criminal psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is criminal psychology

A

applied psychology, using our psychological knowledge to understand, explain and treat criminals
use psychological knowledge to understand and help the criminal justice system

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2
Q

what is recidivism

A

reoffending

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3
Q

what is crime

A

something that breaks the law

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4
Q

what is anti social behaviour

A

any behaviour that goes against social norms and makes other people feel uncomfortable and threatened

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5
Q

how is crime a social construct

A

Culture, differences in cultural views of crimes (eg guns)
Age, eg in scotland responsible from 8 y/o
Specific circumstances, intention/understanding
Historical context, eg homosexuality

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6
Q

Age of criminal responsibility in ENGLAND, SCOTLAND and FRANCE

A

ENGLAND- 10 y/o
SCOTLAND- 8 y/o
FRANCE- 13 y/o

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7
Q

how can the PFC be responsible for criminal behaviour

A
  • responsible for decision making, damage, poor decision making, CB
  • responsible for personality, damage, impulsive personality, CB
  • damage, cannot consider alternative behaviours/ consider consequences, CB
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8
Q

how can the amygdala be responsible for criminal behaviour

A
  • responsible for fight or flight, impulsive behaviour, inability to control impulses, CB
  • trigger fight, CB
  • damage to “rational” part of brain, irrational, CB
  • less control over emotions, aggression, CB
  • psychopaths have smaller amygdalas
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9
Q

how can the hypothalamus be responsible for criminal behaviour

A
  • responsible for hormone regulation, damage means hormones like testosterone, have higher levels, more agg, leads to CB (most male criminals are convicted age 12-15- when testosterone levels are highest)
  • regulates neurotransmitters, damage lead to increased dopamine, CB, dopamine as a positive reinforcer OR damage lead to decreased serotonin, increased aggression, increased CB
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10
Q

Hyde et al- gender and the amygdala

A

study using male and female ppants to investigate role amygdala in CB
found that amygdala may be involved in CB and ASB, eg higher psychopathy scores with lower amygdala activity and higher ASB score with higher amygdala activity
DID NOT COMMENT ON GENDER DIFFERENCES

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11
Q

Shirtcliff et al- gender and the amygdala

A

study of the neurobiology of ASB
found that the neurobiology related to empathy and calloussness is different for males and females
didnt specifically mention amygdala, h/e previously stated that amygdala is critical for emotion regulation
t/f can be assumed that the gender differences that they found were due to gender differnces in structure/function of amygdala

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12
Q

Bruns & Hausen- gender and brain injury

A

males are more at risk than females of having a traumatic brain injury
for every 2 male brain injuries there is one female
thought to be because young males are more likely to be involved in car accidents
in SOUTH AFRICA, 1 female brain injury for every 4 male brain injuries, due to interpersonal violence

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13
Q

3 strengths of using brain injury to explain criminal behaviour

A
  1. Phineas gage: had a metal pole go through PFC, before accident was well mannered and kind, after he was bad temepered and aggressive, t/f brain injury can lead to aggression leading to CB, increasing validity of theory
  2. Raine et al: Raine found murderes had less activity in left amugdala, pfc and more activity in right amygdala and right thalamus compared to control, t/f if brain injury causes differences in brain activity, lead to cb, validity
  3. Pardini: 26 year old men with lower amygdala volumes were 3x more likely to be aggressive violent and show pscychopathic traits 3 years later than men with same amygdala volumes, t/f damage to amygdala or less activity lead to cb, increasing validity
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14
Q

3 weaknesses of using brain injury to explain criminal behaviour

A
  1. Kreutzer: found that without the presence of substance abuse brain injury was not a risk factor of criminal behaviour, t/f brain injury alone does not always lead to CB, reducing validity of the theory
  2. Supporting research is correlational: supporting research such as Raine studies murderes brain activity after the murder happened, t/f cause and effect cannot be established, reducing the validity
    3.Reductionlist: this theory considers nature, damage to the pfc, amygdala and hypothalamus lead to cb, however it fails to conider nurture, observation and imitation of a criminal role model leads to cb. t/f reductionlist theory as it fails to consider nature and nurture and fails to consider the complexity of this theory.
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15
Q

what is eysencks personality theory

A

if you have a high PEN peronality score you are likely to be a criminal
Psychotic
Extraverted
Neurotic

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16
Q

What is psychotism, how does it link to the nervous sytem and how does it lead to CB

A

traits- hostile, uncaring, lack empathy
Suggested that psychotism could be linked to male hormones such as testosterone but there is little research to support this.
Can harm, cause distress and break laws whilst feeling no remorse leading them to repeat behaviours, recidivism

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17
Q

What is extraversion, how does it link to the nervous sytem and how does it lead to CB

A

traits- outgoing, talkative, sensation seeking
RAS regulates arousal that inhibits incoming sensations so the individual will seek external stimulation to readdress the balance and reach their optimum level of arousal. Low levels of arousal so seeks stimulation from environment.
wants arousal/adrenaline so seeks sensation through CB, leads to risk taking

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18
Q

What is Neuroticism, how does it link to the nervous sytem and how does it lead to CB

A

traits- emotionally unstable, hard to control behaviour
linked to levels of reactivity in the ANS, neurotic has more reactivity in the ANS specifically in the sympathetic brain responsible for F or F, quick to turn on to release adrenaline and slow to turn off
fight or flight is easily triggered, leading to CB especially when they feel threat

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19
Q

3 strengths of eysencks personality theory

A
  1. practical apps: eysencks personality questionairre could be used to identify at risk individuals of comitting crimes and thus preventative measures could be put in place to reduce the likelihood, t/f reducing CB in society, reducing recidivism and increasing validity of theory
  2. holistic: acknowledges nature, genetic predisposition to PEN personality, and nurture, environment interacts with PEN personality, t/f considers the complexity of CB as it is due to multiple factors, increasint validity
  3. Eysenck: compared prisoners and non criminal scores PEN questionairre scores and found higher scores for prisoners;,t/f suggesting higher PEN personality, CB, increasing validity
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20
Q

3 weaknesses of eysencks personality theory

A
  1. Farrington: reviewed 16 studies on the relationship of P, E and N measures with criminal convictions, found majority of case offenders scored higher on P and N but not E, t/f cannot be sure extraversion impacts CB, reducing validity
  2. Hollin: found offenders generally show higher P and N scores but not necessarily higher E scores, t/f cannot be sure extraversion leads to CB, reducing validity
  3. reductionlist: although eysenck does cover nature and nurture having an impact on your PEN personality, it does not consider other environmental factors such as CB being the result of the observation and imitation of a crim RM, t/f eysencks theory cannot fully explain CB.
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21
Q

how is sex determined at conception

A

by our 23rd pair of chromosomes
female: xx
male: xy

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22
Q

what is xyy syndrome

A

genetic condition that occurs when males have an extra y chromosone in their 23rd pair, meaning they have 47 chromosones
it is 0.1% of males
occurs randomly, not inhereted

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23
Q

why does xyy cause crime

A

faster and taller than their siblings
lower levels of intelligence (10-15 IQ points) in comparison to their siblings
more impulsive and physically active than their siblings
more aggressive and less empathetic than their siblings
all leading to crime and recidivism

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24
Q

3 strengths of xyy syndrome

A
  1. practical apps: in knowing that xyy boys may be active and distracted compared to xy we can put in place interventions such as playing sport to help reduce the risk of CB, t/f this can reduce likelihood of them becoming a criminal, less cb, making society safer
  2. stocholm et al: increase in number of convictions within danish men in all crimes (except drug/traffic) compared to a control group, t/f increasing validity as the study shows risk of conviction was higher for xyy males
  3. gosavi et al: looked at 94 criminals convicted of murder in India and found an association between CB and xyy, t/f suggesting this theory is valid as xyy is associated with criminals
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25
Q

3 weaknesses of xyy syndrome

A
  1. witkin et al: found (once background variables were controlled for) no direct link between xyy and crime for almost 5000 danish men, t/f reducing validity as xyy is not soley responsible for cb and baclground variables have more impact
  2. re & birkhoff: did a review of evidence gathered on xyy from over 50 years and found no link between xyy and cb, however did find a link between xyy and other factors which lead to crime, t/f reducing validity as xyy is not the sole cause
    3.reductionlist: xyy only considers nature, a gentic mutation causes crime however it fails to conider nurture, the observation and imitation of a crim role model leads to crime, t/f reducing the validity of the theory as it fails to account for the complexity of criminal behaviour
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26
Q

gender and xyy syndrome

A

fails to explain female crime and lathough crime rates for males are higher, the criminal population is not all male

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27
Q

how can slt in general explain crime

A

slt would state that criminal behaviour is a result of the observation and imitation of a criminal role model doing criminal behaviour.
the criminal role model is more likely to be imitated if it is relatable for the individual (eg, the same gender as the individual)

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28
Q

how can the arrm model explain crime

A

Attention, the individual must observe and notice the criminal role models behaviour, eg notice a gang leader noisly stealing
Retention, the individual must remember observing the criminal behaviour, eg rememebering seeing a gang leader noisly stealing
Reproduction, the individual imitating/doing the criminal behaviour that they witnessed the criminal role model do, eg stealing from the same shop that the gang leader stole from
Motivation, individual wants to imitate the criminal behaviour as they see the criminal role model rewarded, eg individual sees the gang cheer for the gang leader

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29
Q

how can vicarious reinforcement explain crime

A

Individual sees a criminal role model be rewarded/positively reinforced for their criminal behaviour, eg seeing a gang leader be called “hero” for stealing from the shop by their gang

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30
Q

3 strengths of slt explaining crime

A
  1. farrington, 4% of 400 families comitted 50% of the crimes across these families, so individuals are imitjating the criminal behaviour from their family members (criminal role models), t/f suggesting that criminal behaviour is learnt via observation and imitation, increasing validity
  2. practical apps, in knowing that cb is learnt via the observation and imitation of a criminal role model, we can put in place “big brother and sister schemes” for vulnerable individuals to give them a positive/non criminal role model to observe and imitate, t/f reducing the likelihood of cb developing, making society safer, increasing validity
    3.bandurra, bandurra 1965 showed 66 children agressive role models either receieving no reinforcement, pos or neg and found pos had highest imitation then no and then neg, t/f suggesting that if a criminal role model is positively reinforced they are more likely to be imitated increasing the valifity of this theory
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31
Q

3 weaknesses of slt explaining crime

A
  1. farrington, the 4% of 400 families making up 50% of convictions could be due to nature, the passing down of a criminal gene t/f we cannot establish that the criminal behaviour was a result of the observation and imitation of criminal family members, reducing the internal validity of this supporting evidence so reducing the validity of the theory
  2. reductionist, slt as an explanation of cb only considers nurture, cb as the result of the observation and imitation of criminal behaviour and it fails to consider nature, criminal behaviour as a result of brain injury to the pfc, amygdala or hypothalamus, t/f slt is a reductionlist theory as it fails to consider the complexity of criminal behaviour, reduicing validity
  3. cannot explain all crimes, slt as an explanation of cb can only explain cb that we can physically observe to imitate eg robbery, however it fails to explain why people commit crimes that cannot be seen eg fraud, t/f reducing the validity of this theory as it cannot explain non observable criminal behaviour.
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32
Q

labelling theory a01

A
  • society creates criminal label to a particular behaviour based on stereotypes
  • authorities are maintaining power structure
  • deviant behaviour is shown by an individual and a label is ascribed to them
  • individual may be treated according to label
  • individual becomes stigmatized within society
  • individual believes label so decreases self image
  • individual feels marginalised within society
  • individaul fulfills label by comitting CB
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33
Q

3 strengths of labelling theory

A
  1. farrington
    found that 4% of 400 families comitted 50% of crimes which suggests that children were given a criminal label based on their parents, and went on to fulfill the label, t/f this suggests that being given a criminal label leads to cb, increasing validity of this theory
  2. lieberman
    found that juveniles who had comitted previous crimes were more likely to commit other crimes than juveniles who had not been previously arrested, t/f suggesting being given a criminal label leads to criminal behaviour, increasing validity of this theory
  3. besemer
    found that children with criminal parents had higher risk of conviction themselves, he also suggested that social factors such as a lower income family increases the likelhood of conviction, t/f increasing the validity of the theory as police may focus more on criminal or low income families leading to increased risk of conviction
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34
Q

3 weaknesses of labelling theory

A
  1. unscientific
    it is difficult to experimentally research labelling theory as you cannot set up an experiment where some ppants are labelled and some are not and analyse the effects on later behaviour, t/f there could be other factors leading to criminal behaviour (eg a pen personality), decreasing the validity of this theory
  2. lemert
    studied cheque forgers who usually came from a good socio economic background and hadn’t been in trouble with law enforcements before this, there criminal label was given after the criminal behaviour had started and thus their self image was not impacted, t/f this theory cannot explain why criminal behaviour happens if no label was given, decreasing validity of this theory
  3. reductionist
    labelling theory can not fully explain cb as it only considers nature, cb as a result of a criminal label. and it fails to consider nurture, eg criminal behaviour as a result of brain injury to the pfc, amygdala or hypothalamus. t/f labelling theory cannot fully explain criminal behaviour as it reduces the complexity of cb to its simplest form
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35
Q

ramoutar and farrington- gender differences in labelling theory

A

found that females are much more affected by parental negative labelling than males and thus females were more likely to display deviant behaviour as a result of parental criminal labels than males

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36
Q

sutherland- gender differences in labelling theory

A

suggested that females and males were socialised differently
girls are sociallised to be supervised and controlled whereas boys are sociallised to take risks and be aggressive
these labels could cause more boys to be involved in asb than girls

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37
Q

self fulfilling prophecy a01

A

deviant labels given to people based on others beliefs towards you
others will then behave towards the person according to the deviant label
because the individual is treated in a deviant way the person internalises the deviant label
the individual then will behave according to the deviant label so the prophecy is fulfilled

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38
Q

3 strengths of self fulfilling prophecy

A
  1. jahoda
    studied a population from ghana where boys were named according to the day of the week they were born and these days each had different souls, eg monday is quiet and peaceful and wednesday is aggressive and quick tempered, based on court records people born on wednesday were more likely to be convicted of crime than monday, t/f suggesting that when given a deviant label, individuals will internalise it and behave according to the label, increasing the validity of the theory
  2. rosenthal and jacobson
    found that children labelled late bloomers has improved IQ scores and continued to thrive for the next 2 years in the class compared to children that hadn’t, t.f suggesting thay if an individual is given a label they will internalise it and act according to the label, increasing validity of the theory
  3. practical applications
    in knowing that being given a deviant label could lead to criminal behaviour we could use this in education by the removal of ‘sets’ so that children do not feel as if they’re unlikely to succeed and fulfill this label, t/f our knowledge of self fulfilling prophecy can benefit society by removing sets in school in order to reduce deviant labels and thus reduce cb in society, increasing the validity of the theory
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39
Q

3 weaknesses of self fulfilling prophecy

A
  1. unscientific
    it is difficult to experimentally research self fulfilling prophecy as you cannot set up an experiment where some ppants are labelled and some are not and analyse the effects on later behaviour, t/f there could be other factors leading to criminal behaviour (eg a pen personality), decreasing the validity of this theory
  2. correlational research
    supporting researcg of self fulfilling prophecy finds a relationship between a criminal label and criminal behaviour however these pieces of research do not show that criminal labels cause criminal behaviour, there could be other factors involved for example the imitation of a criminal role model, t/f self fulfilling prophecy cannot fully explain why criminal behaviour happens, decreasing the validity of the theory
  3. reductionist
    self fulfilling prophecy can not fully explain cb as it only considers nature, cb as a result of a criminal label. and it fails to consider nurture, eg criminal behaviour as a result of brain injury to the pfc, amygdala or hypothalamus. t/f self fulfilling prophecy cannot fully explain criminal behaviour as it reduces the complexity of cb to its simplest form, decreasing validity of theory
40
Q

jahoda- gender differences in self fulfilling prophecy

A

found that boys expected to have aggressive behaviour based on their names which were based on the days of the week that they were born (eg wednesday) were more responsble for violent crimes than boys names based on days of the week that had calm connotations
girls were not studied

41
Q

dvir et al- gender differences in self fulfilling prophecy

A

found that a self fulfilling prophecy pccured when men in an officer training course were led by a man who believed his cadets had higher potential than usual, the same was found when women were led by a man
the same was not found when it was women led by women
thus the gender of the person holding the expectations has more of an impact than the gender of the person percieved as a criminal.

42
Q

criminal behaviour theories that link to individual differences

A

PEN personality
XYY
self fulfilling prophecy (sterotypes based on ID)
labelling (as above)
SLT - who is your role model

43
Q

criminal behaviour theories that link to developmental psych

A

SLT- RM change over time, as you grow more you observe more
labelling/SFP- labels change over time
PEN- nervous system develops over time
hormones- testosterone develops at piuberty
brain damage- deteriorate over timr, hurt then not hurt

44
Q

what is a psychological formulation

A

case study of an individual who has comitted a crime
aim to create a hypothesis on why criminal behaviour develops and why its maintained using psych theory
a written report where offenders are analysed based on relationships, life events, behaviour patterns
used in court

45
Q

what is a case formulation

A

used to identify an effective treatment strategy, educate the offender and provide a risk assessment on the likelihood of reoffending

46
Q

good idea to use a case formulation if

A
  • offender presents clear problems and treatment is unclear
  • not a lot is known about problem (eg internet porn)
  • standard treatments have not changed behaviour significantly
  • offender doesn’t progress and disrupts other offenders in group therapy
47
Q

how would social psych explain crime

A

if brought up in a criminal environment or interact with criminals you may act the same
obedience to higher order

48
Q

how would cognitive psych explain crime

A

may process things irrationally due to faulty cognition

49
Q

how would learning psych explain crime

A

observe and imitate CB
conditioned to CB through lack of punishment

50
Q

how would biological psych explain crime

A

XYY
brain damage

51
Q

how would psychodynamic approach explain crime

A

not fully developed ID so you’re selfish
past trauma

52
Q

3 strengths of psychological formulation

A

GHADERI- found case formulations can be effective in predicting which treatments will be effective (reduce recidivism)
WHITEHEAD- case formulations worked with Mr C as it worked towards goals he valued, once he was released it kept him on track
ACCOUNTS FOR INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES- looks at individuals past and presents so can give specific treatments to reduce recidivism

53
Q

3 weaknesses of psychological formulation

A

SCHULTE- found formulation based therapy was less effective than flooding
REDUCTIONIST- looks at seperate parts of the criminals life seperately but underplays the connections between them
SUBJECT TO BIAS- different psychologists may focus on different aspects of the individuals past which may lead to the wrong treatment

54
Q

how would forensic psychologists use work effectively and communicate with others

A

break confidentiality when necessary (multi disciplinary team)
communicate with other teams
explain all treatments to criminal

55
Q

how would forensic psychologists use act in best interest of criminal

A

only use treatments that will be effectrive and wont cause psych or phys harm
not let gender/religion/crime influence decisions
break confidentiality if criminal is at risk

56
Q

how would forensic psychologists use maintain records apprpriately

A

consent and confidentiality of criminal (pseudnym)
keep records up to date
keep record secure (password protected)
gain approval of notes from criminal

57
Q

how would forensic psychologists use quality of practice

A

regular training to ensure psychologist is up to date on offender treatment
follow BPS guidelines
fully qualified (minimum masters in forensic psychology)

58
Q

how would forensic psychologists use right to withdraw

A

criminals should have options to leave studies whenever they wish

59
Q

how would forensic psychologists use confidentiality

A

shouldnt share records with anyone outside the multi disciplinary team and should use a pseudonym

60
Q

apply case studies to criminal psych

A
  • in depth detailed investigation conducted on a criminal, group of criminals or criminal isntitution
  • use a range of methods by triangulation to study criminals resposne to the treatment using qual and quant methods such as observations brain scans
  • longitudinal, study criminals over a long period of time to see any changes in their offending and see if treatment reduces recidividm
  • can collect primary data (observations) or secondary data (police records)
61
Q

Blagden et al

A

studied a 54 year old rape offender, analysed his behaviour using a repetory grid
found he blamed his victims and lacked empathy towards them
these findings could explain why he was unwilling to engage in treatment
t/f suggesting that using repetory grids in case formulation can aid treatment suggestions

62
Q

3 strengths of case studies in crim psych

A

ecological validity
triangulation, qual and quant
prinary and secondary data

63
Q

3 weaknesses of case studies in crim psych

A

researcher bias
population validity
lacks internal validity

64
Q

anger management programme AO1

A
  • cbt aims to change faulty cognition and change criminal behaviour to prosocial behaviour. anger is a build up of strong negative emotions, anger could be catharsis so cbt aims to use sublimation instead
  • cognitive preparation: identify faulty cognition, get offenders thinking about patterns of anger, offenders track anger outburst using anger dairy
  • skill acquisition: learn skills to manage anger, cognitive mechanisms (eg imagery, mantra), behavioural mechanisms (eg meditation, breathing)
  • application practice: offender practices skills in a controlled safe environment, criminal roleplays the anger, given homework and record progress in anger diary
65
Q

3 strengths of anger management

A

HOWELLS: statistically significant increase in anger knowledge in exp group compared to control group suggests AM helps criminals undesratnd anger
IRELAND: looked at 46/50 young offenders found improvement and reduction in anger felt after anger management therapy
LONG TERM EFFECTS: teaches criminals to control their anger without needing therapy long term, whereas the use of drug therapy needs to be continued

66
Q

3 weaknesses of anger management

A

SHOWS HARM: anger management is oftern delivered as group therapy where offenders talk about their anger, this can give offenders new ways to hurt people, incraesing CB
NOT ALL: in 2022 only 31% of offenders were violent so anger management can only treat violent offenders, and cannot treat the other 69%
REDUCTIONIST: only looks at cognition not biology

67
Q

aim of howells

A

to see whether anger management is more effective in producing change than no treatment for violent offenders
also see if pre treatment offender characteristics can predict any improvement in treatment

68
Q

howells sample

A

418 male participants
mean age 28.8 years
south and west australia
of the 418 partcipants only 21 made it to the 6 month follow up assesment

69
Q

howells procedure

A

a control group was taken from people on a waiting list
offenders had 20 hours of treatment
programmes used cbt principles and is based on novaco’s framework, programmes included cognitive restructuring, relaxation, relapse prevention
measures were taken before and after (2 and 6 months)
- questionairres eg Novaco anger scale, modified overt aggression scale
- staff used staff rating scale for aggression when observing

70
Q

howells findings

A

statistically significant increase in anger knowledge after treatment, 1.80 (control 0.95()- mean changes
slight improvement in anger control mean change 20.7 to 22.2
this was still significant at 2 month follow up but at 6 month follow up it was not significant showing effects are not long term

71
Q

contemporary study criminal

A

howells

72
Q

howells conclusion

A

overall affect of anger management programmes was small and the completion of anger questionairres had a small benefit even without treatment
offenders who were motivated to change showed the greatest improvement and those who were poorly motivated showed the least change
anger management programmes seem to be useful in an educational sense but not for reducing overall aggression

73
Q

what is my biological treatment for offenders

A

hormone therapy

74
Q

3 hormones used in hormone therapy for offenders

A

risperidone
SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
MPA (medroxyprogesteroneacetate)

75
Q

what horomone does risperidone target

A

dopamine

76
Q

what hormone does SSRI target

A

serotonin

77
Q

what hormone does MPA target

A

testosterone

78
Q

how does risperidone work in treating offenders

A

blocking receptors in the brain that dopamine acts on
this prevents the activity of dopamine
as dopamine is known to be invloved in regualting mood and behaviour, reducing dopamine activity will help control the behaviour of the offender and give them a stable mood
thus it will decrease criminal behaviour and recidivism

79
Q

risperidone side effects

A

drowsiness
depression
trouble walking

80
Q

how do SSRIs work in treating offenders

A

SSRIs block the reuptake of serotonin, making more available to improve transmission of messages
as low serotonin levels are linked to impulsiveness, violence and aggression, increasing the levls of them should prevent these behaviours and thus decrease criminal behaviour

81
Q

SSRI side effects

A

confusion
diziness
blurred vision

82
Q

how does MPA work in treating offenders

A

MPA is a synthetic form of progesterone and reduces testosterone levels in the body
it reduces sexual drive which can reduce recidivism in sexual offenders
it also reduces impulsivity and aggression due to the decrease in testosterone levels, this can reduce the recidivism of aggressive crimes and overall criminal behaviour

83
Q

MPA side effects

A

nausea
depression
headaches

84
Q

supporting evidence of risperidone

A

LeBlanc et al- found that adolesent boys diagnose with conduct or oppositional disoreder who took risperidone experienced a 56.4% reduction in their aggressive behaviour

85
Q

opposing evidence of risperidone

A

Couppis and Kennedy- dopamine might be a consequence of aggressive behaviour rather than the cause and thus treating high levels of dopamine fails to treat the cause of the aggression

86
Q

supporting evidence of SSRIs

A

Lievesly et al- found sex offenders reported reduced sexual urges and sexually deviant thinking leading to less sexual criminal behaviour due to the taking of SSRI thus suggesting they reduce sexual recidivism

87
Q

supporting evidence of MPA

A

over a 3 year treatment programme only 1/100 offenders receiving MPA treatment reoffended
thus suggesting it is effective in reducing recidivism

88
Q

My biological treatment offenders STUDY

A

Maletzky

89
Q

Maletzky aim

A

Review sexual offenders who had been treated using MPA to establish how effective MPA is in treating offenders, to clarify what place MPA might have in total treatment of the offender and guidelines that could be used to establish which offenders may benefit most from MPA

90
Q

Maletzky sample

A

Retrospective chart review of 5132 sexual offenders enrolled in a private practice sexual abuse clinic over a period of 16 years
The first 100/5132 given MPA were selected to tale part in the research and 100 offenders not given MPA were matched as a control group

91
Q

Maletzky procedure (TREATMENT)

A

Dosage and duration of treatment were determined by the clinic physician
Patients received MPA via injection averaging 250 mg every 2 weeks
Informed consent was utilised throughout
Control and Experimental group also received combinations of behavioural, cognitive and family therapies - as recommended by their therapist

92
Q

Maletzky procedure (DATA COLLECTION)

A

Chart review noting: type and duration of sexual arousal, number of victims, convictions and general info on the offender
For 3 years after treatment reoffending rate data was collected- determined via offender and significant other on questionnaires and interviews and police records

93
Q

Maltetzky findings

A

over the 3 years only one participant reoffended when taking the drug, after 5 months on MPA he was playing with young girls and lifting them up
whereas in the control group 6 reoffended

94
Q

maletzky conclusion

A

MPA is effective to use with certain sexual offenders enrolled in community treatment programmes as it reduces sexual drive without debilitating side effects
MPA should only be employed within an ongoing therapeutic programme
It should only be used on the most dangerous patients and should not be used long term

95
Q

3 strengths of maletzky

A

Ecological validity- in their natural setting of the private practice sexual abuse clinic
Practical Apps- in knowing MPA can reduce recidvism for sexual offenders we can use it to reduce such crimes in society
Triangulation- whether the offender had reoffended was determined by questionairres and interviews done by the offender and there significant other, thus estblishing similar findings

96
Q
A