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social psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

3 assumptions of the social approach

A
  • behaviour is determined by our social situation and the social roles we are given (eg zimbardo)
  • behaviour is determined by our interactions with others (eg asch)
  • behaviour is influenced by culture and society
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2
Q

what is population validity

A

whether you can reasonably generalise findings from your sample to a larger group of people

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3
Q

random sample

A

every member of the target pop has an equal chance of being chosen (names out a hat)
- limits researcher bias
- unrepresentative sample
-time consuming

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4
Q

opportunity sample

A

using people readily available to you
- quick and easy
- ethical
-biased

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5
Q

volunteer sample

A

participants self select to take part in research by responding to an advert
- practical
- ethical
- biased

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6
Q

systematic sample

A

pick every nth person from a sampling frame
- limits bias
- unrepresentative
- time

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7
Q

stratified sample

A

proportionally represents the target population
- representative
- time consuming

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8
Q

obedience

A

a form of social influence elicited in response to a direct order or response

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9
Q

milgrams sample

A

40 middle aged white middle class males from USA
- responded to advert in the newspap er

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10
Q

milgram aim

A

investigate the extent to which people would obey commands in a situation where their obedience could seriously harm somebody else even if it meant breaking their morals.
the broad aim was to investigate the idea “germans are different” after they persecuted jews in ww2

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11
Q

milgram fake aim

A

effects of punishment on learners

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12
Q

milgram procedure

A
  • rigged draw (ppant teacher, confederate mr wallace learner)
  • mr w strapped in, complains of heart condition
  • word pair task, wrong answer shock (15-450v)
  • mr w screamed and complained of heart condition
  • ppant wants to stop, verbal prods “you have no choice you must go on” “ the experiment requires you to continue”
  • ppant didnt know until after that shocks were not real and screams were played on a recording
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13
Q

milgram findings

A

all 40 ppants went to 300 volts
65% (28) went to end 450 volts
marked effects of ppants stress including sweating, shaking and digging nails into flesh.

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13
Q

milgram conclusion

A

social situation is a powerful determinant of behaviour. majority of ordinary people would follow destructive orders if instructed to by an authority figure, even if somebodys life is at risk.

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14
Q

how can milgram be practically applied

A

helps us to understand historic events such as the holocaust and abu ghraib in which large amounts of ordinary people obeyed destructive orders to harm innocent people just because they were told too

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15
Q

4 strengths of milgram

A

standardised procedure
internal validity
debreif
practical apps

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16
Q

4 weaknesses of milgram

A

pop v
right to withdraw
mundane realism
psychological harm

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17
Q

situational factors that couldve made milgrams ppants obey

A

payed incentive
authority figure (lab coat)
buffer (wall)
experimenter took responsibility
4 verbal prods

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18
Q

four ethical principles

A

respect
competence
responsibility
integrity

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19
Q

ethical guidelines should be followed

A

informed consent
deception
right to withdraw
debrief
protection from harm
confidentiality

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20
Q

4 factors researchers should consider when doing a risk assessment

A

study from pov of participants
paid incentive
short/long term
cost benefit analysis

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21
Q

milgram variation 7

A

telephonic

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22
Q

aim of milgram 7

A

investigate whether proximity to the experimenter would influence the levels of obedience

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23
Q

how did milgram 7 vary from original

A

after giving initial instructions in lab, experimenter left and gave the rest of the instructions via telephone

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24
Q

obedience levels in milgram 7

A

22.5%

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25
Q

milgram variation 10

A

run down office block

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26
Q

aim of milgram 10

A

investigate whether location of study would influence destructive obedience

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27
Q

how did milgram 10 vary from original

A

relocated to rundown office block in bridge port conneticut
ppants believed research was being ran by private research firm rather than yale

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28
Q

obedience levels milgram 10

A

47.5%

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29
Q

milgram variation 13

A

ordinary man

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30
Q

aim of milgram 13

A

whether the ordinary man not wearing a lab coat would influence obedience levels

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31
Q

how did milgram 13 vary from original

A

2 confederates
learner and experimenter
lab coat man takes phone call so ordinary man takes over

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32
Q

obedience levels milgram 13

A

20%

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33
Q

5 situational factors influencing obedience

A

social contract (money)
buffers
status of authority figure
deffered responsibility
location

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34
Q

3 ways personality impact obedience

A

authoritarian
locus of control
empathy

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35
Q

locus of control impact on obedience

A
  • rotter
    belief about whether the outcome of our actions are depending on what we do
    external believe there behaviour is beyond there control so are influenced and more obedience
    milgram found that the obedient participants blamed the learner
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36
Q

authoritarian personality impact on obedience

A
  • adorno
    rigid and intolerant to change
    conventional
    will obey superior
    higher F scale, more obedience
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37
Q

empathy impact on obedience

A

burger found that although empathatic people protested against giving the shocks more, this didnt translate into lower levels of obedience

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38
Q

gender impact on obedience

A

SHERIDAN AND KING
live puppy as victim in milgram style epxeriment
women were more obedient

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39
Q

culture impact on obedience

A

individualistic culture (eg USA) behave more independently and resist conformity
collectivist cultures (eg israel) are interdependent and believe cooperation and compliance are importance and therefore are more obedient

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40
Q

what is my contemporary study for social psych

A

burger

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41
Q

aim of burger

A

to investigate obedience by partially replicating Milgrams 1963 study to examine whether situational factors still impact on obedience to authority almost 50 years later

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42
Q

burger sampling and screening

A

newspaper ad, 50$ incentive
1. asked if studied psych, phys and psych health
2. clinical questions, demographics, empathy scale, anxiety scale, depression scale, desirability control scale
3. interviewed by clinucal psychologist to see if theyd be negatively affected by the study

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43
Q

burger location

A

santa clara university

44
Q

burger sample

A

70 men and women, 20-81 years old

45
Q

burger procedure

A
  • given 50$
  • rigged role choice
  • different rooms
  • 15-450v
  • same verbal prods
  • stopped at 150v
  • debreif
46
Q

burger findings

A

70% went past 150v
females obeyed more

47
Q

burger conclusion

A

average americans still obey in a lab situation the same way 46 years later. situational factors still have the same effect and culture hasnt had an impact on obedience

48
Q

4 sterengths of burger

A

population validity
practical apps (historic events)
standardised procedure
debreifed

49
Q

4 weaknesses of burger

A

eco v
mundane realism
demand characteristics (volunteer sample)
informed consent (fake aim)

50
Q

agency theory ao1 why originally do we obey

A

evolved to obey a lef as it gives us a survival advantage
h/e this is only realised when we are socialised into following direct orders

51
Q

agency theory ao1 autonomus state

A

two states autonomus and agentic
in autonomus we have free will, feel responsible and act according to concience

52
Q

agency theory ao1 agentic state

A

when given orders we go through agentic shift
surrender free will, follow orders, agent to lef, defer responsibility, act against concience

53
Q

agency theory ao1 moral strain

A

experience moral strain because given immoral orders, use defence mechanisms eg denial- used by nazis in holocaust

54
Q

2 strengths of agency theory

A

supported by milgram - 65% obeyed, moral strain
face validity and explains events such as holocuast

55
Q

2 weaknesses of agency theory

A

circular logic- obey because agent, agent because obey
cant explain individual differences, 35% didnt obey in milgram

56
Q

social impact theory ao1 strength

A

status lef will increase obedience
importance based off age gender and status

57
Q

social impact theory ao1 number recieving

A

increased number receieving decreased obedience
diffusion of responsibility due to diffusion of responsibility
eg kitty genoveve

58
Q

social impact theory ao1 number giving

A

increased number giving increased obedience
demoed in asch
h/e psychosocial law of diminishing returns, increasess at a smaller rate each time

59
Q

social impact theory ao1 immediacy

A

closer proximity, increased obedience
demoed in milgram 10 (telephonic)

60
Q

2 strengths of social impact theory

A

supported by milgram- telephonic variation obedience went from 65% to 47.5%
supported by asch- confederates giving wrong answer increased, obedience increased at a diminshing rate

61
Q

2 weaknesses of social impact theory

A

reductionlist- doesnt consider complexity of active mind, assumes we are passive reciever
descriptive rather than explanatory- says when we will obey but not why, cognition is not considered

62
Q

what is my social psych key question

A

how can knowledge of social psychology be used to explain destructive obedience in society, such as in a prison setting like the attrocities commited at abu ghraib

63
Q

what is abu ghraib and what happened

A

a us military ran prisoner of war camp in iraq
in 2004 pictures were leaked to the press showing the attrocities at abu ghraib. images of torture , bodies stacked on top of each other, murder and rape, in photos soldiers smiling with thumbs up.

64
Q

why is abu ghraib seen as an issue for psychology to explain

A

the issue is that soliders would not normally behave like this in their everyday life and when they were asked why they behaved like this they replied because they were told to by higher ranking officers

65
Q

how can agency theory explain abu ghraib

A

soldiers in agentic state
deffered responsibility after being given order to break down soldiers for interogation
surrendered free will
acting against concience
in denial- thumbs up

66
Q

how can zimbardo explain abu ghraib

A

would argue the soldiers experienced deindividualisation and lost there personal identity.
gained collective identity of us military soldiers, behaved in a way they thought a soldier would

67
Q

what is prejudice

A

a predisposed negative attitude towards others based on stereotypes

68
Q

social identity theory ao1- social categorisation

A

place yourself in a social group based off of shared norms and values and characteristics
your group is in group and everybody else is the out group

69
Q

social identity theory ao1- social identification

A

actively adopts the identity of the group
- behaviour eg accent
- appereance eg uniform

70
Q

social identity theory ao1- in group conformity

A

we compare our group against other groups
well favour our group against other groups to preserve self esteem
eg by complementing our groups

71
Q

social identity theory ao1- out group hostility

A

to maintain and boost our self esteem we need to make the out group look bad so we actively ridicule them
therefore resulting in prejudice

72
Q

2 strengths of social identity theory

A
  • supported by tajfel: 64 british school boys, found that boys would favour their group by giving them the most points and give others the least points
  • practical apps: to reduce prejudice in education dont use sets
73
Q

2 weaknesses of social identity theory

A
  • other explanations: eg doesnt account for the degree of threat impacting prejudice, therefore group membership cannot be the sole reason for prejudice
  • reductionlist: POTMES ET AL argued that individual characteristics determine social identity rather than social identity determines individual characteristics
74
Q

social classic study

A

sherif et al

75
Q

aim of sherif

A

to investigate what factors lead to groups to become hostile towards each other and how this hostility can be reduced. specifically to see whether the boys can be manipulated into conflict via competition and that this competition can be reduced by working together.

76
Q

sherif sample

A

oppurtunity sample of 22 11 year old boys from Oklahoma
split into two groups: eagles and rattlers
parents payed to incentivise not to visit

77
Q

sherif procedure

A

in group formation- kept seperate and engaged in team bonding eg swimming
frictional phase- tournament eg tug of war, winners got given a trophy. both groups were put in frustrating situations where they thought the other group were wrong, eg late to picninc beleived other group ate their food
integration phase- watvhed movies and dinner together. had to fix the water tank

78
Q

sherif findings

A

in group formation- “us” and “them”
frictional phase- name calling of “sissy”, burned each others flags, rattlers stole eagles trophy
integration phase- in dinner they had a food, each shared task led to reduced hostility, rattlers shared $5 they won to buy drinks for everyone

79
Q

sherif conclusion

A

groups formed quickly with hierarchies and leaders
with each competition in group solidarity increased and so did out group hostility
presence of two groups without competition does not produce prejudice
hostility is reduced when the groups work towards a superordinate goal

80
Q

2 strengths of sherif et al

A

ecological validity- summer camp was a familiar environment for the 22 11 year old boys
practical apps- found that competition is contributing factor to prejudice so competition should be reduced in society

81
Q

2 weaknesses of sherif et al

A

population validity- all 11 year old boys from oklahoma
protection from harm- burnt the flags

82
Q

RCT ao1- group formation

A

formation of an in group and an out group can lead to intergroup conflict between the two groups

83
Q

RCT ao1- limited resouce

A

each group has its own interests and goals to achieve
however when the two groups are competing for a limited resource it causes inter group conflict

84
Q

RCT ao1- real conflict

A

the real conflict results in in group solidarity and out group hostility
thus the competition results in each group becoming prejudiced towards each other

85
Q

RCT ao1- superordinate goal

A

however to reduce a conflict you need a superordinate goal. neither groups can achieve it seperately but they achieve it together
this reduced hostility and prejudice

86
Q

2 strengths of RCT

A

practical apps- treaty of versailles used to reduce conflict between uk and germany in ww2
supported by sherif- eagles and rattlers competed in tug of war to get a trophy which led to them calling each other sissy

87
Q

2 weaknesses of RCT

A

too simplistic- struch and schwatz studied levels of intergroup hostility and prejudice among religious groups in israel, there was more prejudice from those who identified strongly with their religious groups
opposing evidenve- tyerman and spencer found that when scouts who already knew each other competed their was no prejudice, therefore competition only has a dramatic effect when they dont know each other

88
Q

adorno explain prejudice

A
  • authoritarian personality have rigid views
  • will be prejudice to inferior
89
Q

alazharani and kaplowitz explain prejudice

A

comparing collectivist (saudi) and individualistic (usa)
- collectivist more in group favouritism and out group derogotism, prejudice

90
Q

katz and brady explain prejudice

A

most americans described african americans as ignorant and jews as shrewd, h/e this was in 1933

91
Q

doty explain prejudice

A

when the usa were under threat they had higher f scale scores

92
Q

two strengths of individual differences to explain culture

A

doty supports adorno
practical apps, screen for f scale and educate

93
Q

two weaknesses of individual differences to explain culture

A

sherif opposes adorno- limited resources
reductionlist

94
Q

define quantitative data

A

data can be counted or measured in numerical values and is objective, uses operationalised data

95
Q

define qualitative data

A

data represents information that isnt represented by numbers, descriptive, can be converted to quantitativbe

96
Q

what is a questionairre

A

a written self report technique where participants are given pre set written questions to respond to

97
Q

what is an open question

A

no alternatives provided and ppants respond in any way that they’d like

98
Q

what is a closed question

A

fixed answers which the respondent can choose from, limiting responses
liekert scales can be used

99
Q

2 strengths of questionairres

A

large sample sizes
standardised

100
Q

2 weaknesses of questionairres

A

biased sample- people who return
subjective interpretation

101
Q

when would you conduct a wilcoxon

A

ordinal/interval
difference
matched pairs/repeated measures
significant if observed is less than critical

102
Q

aim of my social practical

A

investigate in group favouritism by looking at ageism to see if young people have different attitudes towards different age groups, compare young peoples attitudes to people there age compared to older people

103
Q

procedure of my social practical

A

oppurtunity sample of 15 16-18 y/o
wrote a questionairre investigatig young peoples attitudes towards young and old people
10 q : 8 closed (liekert) 2 open
standardised instructions on questionairre
debreif after

104
Q

findings of my practical

A

mean attitude 12.06 to young, 12.4 to old
SD of 2.1: not spread

105
Q

conclusion of practical

A

young people dont favour in group

106
Q

2 strengths of practical

A

eco v
standardised

107
Q

2 weakness of practical

A

pop v
researcher bias

108
Q
A

psychology (6 decks)

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