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Social Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Social psychology

A

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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2
Q

Attribution theory

A

The theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

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3
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

The tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

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4
Q

Attitudes

A

Feelings, often influenced by by our beliefs, that predispose our reactions to objects, people, and events

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5
Q

Peripheral route persuasion

A

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness

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6
Q

Central route persuasion

A

Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

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7
Q

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with larger requests

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8
Q

Self-serving bias

A

The tendency to attribute our successes to internal, personal factors, and our failure to external, situational factors

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9
Q

Actor-observer bias

A

You explain your own behavior with situation causes (bad luck, difficulty, other people)
You explain others’ behavior with person causes (personality, attitude, mood, effort, ability)

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10
Q

Just-world hypothesis

A

Refers to our belief that the world is fair, and consequently; that the moral standing of our actions will determine our outcomes

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11
Q

Blaming the victims

A

Attempt to cope with the bad things that have happened to others by assigning blame to the victim

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12
Q

Halo effect

A

Cognitive bias in which our overall, impression of a person influences how we feel and think about their character (attractiveness, assigning positive qualities to them)

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13
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

Process through which an originally false expectation leads to its own formation

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14
Q

Elaboration likelihood model

A

General theory of attitude change

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15
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

Attitude and belief system that are not aligned

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16
Q

Solomon asch

A

Investigate the extent to which social pressure from a majority group could affect a person to conform (salt lines, 33% conformed, 75% conformed at least once, 5% stood up to group)

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17
Q

Normative social influence

A

Confirmed to the norms of the group. Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

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18
Q

Informational social influence

A

Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinion about reality

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19
Q

Stanford prison experiment

A

Giving people the role of prisoner or guard which people took that role (conformity)

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20
Q

Milgram experiment

A

Administering electric shocks into someone and increasing voltage (65% administer full shock, obedience)

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21
Q

Compliance

A

Yielding to social pressure in one’s public behavior, even though one’s private beliefs may not have changed

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22
Q

Door in the face

A

Unreasonable first request, then request second request (ask for $20 then $1)

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23
Q

That’s not all

A

Used by marketers, offering a product at a high price, not allowing customer to respond for a few seconds, then offer a better deal

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24
Q

Low ball

A

Not a compromise. Start low for price

25
Social groups
Two or more people who interact with one another, share similar characteristics, and collectively have a sense of unity
26
Norms
The rules of a group of people that mark out what is appropriate, allowed, required, or forbidden
27
Social facilitation
Being in the presence of others improves individual task performance
28
Social inhibition
A conscious or subconscious avoidance of a situation or social interaction because of the possibility of others disapproving of their feelings
29
Social loafing
Where an individual exerts less effort to meet a goal when working in a group than they do working individually
30
Reciprocity norm
There is an expectation to help those who have helped us
31
Social trap
A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
32
Group polarization
The beliefs and attitudes we bring to a group grow stranger as we discuss them with like-minded others
33
Group think
When the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
34
Deindividuation
The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in a group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
35
Bystander effect
The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
36
Diffusion of responsibility
Occurs when people who need to make a decision wait for someone else to act instead
37
Muzafer sherif and Carolyn sherif
To create conflict and hostility between groups, and then employ interventions designed to reduce it (bonding stage, competition stage, reducing friction stage)
38
In-group
“Us” people with whom we share a common identity
39
Out-group
“Them” those perceived as different from the group
40
Prejudice
An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. A predisposition to discriminatory action
41
Discrimination
Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
42
Schema
Mental framework that helps individuals organize, process, and store info about their environment
43
Prototype
A mental representation of an object or concept
44
Stereotype
A generalized belief about a group of people
45
Scapegoat theory
Prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
46
Ethnocentrism
Belief that one’s own culture is superior to others cultures
47
Out-group homogeneity
The tendency for people to view ingroup members as more diverse than out group members. Racial profiling, religious conflict
48
Contact theory
Intergroup contact under appropriate conditions can effectively reduce prejudice between majority and minority group members
49
Subordinate goal (realistic conflict theory)
Shared goals that override difference among people and require their cooperation
50
Attraction
Individuals taking interest in and liking another individual
51
Altruism
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others (giving jacket and shoes to an unsheltered person)
52
Aggression
The intentional injury of someone
53
Instrumental aggression
“Cold” aggressive behavior meant to achieve a specific goal. Not due to anger
54
Hostile aggression
“Hot” impulsive behavior that is motivated by a desire to hurt someone
55
Passionate love
An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another
56
Compassionate love
The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
57
Equity
People receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
58
Self-disclosure
Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
59
GRIT
Gradual and Reciprocal Initiatives in Tension-Reduction- strategy designed to decease international tensions

Ap Psych (3 decks)

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