexual gratification by inflicting physical or psychic pain or humiliation on a sexual partner

Answer 948

Sexual Sadism Disorder

Question 949

Form of instrumental conditioning; at first, all responses resembling the desired one are reinforced, then only the closest approximations, until finally the desired response is attained - Also called Successive Approximation

Answer 949

Shaping

Question 950

Psychosis in which two or more people develop persistent, interlocking delusional ideas - Also known as folie á deux

Answer 950

Shared Psychotic Disorder

Question 951

Workshops where individuals with physical or mental disabilities can engage in constructive work in the community

Answer 951

Sheltered Workshops

Question 952

Brief treatment that focuses on the immediate problem an individual or family is experiencing

Answer 952

Short Term Crisis Therapy

Question 953

Offspring of the same parents

Answer 953

Siblings

Question 954

Protected role provided by society via the medical model for a person suffering from a severe physical or mental disorder

Answer 954

Sick Role

Question 955

In the interpersonal theory of psychological development, parents or others on whom an infant is dependent for meeting all physical and psychological needs

Answer 955

Significant Others

Question 956

Objective observations that suggest to a diagnostician a patient's physical or mental disorder

Answer 956

Signs

Question 957

Common headaches in which stress leads to contraction of the muscles surrounding the skull; these contractions result in vascular constrictions that cause headache

Answer 957

Simple Tension Headaches

Question 958

An experimental research design (eg; an ABAB design) that involves only one subject

Answer 958

Single Case Research Design

Question 959

Test that measures performance in a simulated life situation

Answer 959

Situational Test

Question 960

Disorder of childhood that involves repeated episodes of leaving the bed and walking around without being conscious of the experience or remembering it later - Also known as Somnambulism

Answer 960

Sleepwalking Disorder

Question 961

Fear of situations in which a person might be exposed to the scrutiny of others and fear of acting in a humiliating or embarrassing way

Answer 961

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)

Question 962

Model of interpersonal relationships based on the premise that such relationships are formed for mutual gratification of needs

Answer 962

Social Exchange View

Question 963

Trait characterized by shy, withdrawn, and inhibited behavior

Answer 963

Social Introversion

Question 964

Group standards concerning which behaviors are viewed as acceptable and which as unacceptable

Answer 964

Social Norms

Question 965

Abnormal patterns of social organization, attitudes, or behavior; undesirable social conditions that tend to produce individual pathology

Answer 965

Social Pathology

Question 966

Ability to manage independently as an economically effective and interpersonally connected member of society

Answer 966

Social Recovery

Question 967

Behavior expected of a person occupying a given position in a group

Answer 967

Social Role

Question 968

Façade a person displays to others, as contrasted with the private self

Answer 968

"Social" Self

Question 969

Applied offshoot of sociology concerned with analyzing social environments and providing services that enhance the adjustment of a client in both family and community settings

Answer 969

Social Work

Question 970

Person in a mental health field with a master's degree in social work (MSW) plus supervised training in clinical or social service agencies

Answer 970

Social Worker

Question 971

Process by which a child acquires the values and impulse controls deemed appropriate by his or her culture

Answer 971

Socialization

Question 972

View that DID develops when a highly suggestible person learns to adopt and enact the roles of multiple identities, mostly because clinicians have inadvertently suggested, legitimized, and reinforced them and because these different identities are geared to the individual’s own personal goals

Answer 972

Sociocognitive Theory (of DID)

Question 973

Perspective that focuses on broad social conditions that influence the development or behavior of individuals and groups

Answer 973

Sociocultural Viewpoint

Question 974

Position on social and economic scale in community; determined largely by income and occupational level

Answer 974

Socioeconomic Status

Question 975

Having its roots in sociocultural conditions

Answer 975

Sociogenic

Question 976

Barbiturate drug sometimes used in psychotherapy to produce a state of relaxation and suggestibility

Answer 976

Sodium Pentothal

Question 977

Greek word for "body"

Answer 977

Soma

Question 978

Pertaining to the body

Answer 978

Somatic

Question 979

A new DSM-5 diagnosis characterized by somatic (physical) symptoms and an excessive focus (in thoughts, feelings, or behavior) on these symptoms - Many people who would have been diagnosed with hypochondriasis in DSM-IV-TR will now be diagnosed with Somatic Symptom Disorder

Answer 979

Somatic Symptom Disorder

Question 980

Special vulnerability of given organ systems to stress

Answer 980

Somatic Weakness

Question 981

Multiple complaints, over a long period beginning before age 30, of physical ailments that are inadequately explained by independent findings of physical illness or injury and that lead to medical treatment or to significant life impairment

Answer 981

Somatization Disorder

Question 982

Conditions involving physical complaints or disabilities that occur without any evidence of physical pathology to account for them

Answer 982

Somatoform Disorders

Question 983

Intense, involuntary, usually painful contraction of a muscle or group of muscles

Answer 983

Spasm

Question 984

Marked hypertonicity or continual overcontraction of muscles, causing stiffness, awkwardness, and motor incoordination

Answer 984

Spasticity

Question 985

Developmental disorders involving deficits in language, speech, mathematical, or motor skills

Answer 985

Specific Learning Disorders

Question 986

Persistent or disproportionate fears of various objects, places, or situations, such as fears of situations (airplanes or elevators), other species (snakes, spiders), or aspects of the environment (high places, water)

Answer 986

Specific Phobia

Question 987

Different patterns of symptoms that sometimes characterize major depressive episodes that may help predict the course and preferred treatments for the condition

Answer 987

Specifiers (in Mood Disorders)

Question 988

Male gamete or germ cell

Answer 988

Sperm

Question 989

Research associated with split brain surgery, which cuts off the transmission of information from one cerebral hemisphere to the other by severing the corpus callosum

Answer 989

Split Brain Research

Question 990

The return of a learned response at some time after extinction has occurred

Answer 990

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 991

Third and final stage in the general adaptation syndrome, in which an organism is no longer able to resist continuing stress; may result in death

Answer 991

Stage of Exhaustion

Question 992

Second stage of the general adaptation syndrome

Answer 992

Stage of Resistance

Question 993

Procedure for establishing the expected performance range on a test

Answer 993

Standardization

Question 994

Standardized intelligence test for children

Answer 994

Stanford - Binet

Question 995

Sudden involuntary motor reaction to intense unexpected stimuli; may result from mild stimuli if a person is hypersensitive

Answer 995

Startle Reaction

Question 996

A measure of the probability that a research finding could have occurred by chance alone

Answer 996

Statistical Significance

Question 997

Sexual intercourse with a minor

Answer 997

Statutory Rape

Question 998

Tendency of an organism to maintain conditions that make possible a constant level of physiological functioning

Answer 998

Steady States (Homeostasis)

Question 999

The tendency to jump to conclusions (often negative) about what a person is like based on the beliefs about that group that exist (often incorrectly) in the culture (eg; French people are rude, homosexuals have good taste in clothes, and patients with mental illness are dangerous)

Answer 999

Stereotyping

Question 1000

Persistent and inappropriate repetition of phrases, gestures, or acts

Answer 1000

Stereotypy

Question 1001

Negative labeling

Answer 1001

Stigma

Question 1002

Drugs that tend to increase feelings of alertness, reduce feelings of fatigue, and enable a person to stay awake over sustained periods of time

Answer 1002

Stimulants

Question 1003

Spread of a conditioned response to some stimulus similar to, but not identical with, the conditioned stimulus

Answer 1003

Stimulus Generalization

Question 1004

A medication used in the treatment of ADHD

Answer 1004

Strattera

Question 1005

Effects created within an organism by the application of a stressor

Answer 1005

Stress

Question 1006

Type of self instructional training focused on altering self statements that a person routinely makes in stress producing situations

Answer 1006

Stress Inoculation Therapy

Question 1007

Preventative strategy that prepares people to tolerate an anticipated threat by changing the things they say to themselves before the crisis

Answer 1007

Stress Inoculation Training

Question 1008

A person's ability to withstand stress without becoming seriously impaired

Answer 1008

Stress Tolerance

Question 1009

Adjustive demands that require coping behavior on the part of an individual or group

Answer 1009

Stressors

Question 1010

Treatment of an entire family by analysis of interaction among family members

Answer 1010

Structural Family Therapy

Question 1011

Interview with a set introduction that follows a predetermined set of procedures and questions throughout

Answer 1011

Structured Assessment Interview

Question 1012

Condition of lethargy and unresponsiveness, with partial or complete unconsciousness

Answer 1012

Stupor

Question 1013

Ego defense mechanism that channels frustrated expression of sexual energy into substitutive activities

Answer 1013

Sublimation

Question 1014

Maladaptive pattern of substance use manifested by recurrent and significant adverse consequences related to the use of the substance

Answer 1014

Substance Abuse

Question 1015

Severe form of substance use disorder involving physiological dependence on the substance, tolerance, withdrawal, and compulsive drug taking

Answer 1015

Substance Dependence

Question 1016

Patterns of maladaptive behavior centered on the regular use of a substance, such as a drug or alcohol

Answer 1016

Substance Related Disorders

Question 1017

Acceptance of substitute goals or satisfactions in place of those originally sought or desired

Answer 1017

Substitution

Question 1018

A condition that guarantees the occurrence of a disorder

Answer 1018

Sufficient Cause

Question 1019

Taking one's own life

Answer 1019

Suicide

Question 1020

Study of the causes and prevention of suicide

Answer 1020

Suicidology

Question 1021

Conscience; ethical or moral dimensions (attitudes) of personality

Answer 1021

Superego

Question 1022

Conscious forcing of desires or thoughts out of consciousness; conscious inhibition of desires or impulses

Answer 1022

Suppression

Question 1023

Substitute for another person, such as a parent or mate

Answer 1023

Surrogate

Question 1024

Image, word, object, or activity that is used to represent something else

Answer 1024

Symbol

Question 1025

Representation of one idea or object by another

Answer 1025

Symbolism

Question 1026

System designed to mobilize resources and prepare for a fight or flight response

Answer 1026

Sympathetic Adrenomedullary (SAM) System

Question 1027

Division of the autonomic nervous system that is active in emergency conditions of extreme cold, violent effort, and emotions

Answer 1027

Sympathetic Division

Question 1028

Patient's subjective description of a physical or mental disorder

Answer 1028

Symptoms

Question 1029

Site of communication from the axon of one neuron to the dendrites or cell body of another neuron - a tiny filled space between neurons

Answer 1029

Synapse

Question 1030

Group or pattern of symptoms that occur together in a disorder and represent the typical picture of the disorder

Answer 1030

Syndrome

Question 1031

Substances that mimic the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active plant derived substance in marijuana

Answer 1031

Synthetic Cannabinoids

Question 1032

Substances that mimic the effects of amphetamines and cocaine by activating the body's monoamine system

Answer 1032

Synthetic Cathinones

Question 1033

Assemblage of interdependent parts, living or nonliving

Answer 1033

System

Question 1034

Behavior therapy technique for extinguishing maladaptive anxiety responses by teaching a person to relax or behave, while in the presence of the anxiety producing stimulus, in some other way that is inconsistent with anxiety

Answer 1034

Systematic Desensitization

Question 1035

Rapid heartbeat

Answer 1035

Tachycardia

Question 1036

Hallucinations involving the sense of touch

Answer 1036

Tactual Hallucinations

Question 1037

Ruling by a California court (1974) that a therapist has a duty to warn a prospective victim of an explicit threat expressed by a client in therapy

Answer 1037

Tarasoff Decision

Question 1038

Neurological disorder resulting from excessive use of antipsychotic drugs - Side effects can occur months to years after treatment has been initiated or has stopped - The symptoms involve involuntary movements of the tongue, lips, jaw, and extremities

Answer 1038

Tardive Dyskinesia

Question 1039

Making changes in one's self, one's surroundings, or both, depending on the situation

Answer 1039

Task Oriented Response

Question 1040

Genetic disorder of lipid metabolism usually resulting in death by age 3

Answer 1040

Tay-Sachs Disease

Question 1041

A type of white blood cell that, when activated, can recognize specific antigens - T-cells play an important role in the immune system

Answer 1041

T-cell

Question 1042

Communication from one person to another without use of any known sense organs

Answer 1042

Telepathy

Question 1043

Human telomeres are the protective ends of our chromosomes - They are made up of repeated sequences of DNA - Their presence protects the genes close to then from being damaged and truncated during cell division - These shorten as we age - Stress also reduces the length of these

Answer 1043

Telomere

Question 1044

Pattern of emotional and arousal responses and characteristic ways of self regulation that are considered to be primarily hereditary or constitutional

Answer 1044

Temperament

Question 1045

Portion of the cerebrum located in front of the occipital lobe and separated from the frontal and parietal lobes by the fissure of Sylvius

Answer 1045

Temporal Lobe

Question 1046

Condition arising from the mobilization of psychobiological resources to meet a threat; physically, involves an increase in muscle tone and other emergency changes; psychologically, is characterized by feelings of strain, uneasiness, and anxiety

Answer 1046

Tension

Question 1047

Older term for preventative techniques focused on reducing long term consequences of disorders or serious problems

Answer 1047

Tertiary Prevention

Question 1048

Degree to which a test actually measures what it was designed to measure

Answer 1048

Test Validity

Question 1049

Male reproductive glands or gonads

Answer 1049

Testes

Question 1050

Male sex hormone

Answer 1050

Testosterone

Question 1051

Consistency with which a test measures a given trait on repeated administrations of the test to given subjects

Answer 1051

Test - Retest Reliability

Question 1052

Use of a series of simple pictures about which a subject is instructed to make up stories - Analysis of the stories gives a clinician clues about the person's conflicts, traits, personality dynamics, and the like

Answer 1052

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Question 1053

Pertaining to treatment or healing

Answer 1053

Therapeutic

Question 1054

Hospital environment used for therapeutic purposes

Answer 1054

Therapeutic Community

Question 1055

Treatment; application of various treatment techniques

Answer 1055

Therapy

Question 1056

Refers to the problem of making causal inferences in correlational research, where the correlation between two variables could be due to their shared correlation with an unmeasured third variable

Answer 1056

Third Variable Problem

Question 1057

Endocrine gland located in the neck that influences body metabolism, rate of physical growth, and development of intelligence

Answer 1057

Thyroid

Question 1058

Hormone secreted by the thyroid glands

Answer 1058

Thyroxin

Question 1059

Persistent, intermittent muscle twitch or spasm, usually limited to a localized muscle group, often of the facial muscles

Answer 1059

Tic

Question 1060

Reinforcement techniques often used in hospital or institutional settings in which patients are rewarded for socially constructive behaviors with tokens that can then be exchanged for desired objects or activities

Answer 1060

Token Economics

Question 1061

Need for increased amounts of a substance to achieve the desired effects

Answer 1061

Tolerance

Question 1062

Extreme tic disorder involving uncontrollable multiple motor and vocal patterns

Answer 1062

Tourette's Disorder

Question 1063

Poisonous

Answer 1063

Toxic

Question 1064

Widely used form of therapy that uses behavioral approaches to bring about changes in the marital relationship

Answer 1064

Traditional Behavioral Couple Therapy (TBCT)

Question 1065

Characteristic of a person that can be observed or measured

Answer 1065

Trait

Question 1066

Sleep like state in which the range of consciousness is limited and voluntary activities are suspended; a deep hypnotic state

Answer 1066

Trance

Question 1067

Drugs used for reduction of psychotic symptoms (major tranquilizers) or reduction of anxiety and tension (minor tranquilizers)

Answer 1067

Tranquilizers

Question 1068

A treatment in which the clinician positions a pulsed magnet over a carefully selected area of the patient’s scalp and uses it to create an electrical field that increases or decreases neuronal activity in the brain

Answer 1068

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Question 1069

In psychodynamic therapy, a process whereby clients project onto the therapist attitudes and feelings that they have had for a parent or others close to them

Answer 1069

Transference

Question 1070

Achievement of sexual arousal and satisfaction by dressing as a member of the opposite sex

Answer 1070

Transvestic Disorder

Question 1071

Severe psychological or physiological stressor

Answer 1071

Trauma

Question 1072

The view that DID starts from the child's attempt to cope with an overwhelming sense of hopelessness and powerlessness in the face of repeated traumatic abuse (also called Posttraumatic Theory [of DID])

Answer 1072

Trauma Theory

Question 1073

Pertaining to a wound or injury or to psychic shock

Answer 1073

Traumatic

Question 1074

Brain damage resulting from motor vehicle crashes, bullets, or other objects entering the brain, and other severe impacts to the head

Answer 1074

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Question 1075

Mistreatment in childhood severe enough to cause psychological damage

Answer 1075

Traumatic Childhood Abuse

Question 1076

Explicit arrangement between a therapist and a client designed to bring about specific behavioral changes

Answer 1076

Treatment Contract

Question 1077

Repeated fine spastic movement

Answer 1077

Tremor

Question 1078

Chronic pulling out of one's own hair

Answer 1078

Trichotillomania

Question 1079

Medications used to treat depression, and sometimes anxiety disorders, that are thought to block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at the synapse

Answer 1079

Tricyclic Antidepressants

Question 1080

A standard distribution of scores that allows for a comparison of scores on a test by comparing scores with a group of known values

Answer 1080

T Score Distribution

Question 1081

The use of identical and nonidentical twins to study genetic influences on abnormal behavior

Answer 1081

Twin Method

Question 1082

Excessive competitive drive even when it is unnecessary, impatience or time urgency, and hostility

Answer 1082

Type A Behavior Pattern

Question 1083

Type D (for distressed) personality is characterized by high levels of negative emotions and social anxiety - Research suggests that Type D Personality is linked to heart attacks

Answer 1083

Type D Personality

Question 1084

Psychotic behavior of the positive syndrome variety thought to involve chiefly temporolimbic brain structures

Answer 1084

Type I Schizophrenia

Question 1085

Psychotic behavior of the negative syndrome variety thought to involve chiefly frontal brain structures

Answer 1085

Type II Schizophrenia

Question 1086

In psychoanalytic theory, a major portion of the mind, which consists of a hidden mass of instincts, impulses, and memories and is not easily available to conscious awareness, yet plays an important role in behavior

Answer 1086

Unconscious

Question 1087

Inadequate physiological response to a given stimulus

Answer 1087

Underarousal

Question 1088

Ego defense mechanism of atoning for or magically trying to dispel unacceptable desires or acts

Answer 1088

Undoing

Question 1089

Mood disorder in which a person experiences only depressive episodes, as opposed to bipolar disorder, in which both manic and depressive episodes occur

Answer 1089

Unipolar Depressive Disorder

Question 1090

The tasks of altering conditions that cause or contribute to mental disorders (risk factors) and establishing conditions that foster positive mental health (protective factors)

Answer 1090

Universal Intervention

Question 1091

Typically subjective interviews that do not follow a predetermined set of questions - The beginning statements in the interview are usually general, and follow up questions are tailored for each client - The content of the interview questions is influenced by the habits or theoretical views of the interviewer

Answer 1091

Unstructured Assessment Interviews

Question 1092

Involuntary spasm of the muscles at the entrance to the vagina that prevents penetration and sexual intercourse

Answer 1092

Vaginismus

Question 1093

Extent to which a measuring instrument actually measures what it purports to measure

Answer 1093

Validity

Question 1094

Characteristic or property that may assume any one of a set of different qualities or quantities

Answer 1094

Variable

Question 1095

A variable risk factor that, when changed, doesn't influence the outcome of interest (ie; it can vary, but it is still a marker of increased risk for the outcome of interest)

Answer 1095

Variable Marker

Question 1096

A risk factor that can change within a person (eg; level of depression can vary within a person)

Answer 1096

Variable Risk Factor

Question 1097

A brain disorder in which a series of small strokes destroys neurons, leading to brain atrophy and behavioral impairments that are similar to Alzheimer's disease

Answer 1097

Vascular Dementia

Question 1098

Pertaining to the walls of the blood vessels

Answer 1098

Vasomotor

Question 1099

Withdrawn or deteriorated to the point of leading a passive, vegetable like existence

Answer 1099

Vegetative

Question 1100

Test in which a subject's ability to understand and use words and concepts is important in making the required responses

Answer 1100

Verbal Test

Question 1101

Dizziness

Answer 1101

Vertigo

Question 1102

Accentuation of masculine secondary sex characteristics, especially in a woman or young boy, caused by hormonal imbalance

Answer 1102

Virilism

Question 1103

Internal organs

Answer 1103

Viscera

Question 1104

Disorder in which an individual achieves sexual pleasure through clandestine "peeping", usually watching other people disrobe and/or engage in sexual activities

Answer 1104

Voyeuristic Disorder

Question 1105

Factors that render a person susceptible to behaving abnormally

Answer 1105

Vulnerabilities

Question 1106

Standardized intelligence test for children

Answer 1106

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

Question 1107

Intellectual, emotional, or physical retreat

Answer 1107

Withdrawal

Question 1108

Physical symptoms such as sweating, tremors, and tension that accompany abstinence from some drugs

Answer 1108

Withdrawal Symptoms

Question 1109

Jumbled or incoherent use of words by individuals with psychosis or those who are disoriented

Answer 1109

Word Salad

Question 1110

Sex determining chromosome; all female gametes contain X chromosomes, and if the fertilized ovum has also received an X chromosome from its father, it will be female

Answer 1110

X Chromosome

Question 1111

Chromosomal anomaly in males (presence of an extra Y chromosome) possibly related to impulsive behavior

Answer 1111

XYY Syndrome

Question 1112

Sex determining chromosome found in half of the total number of male gametes; its uniting with an X chromosome provided by a female produces a male offspring

Answer 1112

Y Chromosome

Question 1113

Fertilized egg cell formed by the union of male and female gametes

Answer 1113

Zygote