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Ap Psych > Cognition Unit > Flashcards

Cognition Unit Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

Learning that has persisted overtime; information that has been acquired, stored, and can be retrieved

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2
Q

Dual-track

A

Brain processes many things simultaneously by means of parallel processing

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3
Q

Richard Atkinson and Richard shiffrin

A

Proposed a model with 3 stages; informational processing model

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4
Q

Working memory

A

New form of short term memory using auditory and visual-spatial info though conscious

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5
Q

Explicit memory

A

The facts and experiences we can know and declare. We encode these memories through effortful processing

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6
Q

Effortful processing

A

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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7
Q

Automatic processing

A

Happens without awareness, encoding of incidental information produces implicit memories

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8
Q

Implicit memory

A

Unintentionally memorized

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9
Q

Iconic memory

A

Memory through visual stimuli; sperling experiment; memory doesn’t last more than a few .1 of seconds

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10
Q

Echoic memory

A

Memory through auditory stimuli which can be recalled in about 3-4 seconds

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11
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units

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12
Q

Mnemonics

A

Uses vivid imagery to remember thing easier and to make a story with it

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13
Q

Hierarchies

A

Composed of a few broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts

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14
Q

Spacing effect

A

Learning over time

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15
Q

Testing effect

A

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than rereading information

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16
Q

Shallow processing

A

Encoding on a basic level (letters, numbers)

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17
Q

Deep processing

A

Encoding based on the meaning of the words

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18
Q

Hippocampus

A

Helps process explicit memories for storage

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19
Q

Cerebellum

A

Plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning

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20
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Deep brain structures involved in motor movement, facilitate formation of our procedural memories for skills

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21
Q

Amygdala

A

Emotion-related memory formation

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22
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

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23
Q

Priming

A

The activation, often unconsciously, of associations in memory

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24
Q

State-dependent

A

Can recall better when in the same psychological state (sober, drunk, high)

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25
Q

Mood-congruent

A

Can recall depending on mood

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26
Q

Serial position effect

A

Tendency to recall last and first items on list

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27
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

An inability to form new memories

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28
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

An inability to retrieve information from past memories

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29
Q

Encoding failure

A

We cannot remember what we have not encoded

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30
Q

Storage decay

A

The course of forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off over time

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31
Q

Ebbinghaus

A

Forgetting curve: decreases over time

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32
Q

Retrieval failure

A

Sometimes even stored information cannot be accessed, when leads to forgetting

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33
Q

Proactive interference

A

Occurs when prior learning disrupts your recall of new information

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34
Q

Retroactive interference

A

Occurs when new learning disrupts recall of old information

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35
Q

Repression

A

Basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

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36
Q

Misinformation effect

A

Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

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37
Q

Source amnesia

A

Attributing the the wrong source or with misinformation effect, it’s at the heart of many false mems

38
Q

Déjà vu

A

Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

39
Q

Cognition

A

The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

40
Q

Concept

A

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

41
Q

Prototype

A

A mental image or best example of a category

42
Q

Creativity

A

The ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable

43
Q

Convergent thinking

A

Focuses on finding one well-defined solution to a problem

44
Q

Divergent thinking

A

Thinking abstractly and differently than the typical way

45
Q

Algorithms

A

Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution

46
Q

Heuristic

A

Simple thinking method that allows us to make judgements and solve efficiently; more error-prone compared to algorithms

47
Q

Insight

A

A sudden realization of a problem’s solution; light bulb

48
Q

Confirmation bias

A

A tendency to search for information that supports our perceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

49
Q

Intuition

A

Our fast, automatic, unreasoned feelings and thoughts

50
Q

Mental set

A

A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

51
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

52
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind we presume such events are common

53
Q

Overconfidence

A

The tendency to be more confident than correct

54
Q

Belief perseverance

A

Tendency to cling onto our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence

55
Q

Framing

A

The way as issue is posed

56
Q

Language

A

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

57
Q

Phoneme

A

The smallest distinctive unit
Bat> B-A-T

58
Q

Morpheme

A

Smallest until that carries meaning; suffix, prefix

59
Q

Grammar

A

System of rules that enables us to communicate with others

60
Q

Semantic

A

Deriving meaning from sounds

61
Q

Syntax

A

Order words into sentences

62
Q

Receptive language

A

Their ability to understand what is said and about them

63
Q

Babbling stage

A

The stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first infested to the household language

64
Q

One word stage

A

Mostly single words; Kitty!

65
Q

Two word stage

A

Mostly two-word sentences: get ball.

66
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

Child speaks like a telegram; go car.

67
Q

Aphasia

A

An impairment of language

68
Q

Broca’s area

A

Controls language and expression; impairing speaking: speaking words is through this area and motor cortex

69
Q

Wernike’s area

A

Controls language reception; impairing understanding; heading words is through auditory cortex here

70
Q

Linguistic determinism

A

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

71
Q

Capacity sesory

A

The capacity for sensory memory is infinite

72
Q

Duration sensory

A

The duration for sensory memory is .5-3 seconds

73
Q

Short-term memory

A

Super quick and holds info briefly

74
Q

Encoding

A

Allows info to be converted into a construct that is stored in the brain indefinitely

75
Q

Episodic memory

A

Memories from our life events and experiences. When and where and event took place

76
Q

Semantic

A

Recalling words, concepts, numbers. Factual information

77
Q

Procedural

A

Long term memory involved in the performance of different actions and skills

78
Q

Recall

A

Designated the retrieval of related details from memory

79
Q

Recognition

A

Ability to recognize an event or piece of info as being familiar

80
Q

Encoding specificity principal

A

Recall is easier if it occurs in a context similar to the context in when you learn the info

81
Q

Context effects

A

The influence of environmental factors on one’s perception of a stimulus

82
Q

Suppression

A

Deliberately trying to forget or not think about painful/unwanted thoughts

83
Q

False memory

A

Recalls an event that never happened, or an actual occurrence substantially different from the way it transpired

84
Q

Schema distortion

A

When learning new info that does not fit with the existing schemas people sometimes distort or alter the new info to make it fit what they already know

85
Q

Imagination inflation

A

An increased tendency to falsely remember that an item had been seen when it has only been imagined

86
Q

False familiarity

A

Increased feelings of familiarity due to repeatedly imagining an event

87
Q

Blending fact and fiction

A

Using vivid, authentic details to add to the legitimacy and believability of a pseudo-event

88
Q

Henry Gustav Molaison (HM)

A

A man that had surgery for his seizures. After, he developed heavy anterograde amnesia

89
Q

Eric lenneberg

A

Critical stage hypothesis- a critical stage during childhood where language is most absorbed and it closes quickly

90
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

Language acquisition device- language learning was determined by innate genetic mechanisms
Universal grammar- all languages have nouns, verbs, and adjectives

Ap Psych (3 decks)

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