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PSYCH 112 > SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY > Flashcards

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

social psychology definition

A

is a discipline which people attempt to see thoughts of others and how this influences what one does.

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2
Q

5 approaches to social psychology

A
  1. cognitive
  2. learning
  3. motivational
  4. biological
  5. cultural
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3
Q

social psychology - cognitive perspective

A

how perception effects behaviour

or how one reacts and its consequences

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4
Q

social psychology - learning perspective

A

principles like reinforcement and imitation

responses based on prior learning, observations

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5
Q

social psychology - motivational perspective

A

basic human needs

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6
Q

social psychology - biological perspective

A

our biology drives us

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7
Q

social psychology - cultural perspective

A

how our society impacts on us

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8
Q

4 levels of explanation in social psychology

A
  1. intra-personal level
  2. inter-personal level
  3. inter-group level
  4. societal level
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9
Q

4 levels of explanation in social psychology - Intra-Personal Level

A

based on what goes on inside the person

  • it is sometimes not always their fault is can be genes, tumors etc
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10
Q

4 levels of explanation in social psychology - Inter-Personal Level

A

interactions between two people

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11
Q

% of murder cases that rejection caused the violence

A

85%

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12
Q

4 levels of explanation in social psychology - Inter-Group Level

A

based on group level behaviour (tends to be men that show this behaviour)

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13
Q

4 levels of explanation in social psychology - Societal Level

A

cultural effects on behaviour

for example some places allow guns

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14
Q

Rousseau quote on nature of human kind

A

“man is by nature good and only institutions make him bad”

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15
Q

Hobbes quote on nature of human kind

A

“man is by nature solitary, poore, nasty and brutish”

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16
Q

what did Freud first draw the world too (3)

A
  1. the study of unconscious
  2. the developmental aspects of personality (what impacted us growing up also impacts us later on in life)
  3. talking cures (the idea of therapy)
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17
Q

what are the 3 subsystems involved in this conflict

A

ID
EGO
SUPEREGO

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18
Q

subsystem - ID

A

contains most basic urges (driven by what we want and desire)

they need to gain sexual pleasure, it’s principle of the demand for satisfaction now not later no matter the consequences

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19
Q

subsystem - EGO

A

works on the reality principle

works by trying to satisfy the ID by doing societal norms so that ID will have to wait

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20
Q

subsystem - SUPEREGO

A

acts as the moral policemen

we have internalised rules from out parents and society, but if we break these rules this leads to anxiety, guilt etc

however if you don’t get anxiety then they have the desire to fulfil/repress ID and then defense mechanisms are brought into play

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21
Q

what are the 4 defense mechanisms

A

displacement
reaction formation
projection
isolation

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22
Q

defense mechanisms - displacement

A

impulses redirected into a safer course (re-channel desire into something more acceptable)

e. go to the gym instead

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23
Q

defense mechanisms - reaction formation

A

original wish is supplanted with the opposite

eg. if you like someone you may be mean to them instead

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24
Q

defense mechanisms - projection

A

urges are projected into others

eg. if you are jealous of someone, you tell them that are jealous of you

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25
Q

defense mechanisms - isolation

A

awareness of memories but not emotions (can talk about the trauma without emotions as the trauma is to much)

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26
Q

origins of unconscious

A

these are a result of childhood experiences

as a child grows pleasure is achieved through the stimulation of certain body zones

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27
Q

child stimulation of certain body zones

oral
anal
phallic
latency
genital

A

0-2 years old
2-4 years old
4-6 years old
6-12 years old
12+ years old

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28
Q

phallic stage

A

4-6 years old

boys develop oedipus complex when the boy desires to be with someone their mother and hates there fathers

Castration Anxiety - gives up on this desire and then hope to have a father like his dad has

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29
Q

electra complex

A
  • is when females realise they don’t have a penis
  • suggests that women are less than men
  • the female will turn the sexual attention to her father as he has the desirable organ and hates her mother and develop anxiety over this
  • but this resolves when the girl identifies with her mother
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30
Q

3 problems of freud theory and why

A
  1. he never actually studied children
  2. ideas not falsifiable
  3. little experimental evidence to support ideas

because the data is more explained through other processes and experiment supporting his claims are often flawed

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31
Q

what is an attitude (2)

A

is a positive or negative reaction towards a stimulus, such as a person, action, object or concept

people hold attitudes about most things

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32
Q

what 3 components of attitude

A

cognitive (beliefs)
affective (emotional attachment)
behavioural

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33
Q

what are the likert scales and their flaws

A

it depends on honesty and measures attitude on a scale of 1-10
- sometimes people are dishonest and give the socially accepted answers

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34
Q

2 likert attitude techniques

A

the bogus pipeline
electromyography

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35
Q

the bogus pipeline

A

hooked up on people and they are told that it measures minute changes in their muscles, to read if they are lying or not. if respondents believe this than they option give their true opinion as there is little point in not

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36
Q

electromyography (EMG) and it’s downside

A

measures activity of facial muscles as they twitch when we are happy or sad which we can’t see with the open eye, that are shown when the video show happiness or sadness

one the downside its very expensive and you can normally only test one person

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37
Q

study of controversy around attitude - LaPiere

A

studied the relation between racist attitudes and behaviour. they found that restaurants that said they wouldn’t serve Chinese couple, often if they showed up at the the place they would serve them this shows that

someone may portray an attitude but when it comes to showing that behaviour they won’t actually physically show it

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38
Q

what are the 3 things we have to consider when we think about the theory of planned behaviour

A
  1. when we have a positive attitude towards behaviour
  2. when norms support out attitudes
  3. when the behaviour is under our control
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39
Q

attitudes can change - himmelweit and then knox and inkster

A

change attitude then change your behaviour but this will then also change your attitude

people change their attitudes for certain things such as someone you fancy or how popular you are etc.

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40
Q

emotional appeals

A

fear can work in circumstances where
- the message evokes a strong fear
- feasible way to make a threat

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41
Q

what is attribution

A

there is no set theory, but most of them are based around ‘peoples perception of the causes of an event affects what they do and how they feel’

(how we perceive, interpret, what we dot etc)

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42
Q

what are the two measurement of attribution

A

internal - what is inside the person
external - factors on that person

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43
Q

what do men and women say about success and how they blame

A

men: say they have internal attribution for their success
boy blame external attributions

women: say its an external attribution for these results
women blame themselves

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44
Q

consequences of attributions - what did one study find then another study by frey and rogner find out

A

couple who experience marital issue are more likely to put their partners negative behaviour to internal attributions

after an accident, found that if they thought they were to blame, then they would stay in hospital for 30days and if they didn’t think they were to be blamed they would only stay 20days

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45
Q

optimistic attributional styles (4)

A

i have no control on what happens
don’t blame themselves
live longer
blame external factors for negative things in their life

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46
Q

pessimistic attribution styles

A

blame themselves
good and bad happens to them
say their bad things are because of them/internal

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47
Q

if you think good before you sleep ….

A

have good dreams and wake up happier

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48
Q

2 motivational basis of attributions

A

self esteem
control

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49
Q

control

A

attributions can enhance control, but can also have negative effects
if we put good in our internal then we may believe we are in control
people blame themselves

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49
Q

self esteem

A
  • if we are positive then we attribute tho internal which gives us qualities we can achieve/maintain.
  • if we are negative then we can internalise this still with the same qualities but this can decrease our self esteem
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50
Q

what are the 4 levels of analysis

A

intra personal level
inter personal level
intergroup level
societal level

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51
Q

intra-personal level - (level one)

A

this is when individuals think logically as this is when people think before they make an attribution

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52
Q

interpersonal level - actor observer effect

A

people tend to attribute there own actions to external factors

and actions of others to internal causes

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52
Q

interpersonal level - (level two)

A

deals with face to face attributions, and when people to be bias/not rational

two major types
- actor observers effect
- self serving bias

52
Q

interpersonal level - the self serving bias

A

people take credit for their success but not for the failures

53
Q

inter-group level (level 3)

A

when people are in groups they show bias

54
Q

societal level (level four)

A

people from the west - make internal attributions
people from other cultures - make external attributions

55
Q

% of people that meet their ‘special partner in a familiar social setting and % finds it in a casual social setting

A

83%
6%

56
Q

2 things about people finding their special person

A

we like people we see more often
we tend to find friends that are close in alphabeticall to us

57
Q

why is proximity important

A

repeated exposure to any stimulus makes it more appealing
but differences in people can lead to negativity

58
Q

% of people prefer a mirror (revered) photo of themself, however % of people prefer the a normal photo of their friend

A

70%
70%

59
Q

emotional arousal

A

research indicates that people who are emotionally aroused rate others as more attractive

60
Q

dutton & aaron study on emotional

A

they had men either walk across a sturdy or unsturdy bridge across a river, where they will come across an attractive interviewer at the other side who ask them questions. if they had walked on the unstable side they found that they were more likely to flirt. this is because they are more anxious/aroused/shocked

61
Q

what is the most important things when it comes to relationships

A

physical attractiveness, but people generally refuse to admit it openly

62
Q

where on the list that are physical attractiveness most important for a relationship for males and then females

A

men: 12th
females: 22nd

63
Q

whipple showed that % of men and women would agree to sex when approached by a an attractive person

A

men: 90% of a time
women: 10% of a time

64
Q

3 benefits to attractiveness

A
  • adults are less aggressive to attractive people
  • attractive people are more likely to be hired for jobs
  • attractive students are more likely to be given better grades
  • cared for more quickly at hospitals
65
Q

facial features that people prefer

A

men prefer: childlike face, small nose and chin
female prefer: expression of dominance, small eyes, square jaw, thrusting chin

66
Q

torso features that people prefer

A

men prefer: medium bust, hips, waist and bottom
female prefer:V shaped man, broad shoulders which tapers into small bottom

67
Q

age and height features that people prefer

A

men prefer: younger, smaller women
female prefer: older, taller men

68
Q

attractiveness when it comes to similarity

A
  • you are more attracted to people are similar to you but values and attitudes ect are more important
69
Q

divorce rate and women role in divorce and how they react

A

1 in 3

women may feel worse during the relationship but they do better single

70
Q

what is social facilitation

A

how the physical presence of others influences our behaviour

71
Q

schmitts study on when people are watching you

A

he had people type these name in front of many people. when he gave them a more challenging task of typing it backwards it would make them alot slower

showing that
- simple tasks ability would increase but
- complex task ability would decrease

72
Q

zajonc’s Drive Theory of Facilitation

A

the presence of others leads to increased arousal which then leads to enhancing our dominant response if it is appropriate or if it is inappropriate then our performance will decrease

73
Q

Michael study of pool accuracy when other was watching results

A

good player accuracy increased by 9%

bad players accuracy decreased by 10%

74
Q

diffusion of responsibility

A

the idea that as a group size increases, individual responsibility decreases. eg if you are in a big group you are less likely to stand up than if we are alone
- people tend to lose self awareness and feel anonymous
- can leaded to impulses coming out

75
Q

deindividuation

A

this is when we forget who we are and do thing that we wouldn’t normally do, like being bizarre or have negative effects.

or in crowds we can become aggressive, which can be caused when we have anonymity, as no one can tell who we are

76
Q

beaman et al. halloween study on dedindividualised

A

they had lollies’ with sign saying that only take one. but next to it it had a mirror so could see themselves and what they were doing

34% took extra sweets and 12% of those with the mirror took extra sweets

77
Q

conformity and Solomon Asch

A

they did a study where there is a room of people that are all in on it and try trick the person by saying the wrong answer to see if the person will go along with it

found that 75% when along with the false answer

78
Q

roles

A

people given role in charge can take over who a person is

79
Q

obedience

A

when a teacher would shock a student, they level would go up even when the student said stop. then see how long the teacher would go. (even when they would want to stop, someone would tell them to keep going to see if they would)

this indicates that people will hurt them

80
Q

philip zimbardo stanford prison experiment - aim

A

aim: was to examine how social roles affected individual behaviour as either a prisoner or guard

81
Q

philip zimbardo stanford prison experiment - people involved/length

A

2 weeks long - but only went for 6 days

24 were chosen all were psychologically stable that were randomlly assigned to either prisoner or a guard

82
Q

philip zimbardo stanford prison experiment - size of cells and how many they slept

A

6x9 ft and held 3 people

83
Q

philip zimbardo stanford prison experiment - 3 phases

A
  1. settling in phase
  2. second phase
  3. third phase
84
Q

philip zimbardo stanford prison experiment - settling in phase

A

the people weren’t fully in their roles
guards were awkward and uncomfortable in their roles and the prisoners didn’t take the guards seriously

85
Q

philip zimbardo stanford prison experiment - second phase

A

the prisoners became angry

86
Q

philip zimbardo stanford prison experiment - third phase

A

guards called for reinforcements
prisoners divided and rule
so then the guards became torturous
one prisoner suffered a mental breakdown

87
Q

philip zimbardo stanford prison experiment - why did they end it

A

beacuse the guards started treating the prisoners like animals

88
Q

what is the 1st and 2nd most famous psychology experiments

A
  1. Stanley Milgram’s obedience experiment
  2. Philip Zimbardo prisnors and guards experiment
89
Q

how did stanley milgram’s experiment work

A
  • one participant was to be a teacher and one was a learner (learner was in on it and the teacher didn’t know this)
  • learner was in a different room and would shocked if they got a question wrong (even though both were told that that the shocks weren’t harmful)
  • the learners response to the shocks (that were pre recorded) was heard by the teacher
  • even if the teacher wanted to stop the leader of the experiment would encourage them to keep going
  • the aim was to see if they would continue on hurting someone or not if they were told too
90
Q

% of people that went to 450 danger level of shocking

A

65%

91
Q

when teacher and learner were in the same room the obedience dropped to

A

40%

92
Q

when the teacher had to physically touch the learner to shock the the obedience dropped to

A

30%

93
Q

when the experimenter gave orders over the phone the obedience dropped to

A

20%

94
Q

finding of stanley milgram’s experiment

A
  • people don’t blindly follow orders
95
Q

prejudice definition

A

the holding of derogatory attitudes or beliefs, the expression of negative effect or the display of hostile or discriminatory behaviour towards members of a group on account of their memberships in that group

96
Q

what fraction of black babies die the the USA

A

1/3

96
Q

everyone has prejudices but that doesn’t mean …..

A

everyone is a bad person we don’t have to buy in on that behaviour

96
Q

authoritarian personality

A

a personality type when you are overly deferential to those in authority whilst hostile towards those perceived as inferior

in other words they are people who tend to believe the terrible things that people are telling them to do

these are people that are nice to those who are above them but are mean to those who are below

97
Q

RCT realistic conflict theory

A

if the interests of two groups coincide, then relations between groups will be harmonious (fine)

if these is a conflict of interest between two groups then relations between the group will be hostile (unfriendly)

98
Q

Sherif’s field experiments info

A

was done in robbers can in USA
they had 2 groups of boys all aged 12 that were mentally stable, high IQ and had married parents.

99
Q

Sherif’s field experiment -stage one

A

Harmony between groups
both groups of boys separately had 1 week of normal camp activities. this made the boy bond and become close with one another

100
Q

Sherif’s field experiment - stage two

A

Hostility between groups
in stage two the 2 groups were brought into competition with each other, where they would hurt the other team, be mean to them and raids etc.

there was a prize for the winners and nothing for the losers

101
Q

what did sherif say about the boys

A

they were ‘wicked, disturbed and vicious’

102
Q

minimal group paradigm (MGP)

A

a scientific attempt to create an ‘empty environment’ where researchers could then systematically add variables that would elicit discrimination.

to ensure that none of the other factors which influence prejudice would impinge upon the experiments conditions

group members assigned arbitrarily

group members were decided by numbers

103
Q

what is the difference if you interpret ones actions as accidental or delibrate

A

accidental - you are unlikely to respond aggressively

deliberate - you may respond aggressively

104
Q

to freud the basic human condition was

A

seething cauldron (intense emotions) of pleasure seeking instincts and the restraints to this were internalised during childhood

105
Q

there will always be a conflict of between instincts and

A

demands of society

forbidden impulses can never been ruled out, they can be denied but they will always return and reassert themselves

106
Q

freud claimed that children whose parent treat them harshly would redirect their aggressive instinct to those who have less power when evidence actually suggests

A

that authoritarian aggression is not caused by redirected aggression but by repressed impulses from observational learning

107
Q

freud claimed that threatening stimuli is repressed but evidence shows that

A

threatening words take longer to report bu support the ideas of repression, but people may feel embarrassed or want to recheck their eyes

108
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

inconsistency between attitudes and behaviour

behaviour won’t change so our attitude will

109
Q

cognitive dissonance - study by Knox & Inkster

A

found that those who had placed a lot of bets were much more confident in winning

change our attitudes if we like of fancy someone

110
Q

attitudes can be changed by a ____ of ______ if the source is______________________ and if the message is presented _____________________ and if we are approached on

A

host of factors
creditable, trustworthy, attractive and likeable
quickly, long and without hesitation
on sunny days or when we are happy

111
Q

attitude resilience

A

we are not at the mercy of those who seek to influence us, can avoid this by rehearsal of a counter argument

  • this was proven by McAlister, where children have been trained to be less likely to smoke
112
Q

men that attribute negative events to internal tend to have

A

poorer health from 45-60
showing how we interpret things in life can effect us later

113
Q

so be an

A

optimist but this takes time

114
Q

people blame themselves as this gives them an

A

illusion of control

115
Q

repeated exposure to any stimulus ….

A

makes it more appealing

116
Q

reis - proximity doesn’t always work

A

if the initial interaction is negative and this experienced is reinforced then the dislike will occur

117
Q

walster et al - study on first impressions and dates

A

results showed that you were rated as more attractive by observers and then also rated higher by your date

118
Q

men and physical attractiveness

A

gay or not physical attractiveness is important

119
Q

women and physical attractiveness

A

lesbian or not tend to focus on psychological

120
Q

fat and diseased babies in western cultures =

A

beautiful

121
Q

loneliness

A
  • lonely people can sometimes feel distressed, bored and more depressed
  • an effective way to cope it by doing something valuable
122
Q

rejection causes….

A

pain

123
Q

we are more likely to laugh if

A

others laugh

124
Q

the larger the crowd the more we

A

eat

125
Q

cockroaches run faster when

A

the presence of more cockroaches are present

126
Q

diffusion of responsibility - kitty genovese

A

fought with her killer for 30 minutes and 38 of her neighbours watched but none called the caps of the helped

127
Q

diffusion of responsibility - latane and darley

A

when smoke came our of a vent if an individual was alone they would react immediately and 1% would if with a group

128
Q

decrease in self awareness =

A

increase in anti-social behaviour

129
Q
A

PSYCH 112 (5 decks)

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