Lifespan Development Glossary Flashcards
1
Q
The process in which modeling paves the way for the development of more general rules and principles
A
Abstract Modeling
2
Q
Special programs that allow gifted students to move ahead at their own pace, even if this means skipping to higher grade levels
A
Acceleration
3
Q
Changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events
A
Accomodation
4
Q
The point reached by young adults in which intelligence is applied to specific situations involving the attainment of long term goals regarding careers, family, and societal contributions
A
Achieving Stage
5
Q
According to Schaie, the first stage of cognitive development, encompassing all of childhood and adolescence
A
Acquisitive Stage
6
Q
The theory suggesting that successful aging occurs when people maintain the interests, activities, and social interactions with which they were involved during middle age
A
Activity Theory
7
Q
Drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in users, leading to increasingly powerful cravings for them
A
Addictive Drugs
8
Q
The developmental stage that lies between childhood and adulthood
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Adolescence
9
Q
A state of self absorption in which the world is viewed from one’s own point of view
A
Adolescent Egocentrism
10
Q
A facility in which elderly individuals receive care only during the day but spend nights and weekends in their own homes
A
Adult Day Care Facilities
11
Q
The action possibilities that a given situation or stimulus provides
A
Affordances
12
Q
The view that an unequal distribution of economic resources, power, and privilege exists among people at different stages of life
A
Age Stratification Theories
13
Q
Prejudice and discrimination directed at older people
A
Ageism
14
Q
Occupations that are associated with getting things accomplished, such as carpentry
A
Agentic Professions
15
Q
Intentional injury or harm to another person
A
Aggression
16
Q
A sequence of staged episodes that illustrate the strength of attachment between a child and (typically) his or her mother
A
Ainsworth Strange Situation
17
Q
People with alcohol problems who have learned to depend on alcohol and are unable to control their drinking
A
Alcoholics
18
Q
A progressive brain disorder that produces loss of memory and confusion
A
Alzheimer’s Disease
19
Q
A style of attachment in which children display a combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers
A
Ambivalent Attachment Pattern
20
Q
The process of identifying genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells drawn by a needle inserted into the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn fetus
A
Amniocentesis
21
Q
A state in which gender roles encompass characteristics thought typical of both sexes
A
Androgynous
22
Q
A severe eating disorder in which individuals refuse to eat, while denying that their behavior and appearance, which may become skeletal, are out of the ordinary
A
Anorexia Nervosa
23
Q
A restriction of oxygen to the baby, lasting a few minutes during the birth process, which can produce cognitive defects
A
Anoxia
24
Q
A standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health in newborns
A
Apgar Scale
25
Research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems
Applied Research
26
A process of fertilization in which a man's sperm is placed directly into a woman's reproductive tract by a physician
Artificial Insemination
27
The process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking
Assimilation
28
Play in which two or more children actually interact with one another by sharing or borrowing toys or materials, although they do not do the same thing
Associative Play
29
The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual
Attachment
30
A learning disorder marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and generally a great deal of inappropriate activity
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
31
A special need that involves the loss of hearing or some aspect of hearing
Auditory Impairment
32
Parents who are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold, and whose word is law
- They value strict, unquestioning obedience from their children and do not tolerate expressions of disagreement
Authoritarian Parents
33
Parents who are firm, setting clear and consistent limits, but who try to reason with their children, giving explanations for why they should behave in a particular way
Authoritative Parents
34
Memory of particular events from one's own life
Autobiographical Memory
35
Having independence and a sense of control over one's life
Autonomy
36
The period during which, according to Erik Erikson, toddlers (age 18 months to 3 years) develop independence and autonomy if they are allowed the freedom to explore, or shame and self doubt if they are restricted and overprotected
Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt Stage
37
A style of attachment in which children do not seek proximity to the mother; after the mother has left, they seem to avoid her when she returns as if they are angered by her behavior
Avoidant Attachment Pattern
38
Making speechlike but meaningless sounds
Babbling
39
A measure that evaluates an infant's development from 2 to 42 months
Bayley Scales of Infant Development
40
A formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones
Behavior Modification
41
The study of the effects of heredity on behavior
Behavioral Genetics
42
The approach that suggests that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment
Behavioral Perspective
43
Acknowledgement of the objective fact that one has experienced a death
Bereavement
44
Maintaining one's original cultural identity while integrating oneself into the dominant culture
Bicultural Identity
45
The use of more than one language
Bilingualism
46
The perspective suggesting that levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals
Bioecological Approach
47
Remarried couples who have at least one stepchild living with them
Blended Families
48
A period in which people must learn to cope with and move beyond changes in physical capabilities as a result of aging
Body Transcendence Versus Body Preoccupation
49
Close physical and emotional contact between parent and child during the period immediately following birth
Bonding
50
Young adults who return, after leaving home for some period, to live in the homes of their middle aged parents
Boomerang Children
51
A diagnosis of death based on the cessation of all signs of brain activity, as measured by electrical brain waves
Brain Death
52
A measure designed to determine infants' neurological and behavioral responses to their environment
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
53
An eating disorder characterized by binges on large quantities of food, followed by purges of the food through vomiting or the use of laxatives
Bulimia Nervosa
54
A situation that occurs when workers experience dissatisfaction, disillusionment, frustration, and weariness from their jobs
Burnout
55
According to Vailant, a stage that is entered between the ages of 20 and 40, when young adults become centered on their careers
Career Consolidation
56
Studies that involve extensive, in depth interviews with a particular individual or small group of individuals
Case Studies
57
The process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects
Centration
58
The principle that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body
Cephalocaudal Principle
59
The upper layer of the brain
Cerebral Cortex
60
A birth in which the baby is surgically removed from the uterus, rather than traveling through the birth canal
Cesarean Delivery
61
Substantial disruption in the rhythm and fluency of speech; the most common speech impairment
Childhood Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)
62
A test used to find genetic defects that involves taking samples of hairlike material that surrounds the embryo
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
63
Rod shaped portions of DNA that are organized in 23 pairs
Chromosomes
64
The actual age of the child taking the intelligence test
Chronological (or Physical) Age
65
A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response
Classical Conditioning
66
Groups of from 2 to 12 people whose members have frequent social interactions with one another
Cliques
67
Development involving the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person's behavior
Cognitive Development
68
Approaches that examine cognitive development through the lens of brain processes
Cognitive Neuroscience Approaches
69
The approach that focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world
Cognitive Perspective
70
Couples living together without being married
Cohabitation
71
A group of people born at around the same time in the same place
Cohort
72
A philosophy that promotes the notion of interdependence
Collectivistic Orientation
73
Occupations that are associated with relationships, such as nursing
Communal Professions
74
The strong affection for those with whom our lives are deeply involved
Companionate Love
75
The period of cognitive development between 7 and 12 years of age, which is characterized by the active, and appropriate, use of logic
Concrete Operational Stage
76
The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects
Conservation
77
Play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something
Constructive Play
78
The theory that considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality and social worlds
Contextual Perspective
79
A community that offers an environment in which all the residents are of retirement age or older
Continuing Care Community
80
The theory suggesting that people need to maintain their desired level of involvement in society to maximize their sense of wellbeing and self esteem
Continuity Theory
81
Gradual development in which achievements at one level build on those of previous levels
Continuous Change
82
Children who are liked by some peers and disliked by others
Controversial Adolescents
83
Play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests
Cooperative Play
84
The effort to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress
Coping
85
A period in which parents and children jointly control children's behavior
Coregulation
86
Research that seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors exists
Correlational Research
87
The combination of responses or ideas in novel ways
Creativity
88
A specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli are necessary for development to proceed normally
Critical Period
89
Research in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time
Cross Sectional Research
90
Larger groups than cliques, composed of individuals who share particular characteristics but who may not interact with one another
Crowds
91
The accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that people have learned through experience and that they can apply in problem solving situations
Crystallized Intelligence
92
The model in which the goal was to assimiliate individual cultural identities into a unique, unified American culture
Cultural Assimilation Model
93
The theory that the abuse and neglect that children suffer predispose them as adults to abuse and neglect their own children
Cycle of Violence Hypothesis
94
The ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account
Decentering
95
According to Sternberg, the third aspect of love that embodies both the initial cognition that one loves another person and the longer term determination to maintain that love
Decision/Commitment Component
96
Coping that involves unconscious strategies that distort or deny the true nature of a situation
Defensive Coping
97
The variable that researchers measure to see if it changes as a result of the experimental manipulation
Dependent Variable
98
An overall developmental score that relates to performance in four domains: motor skills, language use, adaptive behavior, and personal - social
Developmental Quotient
99
Babies who have negative moods and are slow to adapt to new situations; when confronted with a new situation, they tend to withdraw
Difficult Babies
100
Development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at previous stages
Discontinuous Change
101
The theory that late adulthood marks a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels
Disengagement Theory
102
A style of attachment in which children show inconsistent, often contradictory behavior, such as approaching the mother when she returns but not looking at her
Disorganized - Disoriented Attachment Pattern
103
Twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time
Dizygotic Twins
104
The substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of every cell in the body and how it will function
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Molecules
105
Rankings that represent the relative social power of those in a group
Dominance Hierarchy
106
The one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present
Dominant Trait
107
A disorder produced by the presence of an extra chromosome the 21st pair; once referred to as mongolism
Down Syndrome
108
Babies who have a positive disposition; their body functions operate regularly, and they are adaptable
Easy Babies
109
The period in which elderly people must come to grips with their coming death
Ego Transendence Versus Ego Preoccupation
110
Thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others
Egocentric Thought
111
Erikson's final stage of life, characterized by a process of looking back over one's life, evaluating it, and coming to terms with it
Ego Integrity Versus Despair Stage
112
The physical or psychological mistreatment or neglet of elderly individuals
Elder Abuse
113
The period from 2 to 8 weeks following fertilization during which significant growth occurs in the major organs and body systems
Embryonic Stage
114
The period from the late teenage years extending to the mid 20s in which people are still sorting out their options for the future
Emerging Adulthood
115
The set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions
Emotional Intelligence
116
The capability to adjust emotions to a desired state and level of intensity
Emotional Self Regulation
117
An emotional response that corresponds to the feelings of another person
Empathy
118
The experience that relates to parents' feelings of unhappiness, worry, loneliness, and depression resulting from their children's departure from home
Empty Nest Syndrome
119
An approach through which students are kept at grade level but are enrolled in special programs and given individual activities to allow greater depth of study on a given topic
Enrichment
120
An incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass
Episiotomy
121
The theory that considers how individuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of others' - and their own - behavior
Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development
122
The practice of assisting people who are terminally ill to die more quickly
Euthanasia
123
The theory that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors
Evolutionary Perspective
124
The period in middle adulthood when people take a broader perspective than previously, including concerns about the world
Executive Stage
125
A process in which an investigator, called an experimenter, devises two different experiences for participants and then studies and compares the outcomes
Experiment
126
Research designed to discover causal relationships between various factors
Experimental Research
127
The acquisition of skill or knowledge in a particular area
Expertise
128
A style of language use in which language is used primarily to express feelings and needs about oneself and others
Expressive Style
129
Motivation that drives people to obtai tangible rewards, such as money and prestige
Extrinsic Motivation
130
According to Ginzberg, the period, lasting until about age 11, when career choices are made, and discarded, without regard to skills, abilities, or available job opportunities
Fantasy Period
131
Instances in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter
Fast Mapping
132
The period that marks the transition from being able to bear children to being unable to do so
Female Climacteric
133
The process by which a sperm and an ovum - the male and female gametes, respectively - join to form a single new cell
Fertilization
134
A condition in which children display some, but not all, of the problems of FASD as a result of the mother's consumption of alcohol during pregnancy
Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE)
135
A disorder caused by the pregnant mother consuming substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy, potentially resulting in mental retardation and delayed growth in the child
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)
136
A device that measures the baby's heartbeat during labor
Fetal Monitor
137
The stage that begins at about 8 weeks after conception and continues until birth
Fetal Stage
138
A developing child, from 8 weeks after conception until birth
Fetus
139
A research investigation carried out in a naturally occurring setting
Field Study
140
A cluster of psychological symptoms, including loneliness, anxiety, withdrawal, and depression, relating to the college experience suffered by first year college students
First Year Adjustment Reaction
141
Reflects the ability to solve and reason about novel problems
Fluid Intelligence
142
The period at which people develop the ability to think abstractly
Formal Operational Stage
143
A disorder produced by injury to a gene on the X chromosome, producing mild to moderate intellectual disability
Fragile X Syndrome
144
The absence of a heartbeat and breathing
Functional Death
145
Play that involves simple, repetitive activities typical of 3 year olds
Functional Play
146
The sense of being male or female
Gender
147
The belief that people are permanently males or females, depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors
Gender Constancy
148
The perception of oneself as male or female
Gender Identity
149
A cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender
Gender Schema
150
A cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender
Gender Schema
151
The theory that processing in all parts of the nervous system, including the brain, is less efficient as we age
Generalized Slowing Hypothesis
152
A divide between parents and adolescents in attitudes, values, aspirations, and worldviews
Generation Gap
153
According to Erikson, the stage during middle adulthood in which people consider their contributions to family and society
Generativity Versus Stagnation
154
The basic unit of genetic information
Genes
155
The discipline that focuses on helping people deal with issues relating to inherited disorders
Genetic Counseling
156
Theories that suggest that our body's DNA genetic code contains a built in time limit for the reproduction of human cells
Genetic Programming Theories of Aging
157
The underlying combination of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) in an organism
Genotype
158
The first - and shortest - stage of the prenatal period, which takes place during the first two weeks following conception
Germinal Stage
159
Specialists who study aging
Gerontologists
160
Children who show evidence of high performance capability in areas such as intellectual, creative, artisitic, leadership capacity, or specific academic fields
Gifted and Talented
161
A condition in which pressure in the fluid of the eye increases, either because the fluid cannot drain properly or because too much fluid is produced
Glaucoma
162
The notion that development is dependent on the degree of match between children's temperament and the nature and demands of the environment in which they are being raised
Goodness of Fit
163
The system of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed
Grammar
164
The emotional response to one's loss
Grief
165
The decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus
Habituation
166
The preference of using one hand over another
Handedness
167
Inheriting different forms of a gene for a given trait from each parent
Heterozygous
168
One word utterances that stand for a whole phrase, the meaning of which depends on the particular context in which they are used
Holophrases
169
An alternative to hospitalization in which dying people stay in their homes and receive treatment from their families and visiting medical staff
Home Care
170
The tendency to marry someone who is similar in age, race, education, religion, and other basic demographic characteristics
Homogamy
171
Inheriting similar genes for a given trait from both parents
Homozygous
172
Care provided for the dying in institutions devoted to those who are terminally ill
Hospice Care
173
The theory that contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior
Humanistic Perspective
174
A prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested
Hypothesis
175
The status of adolescents who commit to a particular identity following a period of crisis during which they consider various alternatives
Identity Achievement
176
The status of adolescents who consider various identity alternatives, but never commit to one or never even consider identity options in a conscious way
Identity Diffusion
177
The status of adolescents who prematurely commit to an identity without adequately exploring alternatives
Identity Foreclosure
178
According to Erik Erikson, the period during which teenagers seek to determine what is unique and distinctive about themselves
Identity Versus Identity Confusion Stage
179
An adolescent's belief that his or her own behavior is a primary focus of others' attention and concerns
Imaginary Audience
180
A procedure in which a woman's ova are removed from her ovaries, and a man's sperm are used to fertilize the ova in a laboratory
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
181
The variable that researchers manipulate in an experiment
Independent Variable
182
A philosophy that emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual
Individidualistic Orientation
183
According to Erik Erikson, the period from age 6 to 12 characterized by a focus on efforts to attain competence in meeting the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the other complexities of the modern world
Industry Versus Inferiority Stage
184
Death within the first year of life
Infant Mortality
185
A type of speech directed toward infants, characterized by short, simple sentences
Infant Directed Speech
186
The lack of memory for experiences that occurred before three years of age
Infantile Amnesia
187
The inability to conceive after 12 to 18 months of trying to become pregnant
Infertility
188
The model that seeks to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information
Information Processing Approaches
189
According to Erik Erikson, the period during which children age 3 to 6 years experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action
Initiative Versus Guilt Stage
190
A psychological stage in which people in nursing homes develop apathy, indifference, and a lack of caring about themselves
Institutionalism
191
Aggression motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal
Instrumental Aggression
192
A disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills
Intellectual Disability
193
A score that accounts for a student's mental and chronological age
Intelligent Quotient (IQ)
194
The capacity to understand the world, think with rationality, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges
Intelligence
195
According to Sternberg, the component of love that encompasses feelings of closeness, affection, and connectedness
Intimacy Component
196
According to Erikson, the period of postadolescence into the early 30s that focuses on developing close, intimate relationships with others
Intimacy Versus Isolation Stage
197
Motivation that causes people to work for their own enjoyment, for personal rewards
Intrinsic Motivation
198
Thinking that reflects preschoolers' use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world
Intuitive Thought
199
An intelligence test that measures children's ability to integrate different stimuli simultaneously and to use sequential thinking
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (KABC-II)
200
A disorder resulting from the prescence of an extra X chromosome that produces underdeveloped genitals, extreme height, and enlarged breasts
Klinefelter's Syndrome
201
The theory that individuals experience romantic love when two events occur together: intense physiological arousal and situational cues suggesting that the arousal is a result of love
Labeling Theory of Passionate Love
202
A research investigation conducted in a controlled setting explicitly designed to hold events constant
Laboratory Study
203
The systematic, meaningful arrangement of symols, which provides the basis for communication
Language
204
A neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit understanding of language
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
205
The process in which certain cognitive functions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than in the other
Lateralization
206
Difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities
Learning Disabilities
207
The theory that language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning
Learning Theory Approach
208
The setting that is most similar to that of children without special needs
Least Restrictive Environment
209
The approach to personality development that is based on the timing of particular events in an adult's life rather than on age per se
Life Events Theories
210
The average age of death for members of a population
Life Expectancy
211
The point in life in which people examine and evaluate their lives
Life Review
212
The field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire life span
Lifespan Development
213
Legal documents designating what medical treatments people want or do not want if they cannot express their wishes
Living Wills
214
Research in which the behavior of one or more participants in a study is measured as they age
Longitudinal Research
215
Infants who weigh less than 2,500 grams (around 5.5 pounds) at birth
Low Birthweight Infants
216
The most common mental disorder of the elderly, it covers several diseases, each of which includes serious memory loss accompanied by declines in other mental functioning
Major Neurocognitive Disorder
217
An educational approach in which exceptional children are integrated to the extent possible into the traditional educational system and are provided with a broad range of educational alternatives
Mainstreaming
218
The period of physical and psychological change relating to the male reproductive system that occurs during late middle age
Male Climacteric
219
Sexual self stimulation
Masturbation
220
The predetermined unfolding of genetic information
Maturation
221
The process by which information is initially recorded, stored, and retrieved
Memory
222
The onset of menstruation
Menarche
223
The cessation of menstruation
Menopause
224
The typical intelligence level found for people at a given chronological age
Mental Age
225
The knowledge that people have about their own thinking processes and their ability to monitor their cognition
Metacognition
226
An understanding of one's own use of language
Metalinguistic Awareness
227
An understanding about the processes that underlie memory, which emerges and improves during middle childhood
Metamemory
228
A stage of uncertainty and indecision brought about by the realization that life is finite
Midlife Crisis
229
Intellectual disability in which IQ scores fall in the range of 50 or 55 to 70
Mild Intellectual Disability
230
Formal strategies for organizing material in ways that make it more likely to be remembered
Mnemonics
231
Intellectual disability in which IQ scores range from 35 or 40 to 50 or 55
Moderate Intellectual Disability
232
Twins who are genetically identical
Monozygotic Twins
233
The changes in people's sense of justice and of what is right and wrong, and in their behavior related to moral issues
Moral Development
234
The status of adolescents who may have explored various identity alternatives to some degree, but have not yet committed themselves
Moratorium
235
A form of education in which the goal is to help minority students develop confidence in the culture of the majority group while maintaining positive group identities that build on their original cultures
Multicultural Education
236
The determination of traits by a combination of both genetic and envrionmental factors in which a genotype provides a range within which a phenotype may be expressed
Multifactorial Transmission
237
The approach that considers how information that is collected by various individual sensory systems is integrated and coordinated
Multimodal Approach to Perception
238
Protective insulation that surrounds parts of neurons - which speeds the transmission of electrical impulses along brain cells but also adds to brain weight
Myelin
239
The theory that a genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development
Nativist Approach
240
A type of correlational study in which some naturally occurring behavior is observed without intervention in the situation
Naturalistic Observation
241
Children who receive relatively little attention from their peers in the form of either positive or negative interactions
Neglected Adolescents
242
The term used for newborns
Neonates
243
The basic nerve cell of the nervous system
Neuron
244
A disorder in which infants stop growing due to a lack of stimulation and attention as the result of inadequate parenting
Nonorganic Failure to Thrive
245
The approach to personality development that is based on fairly universal stages tied to a sequence of age related crises
Normative Crisis Theories
246
The average performance of a large sample of children of a given age
Norms
247
Body weight more than 20 percent higher than the average weight for a person of a given age and height
Obesity
248
The realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen
Object Permanence
249
Action in which children simply watch others at play, but do not actually participate themselves
Onlooker Play
250
A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences
Operant Conditioning
251
Organized, formal, logical mental processes
Operations
252
A condition in which the bones become brittle, fragile, and thin, often brought about by a lack of calcium in the diet
Osteoporosis
253
The overly broad use of words, overgeneralizing their meaning
Overextension
254
Action in which children play with similar toys, in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other
Parallel Play
255
According to Sternberg, the component of love that comprises the motivational drives relating to sex, physical closeness, and romance
Passion Component
256
A state of powerful absorption in someone
Passionate (or Romantic) Love
257
The influence of one's peers to conform to their behavior and attitudes
Peer Pressure
258
The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli involving the sense organs and brain
Perception
259
The theory that suggests that overall processing speed declines in the peripheral nervous system with increasing age
Peripheral Slowing Hypothesis
260
Parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children
Permissive Parents
261
The view held by some adolescents that what happens to them is unique, exceptional, and shared by no one else
Personal Fables
262
Development involving the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span
Personality Development
263
The sum total of the enduring characteristics that differentiate one individual from another
Personality
264
An observable trait; the trait that is actually seen
Phenotype
265
Development involving the body's physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses, and the need for food, drink, and sleep
Physical Development
266
A conduit between the mother and fetus, providing nourishment and oxygen via the umbilical cord
Placenta
267
The degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable as a result of experience
Plasticity
268
The concept that American society is made up of diverse, coequal cultural groups that should preserve their individual cultural features
Pluralistic Society Model
269
Inheritance in which a combination of multiple gene pairs is responsible for the production of a particular trait
Polygenic Inheritance
270
Thinking that acknowledges that adult predicaments must sometimes be solved in relativistic terms
Postformal Thought
271
Infants still unborn two weeks after the mother's due date
Postmature Infants
272
According to Sternberg, intelligence that is learned primarily by observing others and modeling their behavior
Practical Intelligence
273
The aspect of language that is related to communicating effectively and appropriately with others
Pragmatics
274
According to Piaget, the stage from approximately age 2 to age 7 in which children's use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases
Preoperational Stage
275
Loss of the ability to hear sounds of high frequency
Presbycusis
276
A nearly universal change in eyesight during middle adulthood that results in some loss of near vision
Presbyopia
277
Infants who are born prior to 38 weeks after conception
Preterm Infants
278
Aging that involves universal and irreversible changes that, because of genetic programming, occur as people get older
Primary Aging
279
The assessment of an event to determine whether its implications are positive, negative, or neutral
Primary Appraisal
280
Characteristics associated with the development of the organs and structures of the body that directly relate to reproduction
Primary Sex Characteristics
281
The principle that simple skills typically develop separately and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills
Principle of Heirarchical Integration
282
The principle that different body systems grow at different rates
Principle of the Independence of Systems
283
Speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves
Private Speech
284
Intellectual disability in which IQ scores fall below 20 or 25
Profound Intellectual Disability
285
Helping behavior that benefits others
Prosocial Behavior
286
The principle that development proceeds from the center of the body outward
Proximodistal Principle
287
The theory proposed by Freud that suggets that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior
Psychoanalytic Theory
288
The approach that states that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond people's awareness and control
Psychodynamic Perspective
289
Abuse that occurs when parents or other caregivers harm children's behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical functioning
Psychological Maltreatment
290
The study of the relationship among the brain, the immune system, and psychological factors
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
291
Research that focuses on the relationship between physiological processes and behavior
Psychophysiological Methods
292
According to Freud, a series of stage that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on a particular biological function and body part
Psychosexual Development
293
According to Erik Erikson, development that encompasses changes in the understandings individuals have of themselves as members of society and in their comprehension of the meaning of others' behavior
Psychosocial Development
294
The period during which the sexual organs mature
Puberty
295
The phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people
Race Dissonance
296
The period of sleep that is found in older children and adults and is associated with dreaming
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep
297
The third stage of Ginzberg's theory, which occurs in early adulthood, when people begin to explore specific career options, either through actual experience on the job or through training for a profession, and then narrow their choices and make a commitment
Realistic Period
298
A trait within an organism that is present but is not expressed
Recessive Trait
299
The theory that those in old age must redefine themselves in ways that do not relate to their work roles or occupations
Redefinition of Self Versus Preoccupation with Work Role
300
Groups of people with whom one compares oneself
Reference Groups
301
A style of language use in which language is used primarily to label objects
Referential Style
302
Unlearned, organized involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli
Reflexes
303
The period of late adulthood during which the focus is on tasks that have personal meaning
Reintegrative Stage
304
Children who are actively disliked, and whose peers may react to them in an obviously negative manner
Rejected Adolescents
305
Nonphysical aggression that is intended to hurt another person's psychological well being
Relational Aggression
306
The ability to overcome circumstances that place a child at high risk for psychological or physical damage
Resilience
307
The stage where the major concerns of middle aged adults relate to their personal situations, including protecting and nourishing their spouses, families, and careers
Responsible Stage
308
Repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior
Rhythms
309
The group of participants chosen for the experiment
Sample
310
Couples who in middle adulthood must fulfill the needs of both their children and their aging parents
Sandwich Generation
311
The support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth
Scaffolding
312
Organized bodies of information stored in memory
Schemas
313
Organized patterns of functioning that adapt and change with mental functioning
Schema
314
The process of posing and answering questions using careful, controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data
Scientific Method
315
Broad representations in memory of events and the order in which they occur
Scripts
316
Changes in physical and cognitive functioning that are as a result of illness, health habits, and other individual differences, but are not the result of increased age itself and are not inevitable
Secondary Aging
317
The assessment of whether one's coping abilities and resources are adequate to overcome the harm, threat, or challenge posed by the potential stressor
Secondary Appraisal
318
The visible signs of sexual maturity that do not directly involve the sex organs
Secondary Sex Characteristics
319
A pattern of change occurring over several generations
Secular Trend
320
A style of attachment in which children use the mother as a kind of home base and are at ease when she is present; when she leaves, they become upset and go to her as soon as she returns
Secure Attachment Pattern
321
The process by which people concentrate on selected skill areas to compensate for losses in other areas
Selective Optimization
322
Knowledge of oneself
Self Awareness
323
Children who let thmselves into their homes after school and wait alone until their caretakers return from work; previously known as latchkey children
Self Care Children
324
A person's identity, or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual
Self Concept
325
An individual's overall and specific positive and negative self evaluation
Self Esteem
326
The natural physical decline brought about by aging
Senescence
327
The physical stimulation of the sense organs
Sensation
328
A point in development when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences
Sensitive Period
329
Piaget's initial major stage of cognitive development, which can be broken down into six substages
Sensorimotor Stage (of Cognitive Development)
330
The distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs
Separation Anxiety
331
Research in which researchers examine a number of different age groups over several points in time
Sequential Studies
332
Intellectual disability in which IQ scores range from 20 or 25 to 30 or 40
Severe Intellectual Disability
333
Sex segregation in which boys interact primarily with boys and girls primarily with girls
Sex Cleavage
334
An infection that is spread through sexual contact
Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI)
335
A blood disorder that gets its name from the shape of the red blood cells
Sickle Cell Anemia
336
A facility that provides full time nursing care for people who have chronic illnesses or are recovering from a temporary medical condition
Skilled Nursing Facilities
337
Babies who are inactive, showing relatively calm reactions to their environment; their moods are generally negative, and they withdraw from new situations, adapting slowly
Slow to Warm Babies
338
Infants who, because of delayed fetal growth, weigh 90 percent (or less) of the average weight of infants of the same gestational age
Small for Gestational Age Infants
339
The collection of social skills that permit individuals to perform successfully in social settings
Social Competence
340
The way in which individuals' interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life
Social Development
341
The use of strategies for solving social conflicts in ways that are satisfactory both to oneself and to others
Social Problem Solving
342
The intentional search for information about others' feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events
Social Referencing
343
Speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person
Social Speech
344
Assistance and comfort supplied by another person or a network of caring, interested people
Social Support
345
Learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model
Social Cognitive Learning Theory
346
Adolescent delinquents who know and subscribe to the norms of society and who are fairly normal psychologically
Social Delinquents
347
The approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture
Sociocultural Theory
348
Speech that deviates so much from the speech of others that it calls attention to itself, interferes with communication, or produces maladjustment in the speaker
Speech Impairment
349
A test that consists of a series of items that vary according to the age of the person being tested
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB5)
350
The degree of awareness an infant displays to both internal and external stimulation
State
351
Different degrees of sleep and wakefulness through which newborns cycle, ranging from deep sleep to great agitation
States of Arousal
352
The evaluation of a role or person by other relevant members of a group
Status
353
Obstacles to performance that come from awareness of the stereotypes held by society about academic abilities
Stereotype Threat
354
The delivery of a child who is not alive, occurring in fewer than 1 delivery in 100
Stillbirth
355
The caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person
Stranger Anxiety
356
The physical and emotional response to events that threaten or challenge us
Stress
357
The unexplained death of a seemingly healthy baby
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
358
A type of study where a group of people chosen to represent some larger population are asked questions about their attitudes, behavior, or thinking on a given topic
Survey Research
359
The gap at the connection between neurons, through which neurons chemically communicate with one another
Synapse
360
The elimination of neurons as the result of nonuse or lack of stimulation
Synaptic Pruning
361
The way in which an individual combines words and phrases to form sentences
Syntax
362
A disorder that produces blindness and muscle degeneration before death; there is no treatment
Tay-Sachs Disease
363
Speech in which words not critical to the message are left out
Telegraphic Speech
364
Patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual
Temperament
365
The second stage of Ginzberg's theory, which spas adolescence, when people begin to think more practically about the requirements of various jobs and how their own abilities might fit with them
Tentative Period
366
A factor that produces a birth defect
Teratogen
367
People who study death and dying
Thanatologists
368
Research designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge
Theoretical Research
369
Broad explanations, and predictions about phenomena of interest
Theories
370
Knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how it affects behavior
Theory of Mind
371
The process in which one state is changed into another
Transformation
372
Sternberg's theory that intelligence is made up of three major components: componential, experiential, and contextual
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
373
According to Erik Erikson, the period during which infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust, largely depending on how well their needs are met by their caregivers
Trust Versus Mistrust Stage
374
A process in which high frequency sound waves scan the mother's womb to produce an image of the unborn baby, whose size and shape can then be assessed
Ultrasound Sonography
375
The overly restrictive use of words, common among children just mastering spoken language
Underextension
376
Adolescent delinquents who are raised with little discipline or with harsh, uncaring parental supervision
Undersocialized Delinquents
377
Parents who show almost no interest in their children and indifferent, rejecting behavior
Uninvolved Parents
378
Noam Chomsky's theory that all the world's languages share a similar underlying structure
Universal Grammar
379
Infants who weigh less than 1,250 grams (around 2.25 pounds) or, regardless of weight, have been in the womb less than 30 weeks
Very Low Birthweight Infants
380
A difficulty in seeing that may include blindness or partial sightedness
Visual Impairment
381
The theory that the mechanical functions of the body simply wear out with age
Wear and Tear Theories of Aging
382
A test for children that provides separate measures of verbal and performance (or nonverbal) skills, as well as a total score
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fifth Edition (WISC-V)
383
Expert knowledge in the practical aspects of life
Wisdom
384
Genes that are considered recessive and located only on the X chromosome
X Linked Genes
385
According to Vygotsky, the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, perform a task independently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
386
The new cell formed by the process of fertilization
Zygote
