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PSYCH 112 > PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Flashcards

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

are children or adults more likely to have psychopathology

A

children

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2
Q

hauora - te whare tapa wha

A

a maori lens of health that explores various aspects of wellbeing, that allows pathopsychology to prioritise maori and their wellbeing
4 walls
1. taha hinengaro - emotional
2. taha tinana - physical
3. taha wairu - spiritual
4. taha whanau - social

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3
Q

are treatments of psychopathology always effective

A

only in some settings

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4
Q

% of people in NZ that meet the media for a mental disorder and those that was in the last 6 months

A

40%
60%

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5
Q

Te Rau Hinengaro: The NZ mental health survey

A

aim - understand the prevalence of mental health disorders, barriers of its healthcare use and in it many cultures

findings - around 13000 people 16+ were interviewed, maori+pacific people were over-sampled, and the three most common disorders were
- anxiety
- mood
- substance use
maori and pacific are less likely to have access to treatment services

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6
Q

what is psychopathology

A

refers to the study of psychological disorders

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7
Q

what are the fives things that help define disorders

A
  • infrequency
  • deviance
  • distress
  • disability
  • danger
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8
Q

infrequency

A

how often it occurs

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9
Q

deviance

A

behaviours that are not considered typical
- these often differ between cultures

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10
Q

distress

A
  • the suffering experience
  • it can be experienced by self and/or others
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11
Q

disability

A

the degrees of the impairment experienced

  • this differs by individual
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12
Q

danger

A

degree of risk
- to self
- to others
- from others
- to property

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13
Q

how do we classify disorders and what it gives us

A

book called DSM-5-TR that is regularly updates

gives us -
a common language
supports evidence
keeps up to date as research grows

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14
Q

Anxiety

A
  • one of the most common disorders
  • future focused and is an anticipated threat

not infrequent
but associates with distress, disability, danger

  • thoughts, worries, avoidance, sweating
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15
Q

Fear or Panic

A
  • present focused
  • immediate threat
  • autonomic
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16
Q

Te Rau Hinengaro

A

25-29% of adults will meet the criteria for one disorder at some point in their life

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17
Q

who can receive therapy

A
  • individuals
  • couples
  • family
  • groups
  • communities

Give people, skills and knowledge, so that they no longer need help as they know what skills they need to undergo

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18
Q

biomedical vs psychological approach

A

Psychologists vs therapists

disease vs thought and behaviour

changing physical functioning vs changing how we things, feel and our behaviours

medication and surgery vs therapy

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19
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

not the most common anymore, but parts of it are

aim: for clients to achieve insight and how these affect their process, strong focus on the past

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20
Q

behavioural approach

A

clients to identify the behaviours that the cause of their disorder

  • a focus on reinforcement rather than a punishment
  • exposure therapy
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21
Q

cognitive approach

A

idea that clients and address maladaptive thoughts, beliefs and assumptions made (negative beliefs about ourselves)

eg. do people really hate you or not really

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22
Q

third way cognitive therapy

A

mindfulness (having a thought then letting it go)

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23
Q

which treatment is the best

A

combined treatment

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24
Q

which is common treatment for anxiety and depression

A

CBT

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25
Q

personality disorders

A

persistent set of behaviours across multiple setting

  • sort of a view you have through life in every setting eg. you may see the world as scary in every settings

early experiences change the way you think about the world, which makes this stable over time

develops in childhood from experiences so its not actually there fault

  • difficult in social interactions
  • intense or reduced reactions
  • inflexible thinking patterns
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26
Q

three clusters of personality disorders

cluster A B C

A

A - odd or eccentric
B - Dramatic
C - Anxious

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27
Q

is you have a disorder you have a ___% chance of having another one

A

50%

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28
Q

there are around 10 criteria per disorder but

A

you only need to have a few to have the disorder, so different people act different with the personaility

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29
Q

causes of personality disorders

A
  • little genetics
  • childhood experiences
  • individual temperament (right up bringing for that child)
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30
Q

treatment for personality disorders

A

if on the boarder
otherwise no but have evidence based protocols (eg therapy)

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31
Q

difficulties or treating personality disorders

A
  • takes longer
  • therapy is difficult
  • poor research base
  • high levels of stigma
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32
Q

psychosis

A
  • focus on your perception of reality
  • difficulties in distinguishing what is real and what is not
  • high levels of distress
  • mainly is young adults as this is when most do experience with drugs
  • relatively common
  • can be caused by psych disorders, major stress, drug use
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33
Q

schizophrenia

A

you need 2 or more of
- delusions
- hallucinations
- disorganised speech
- catatonia (won’t interact, they just sit there
- negative symtoms

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34
Q

causes of schizophrenia

A
  • brain disorders
  • brith month
  • pregnancy or birth complications
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35
Q

schizophrenia treatment

A
  • anti-psychotic
  • CBT
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36
Q

clusters of symptoms

A

postive/negative/disorganised symptoms

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37
Q

psychosis care in NZ

A

early interventions teams
- wrap around (work as a team)
- 3 years of care

there are barriers preventing people from care

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38
Q

bipolar 1 VS bipolar 2

A

bipolar one is when they have extreme periods of an elevated mood (manic) , and then depression and normal mood at some points

bipolar 2 is people that have an increase elevation mood but not to the same level (hypomanic) as bipolar 1

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39
Q

bipolar disorder

A

bipolar one and two

rapid cycling associated with the worse outcomes - the amount of time between each episode (being manic, normal or depressed) is short

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40
Q

major depressive disorder - MMD

A

this is when you don’t have the high manic/normal episodes

they must have one of low mood, loss of interests, loss of pleasure

it can look different for every person for example then they often, lose/gain weight, sleep lots or not at all, thoughts of self harm etc

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41
Q

MMD causes

A

combination of factors
- genetics
- environment (social or psych)

42
Q

cognitive theories + beck’s theory

A

how our thoughts and feelings and physical behaviours interacts with one another

beck’s theory that these feelings are about
our negative through and beliefs are normally about often about so if we stop these depression will decrease
- self
- world
- future

43
Q

cognitive disorders

A

many different ones
when people grab onto an same idea and then make it a big issue

44
Q

cognitive therapy

A

focusing and addressing thought
- automatic
- addressing attitudes, thinking styles
- changing schemas

has good evidence

45
Q

CBT and culture

A

therapy technique that Benett used for CBT depression

  • focuses on individual needs, so if value community you may struggle to put yourself first
  • so adapted this theory to work for maori and pacific to help to focus on
  • world view
  • around family
  • self - disclosure
  • fostering therapeutic relationship (therapist sharing things which normally you don’t do)
  • metaphors using them to to see things
46
Q

type of cognitive therapy - commitment and acceptance therapy

A

noticing thoughts that come in and not attaching to them

with the thoughts you think if it aligns with your values

47
Q

antidepressants

A

some people like them some don’t
- some evidence shows that it is good
- but can have some side effects

48
Q

go over what each delusion is - summary of them at the start of lecture 33

A
49
Q

intrusive thoughts

A
  • very common, yet they have distressing content
  • in terms of OCD they thoughts are accompanied by compulsions
50
Q

Te Pa Harakeke

A

flax model

shows child sprouting from the top and then parents and grandparents who protect the new part of the plant and then the child will be protected so that the plant can survive and then then as they go into the ground they then provide the nutrients

51
Q

neurodevelopment disorders

A

are present during childhood, so can be normal then
- can be diagnosed/issue in adulthood too

key features
- during developmental period
- genetic/biological cause
- occur across a lifespan

eg.
- intellectual disability
learning disorders
ADHD

52
Q

behavioural disruptive disorders

A
  • oppositional defiant disorder is when the children don’t obey to any authority above them
  • conduct disorder - do abnormal things
  • tends to be externalising disorders where you can see the behaviour of the child so environmental factors are important
53
Q

maladaptive coping strategies

A

that young kids will engage in
- risk of comorbidities
- difficulty with substances
- danger to physical-health
- disability

54
Q

risk of comorbidities

A

when a child has a disorder that isn’t being supported which can lead to them having more disorders

55
Q

black and white thinking - depression

A

this is when you think something is either black or white nothing in between
eg. you are either a bad sister or a good sister no in-between

56
Q

catastrophising - depression

A

when you think you are in the worse situation and exaggerate the situation you are in - this is when you take a small thought and make it into a big negative deal

57
Q

treatment to behavioural disruptive disorders

A
  • psycho-education
  • developing skills with the whole family/school
  • supportive services
  • medication
58
Q

child adaptions to CBT

A
  1. standing off skateboard
    get the children to say why they feel off, and what they are thinking and then what is happening at home which are the footpath
  2. in waka with others rowing, and what will happen if someone doesn’t paddle etc
59
Q

NZ CBT access and why and %

A
  • is hard to access in NZ

1/3 of children have been referred to services

50% of parents report barriers due to cost and waitlist

60
Q

why might young people use substances

A
  • anxiety and depression
  • stress
  • developmentally normal
61
Q

substance use criteria - many adults (5)

A
  • tolerance (get used to the drunk)
  • withdrawal
  • people spend a lot of time obtaining and using substances
  • degree of distress
  • costs of physical activity and wellbeing
62
Q

substance use criteria - adolescents

A
  • issues with binge drinking
  • relationships to so-morbidities (manage anxiety of stress for example
63
Q

substance use NZ study

A
  • alcohol is most common substance
  • overall their is a decrease in substance use
  • but some are rising
64
Q

narrative review

A

combined findings across many studies and aims to show trends along time

65
Q

adults have different or same as children substance abuse and why

A

differ
- many significant life changes
- development
- and increase in pathopsychology in general

66
Q

substance abuse treatment

A
  • medication
  • programmes like AA
  • CBT
  • motivational interviewing
67
Q

motivational interviewing

A

this is when they help people to make a change
- impairments to wellbeing
- aspects of hauora

68
Q

anti-social personality disorder

A
  • should change as one gets older
69
Q

the role of family and substances

A
  • young people need support to make change
  • and support in general
70
Q

tinana

A

is the fact that your psychological health can impact your physical heath and vice versa

71
Q

insomnia

A

is when you have dissatisfaction with sleep for at least 3 months, either quantity or quality

across 1 or more of
- falling, maintain sleep or early mornings awaken

= distress

72
Q

NZ sleep issue are…

A

high, have lots of bad sleep, which can then lead to poorer physical health

73
Q

causes of insomnia

A

physical
- sleep obstruction (snoring blocking airway and lack air so wake up)
- pain

psych
- stress

  • poor sleep hygiene
74
Q

treatment of insomnia

A
  • identifying the causes
  • medical, environmental or psychological intervention
75
Q

sleep hygiene

A
  • habits eg. napping
  • environment
  • getting ready for bed
76
Q

stress

A

our body’s response to demand or threat in our environment

both short and long term

77
Q

short term stress

A

inverse U theory - need to have optimal arousal to reach your optimal performance

low arousal (stress) aren’t motivated have no interest = low performance

high arousal is to much anxiety = lower performance

78
Q

long term stress

A
  • affects our physical system = increased hormones and ageing
  • affects our mental health
79
Q

stress treatment

A
  • life styles changes
  • focus on values
  • relaxation and mindfulness
  • skills training
  • setting boundaries
  • problem solving
80
Q

stress treatments are effective but

A

systemic factors affect access to treatment

  • risk factors
  • historical factors
  • current processes eg. racism
81
Q

in terms of stress treatment what can we do from maori

A

maori and then pacific beliefs in term of therapy

82
Q

eating disorders NZ stats

A
  • 1.7% lifetime prevalence
  • more common in females
  • across all ethnicities
  • around 17 years of age
83
Q

binge eating disorder criteria

A

A recurrent episodes of binge eating

B - and then 3 + of
- eating more rapidly than normal
- eating until feel uncomfortably full
- eating when not physically hungry
- eating alone
- feeling guilty afterwards

C - marked distress regarding binge eating = functional impairment

D - average binge frequency must be at least 1/week for 3 + months

E - no regular use of inappropriate compensatory behaviours (lose calories)

84
Q

BMI

A
  • used to define normal weight
  • w/h^2
85
Q

bulimia nervosa criteria

A

when you vomit once you eat

A - recurrent episodes of binge eating
B - recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviour (purging or non)
C - frequency both AB 1xweek for 3+ months
D - self concept unduly influenced by body shape/weight

86
Q

difference between purging vs non-purging subtype

A

purging - vomiting or misuse of laxatives

non-purging - fasting or excessive exercise

87
Q

anorexia nervose criteria

A

3 criteria

A - restriction of energy intake (having low BMI) by starvation, purging or exercising

B - intense fair of gaining weight even when under weight

C - any of the following
- denial of low body weight
- disturbance in perception of body weight/shape
- undue influence

88
Q

society impacts on our body

A
  • social expectations (eg. influences)
  • body dysmorphia
  • changing beliefs across time 9now a focus on positive body image)
89
Q

te whare wha on eating disorders

A

whanua = family therapy/services
tinina = nourishing the brain and the body
wairua = values work
hinengaro = cognitive therapy

90
Q

the history of pathopsychology

A

the worlds perspective has grown and changed, and there are now treatments that are effective in some settings

91
Q

Taha hinengaro

A

emotional wellbeing
this is your thoughts, emotions and feelings

92
Q

taha tinana

A

physical wellbeing
- your over all physical health

93
Q

taha wairua

A

spiritual wellbeing
- your value system
- connections
- identity

94
Q

taha whanau

A

social wellbeing
- your family
- healthy relationships and communications
- your role in your family

95
Q

what is a disorder

A
  • a psychological factor
  • distress or impairment
  • atypical response (getting in the way of life)
96
Q

fight or flight

A

autonomic response to a threat via the sympathetic nervous system

97
Q

differential diagnosis

A

when you show different symptoms for the same diagnosis

  • assessment procedure
  • comorbid disorders
  • role of cultural specific anxiety
98
Q

managing anxiety

A

a focus on skills and addressing what is giving you your anxiety

99
Q

people with personality disorders are often referred for

A

anxiety

100
Q

% have trouble getting back to sleep
% don’t feel refreshed
% have trouble falling asleep

A

50%
50%
30%

101
Q

how can we help stress in maori

A
  • understand the inequalities
  • focus on their barriers to treatment
  • bust myths
102
Q
A

PSYCH 112 (5 decks)

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