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Ap Psych > Social Psychology > Flashcards

Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Social psychology

A

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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2
Q

Attribution theory

A

The theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

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3
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

The tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

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4
Q

Attitudes

A

Feelings, often influenced by by our beliefs, that predispose our reactions to objects, people, and events

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5
Q

Peripheral route persuasion

A

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness

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6
Q

Central route persuasion

A

Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

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7
Q

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with larger requests

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8
Q

Self-serving bias

A

The tendency to attribute our successes to internal, personal factors, and our failure to external, situational factors

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9
Q

Actor-observer bias

A

You explain your own behavior with situation causes (bad luck, difficulty, other people)
You explain others’ behavior with person causes (personality, attitude, mood, effort, ability)

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10
Q

Just-world hypothesis

A

Refers to our belief that the world is fair, and consequently; that the moral standing of our actions will determine our outcomes

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11
Q

Blaming the victims

A

Attempt to cope with the bad things that have happened to others by assigning blame to the victim

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12
Q

Halo effect

A

Cognitive bias in which our overall, impression of a person influences how we feel and think about their character (attractiveness, assigning positive qualities to them)

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13
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

Process through which an originally false expectation leads to its own formation

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14
Q

Elaboration likelihood model

A

General theory of attitude change

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15
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

Attitude and belief system that are not aligned

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16
Q

Solomon asch

A

Investigate the extent to which social pressure from a majority group could affect a person to conform (salt lines, 33% conformed, 75% conformed at least once, 5% stood up to group)

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17
Q

Normative social influence

A

Confirmed to the norms of the group. Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

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18
Q

Informational social influence

A

Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinion about reality

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19
Q

Stanford prison experiment

A

Giving people the role of prisoner or guard which people took that role (conformity)

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20
Q

Milgram experiment

A

Administering electric shocks into someone and increasing voltage (65% administer full shock, obedience)

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21
Q

Compliance

A

Yielding to social pressure in one’s public behavior, even though one’s private beliefs may not have changed

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22
Q

Door in the face

A

Unreasonable first request, then request second request (ask for $20 then $1)

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23
Q

That’s not all

A

Used by marketers, offering a product at a high price, not allowing customer to respond for a few seconds, then offer a better deal

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24
Q

Low ball

A

Not a compromise. Start low for price

25
Q

Social groups

A

Two or more people who interact with one another, share similar characteristics, and collectively have a sense of unity

26
Q

Norms

A

The rules of a group of people that mark out what is appropriate, allowed, required, or forbidden

27
Q

Social facilitation

A

Being in the presence of others improves individual task performance

28
Q

Social inhibition

A

A conscious or subconscious avoidance of a situation or social interaction because of the possibility of others disapproving of their feelings

29
Q

Social loafing

A

Where an individual exerts less effort to meet a goal when working in a group than they do working individually

30
Q

Reciprocity norm

A

There is an expectation to help those who have helped us

31
Q

Social trap

A

A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

32
Q

Group polarization

A

The beliefs and attitudes we bring to a group grow stranger as we discuss them with like-minded others

33
Q

Group think

A

When the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

34
Q

Deindividuation

A

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in a group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

35
Q

Bystander effect

A

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

36
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

Occurs when people who need to make a decision wait for someone else to act instead

37
Q

Muzafer sherif and Carolyn sherif

A

To create conflict and hostility between groups, and then employ interventions designed to reduce it (bonding stage, competition stage, reducing friction stage)

38
Q

In-group

A

“Us” people with whom we share a common identity

39
Q

Out-group

A

“Them” those perceived as different from the group

40
Q

Prejudice

A

An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. A predisposition to discriminatory action

41
Q

Discrimination

A

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

42
Q

Schema

A

Mental framework that helps individuals organize, process, and store info about their environment

43
Q

Prototype

A

A mental representation of an object or concept

44
Q

Stereotype

A

A generalized belief about a group of people

45
Q

Scapegoat theory

A

Prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

46
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Belief that one’s own culture is superior to others cultures

47
Q

Out-group homogeneity

A

The tendency for people to view ingroup members as more diverse than out group members. Racial profiling, religious conflict

48
Q

Contact theory

A

Intergroup contact under appropriate conditions can effectively reduce prejudice between majority and minority group members

49
Q

Subordinate goal (realistic conflict theory)

A

Shared goals that override difference among people and require their cooperation

50
Q

Attraction

A

Individuals taking interest in and liking another individual

51
Q

Altruism

A

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others (giving jacket and shoes to an unsheltered person)

52
Q

Aggression

A

The intentional injury of someone

53
Q

Instrumental aggression

A

“Cold” aggressive behavior meant to achieve a specific goal. Not due to anger

54
Q

Hostile aggression

A

“Hot” impulsive behavior that is motivated by a desire to hurt someone

55
Q

Passionate love

A

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another

56
Q

Compassionate love

A

The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

57
Q

Equity

A

People receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

58
Q

Self-disclosure

A

Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

59
Q

GRIT

A

Gradual and Reciprocal Initiatives in Tension-Reduction- strategy designed to decease international tensions

Ap Psych (3 decks)

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