SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards
social psychology definition
is a discipline which people attempt to see thoughts of others and how this influences what one does.
5 approaches to social psychology
- cognitive
- learning
- motivational
- biological
- cultural
social psychology - cognitive perspective
how perception effects behaviour
or how one reacts and its consequences
social psychology - learning perspective
principles like reinforcement and imitation
responses based on prior learning, observations
social psychology - motivational perspective
basic human needs
social psychology - biological perspective
our biology drives us
social psychology - cultural perspective
how our society impacts on us
4 levels of explanation in social psychology
- intra-personal level
- inter-personal level
- inter-group level
- societal level
4 levels of explanation in social psychology - Intra-Personal Level
based on what goes on inside the person
- it is sometimes not always their fault is can be genes, tumors etc
4 levels of explanation in social psychology - Inter-Personal Level
interactions between two people
% of murder cases that rejection caused the violence
85%
4 levels of explanation in social psychology - Inter-Group Level
based on group level behaviour (tends to be men that show this behaviour)
4 levels of explanation in social psychology - Societal Level
cultural effects on behaviour
for example some places allow guns
Rousseau quote on nature of human kind
“man is by nature good and only institutions make him bad”
Hobbes quote on nature of human kind
“man is by nature solitary, poore, nasty and brutish”
what did Freud first draw the world too (3)
- the study of unconscious
- the developmental aspects of personality (what impacted us growing up also impacts us later on in life)
- talking cures (the idea of therapy)
what are the 3 subsystems involved in this conflict
ID
EGO
SUPEREGO
subsystem - ID
contains most basic urges (driven by what we want and desire)
they need to gain sexual pleasure, it’s principle of the demand for satisfaction now not later no matter the consequences
subsystem - EGO
works on the reality principle
works by trying to satisfy the ID by doing societal norms so that ID will have to wait
subsystem - SUPEREGO
acts as the moral policemen
we have internalised rules from out parents and society, but if we break these rules this leads to anxiety, guilt etc
however if you don’t get anxiety then they have the desire to fulfil/repress ID and then defense mechanisms are brought into play
what are the 4 defense mechanisms
displacement
reaction formation
projection
isolation
defense mechanisms - displacement
impulses redirected into a safer course (re-channel desire into something more acceptable)
e. go to the gym instead
defense mechanisms - reaction formation
original wish is supplanted with the opposite
eg. if you like someone you may be mean to them instead
defense mechanisms - projection
urges are projected into others
eg. if you are jealous of someone, you tell them that are jealous of you
defense mechanisms - isolation
awareness of memories but not emotions (can talk about the trauma without emotions as the trauma is to much)
origins of unconscious
these are a result of childhood experiences
as a child grows pleasure is achieved through the stimulation of certain body zones
child stimulation of certain body zones
oral
anal
phallic
latency
genital
0-2 years old
2-4 years old
4-6 years old
6-12 years old
12+ years old
phallic stage
4-6 years old
boys develop oedipus complex when the boy desires to be with someone their mother and hates there fathers
Castration Anxiety - gives up on this desire and then hope to have a father like his dad has
electra complex
- is when females realise they don’t have a penis
- suggests that women are less than men
- the female will turn the sexual attention to her father as he has the desirable organ and hates her mother and develop anxiety over this
- but this resolves when the girl identifies with her mother
3 problems of freud theory and why
- he never actually studied children
- ideas not falsifiable
- little experimental evidence to support ideas
because the data is more explained through other processes and experiment supporting his claims are often flawed
what is an attitude (2)
is a positive or negative reaction towards a stimulus, such as a person, action, object or concept
people hold attitudes about most things
what 3 components of attitude
cognitive (beliefs)
affective (emotional attachment)
behavioural
what are the likert scales and their flaws
it depends on honesty and measures attitude on a scale of 1-10
- sometimes people are dishonest and give the socially accepted answers
2 likert attitude techniques
the bogus pipeline
electromyography
the bogus pipeline
hooked up on people and they are told that it measures minute changes in their muscles, to read if they are lying or not. if respondents believe this than they option give their true opinion as there is little point in not
electromyography (EMG) and it’s downside
measures activity of facial muscles as they twitch when we are happy or sad which we can’t see with the open eye, that are shown when the video show happiness or sadness
one the downside its very expensive and you can normally only test one person
study of controversy around attitude - LaPiere
studied the relation between racist attitudes and behaviour. they found that restaurants that said they wouldn’t serve Chinese couple, often if they showed up at the the place they would serve them this shows that
someone may portray an attitude but when it comes to showing that behaviour they won’t actually physically show it
what are the 3 things we have to consider when we think about the theory of planned behaviour
- when we have a positive attitude towards behaviour
- when norms support out attitudes
- when the behaviour is under our control
attitudes can change - himmelweit and then knox and inkster
change attitude then change your behaviour but this will then also change your attitude
people change their attitudes for certain things such as someone you fancy or how popular you are etc.
emotional appeals
fear can work in circumstances where
- the message evokes a strong fear
- feasible way to make a threat
what is attribution
there is no set theory, but most of them are based around ‘peoples perception of the causes of an event affects what they do and how they feel’
(how we perceive, interpret, what we dot etc)
what are the two measurement of attribution
internal - what is inside the person
external - factors on that person
what do men and women say about success and how they blame
men: say they have internal attribution for their success
boy blame external attributions
women: say its an external attribution for these results
women blame themselves
consequences of attributions - what did one study find then another study by frey and rogner find out
couple who experience marital issue are more likely to put their partners negative behaviour to internal attributions
after an accident, found that if they thought they were to blame, then they would stay in hospital for 30days and if they didn’t think they were to be blamed they would only stay 20days
optimistic attributional styles (4)
i have no control on what happens
don’t blame themselves
live longer
blame external factors for negative things in their life
pessimistic attribution styles
blame themselves
good and bad happens to them
say their bad things are because of them/internal
if you think good before you sleep ….
have good dreams and wake up happier
2 motivational basis of attributions
self esteem
control
control
attributions can enhance control, but can also have negative effects
if we put good in our internal then we may believe we are in control
people blame themselves
self esteem
- if we are positive then we attribute tho internal which gives us qualities we can achieve/maintain.
- if we are negative then we can internalise this still with the same qualities but this can decrease our self esteem
what are the 4 levels of analysis
intra personal level
inter personal level
intergroup level
societal level
intra-personal level - (level one)
this is when individuals think logically as this is when people think before they make an attribution
interpersonal level - actor observer effect
people tend to attribute there own actions to external factors
and actions of others to internal causes