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Ap Psych > Cognition Unit > Flashcards

Cognition Unit Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

Learning that has persisted overtime; information that has been acquired, stored, and can be retrieved

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2
Q

Dual-track

A

Brain processes many things simultaneously by means of parallel processing

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3
Q

Richard Atkinson and Richard shiffrin

A

Proposed a model with 3 stages; informational processing model

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4
Q

Working memory

A

New form of short term memory using auditory and visual-spatial info though conscious

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5
Q

Explicit memory

A

The facts and experiences we can know and declare. We encode these memories through effortful processing

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6
Q

Effortful processing

A

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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7
Q

Automatic processing

A

Happens without awareness, encoding of incidental information produces implicit memories

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8
Q

Implicit memory

A

Unintentionally memorized

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9
Q

Iconic memory

A

Memory through visual stimuli; sperling experiment; memory doesn’t last more than a few .1 of seconds

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10
Q

Echoic memory

A

Memory through auditory stimuli which can be recalled in about 3-4 seconds

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11
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units

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12
Q

Mnemonics

A

Uses vivid imagery to remember thing easier and to make a story with it

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13
Q

Hierarchies

A

Composed of a few broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts

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14
Q

Spacing effect

A

Learning over time

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15
Q

Testing effect

A

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than rereading information

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16
Q

Shallow processing

A

Encoding on a basic level (letters, numbers)

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17
Q

Deep processing

A

Encoding based on the meaning of the words

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18
Q

Hippocampus

A

Helps process explicit memories for storage

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19
Q

Cerebellum

A

Plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning

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20
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Deep brain structures involved in motor movement, facilitate formation of our procedural memories for skills

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21
Q

Amygdala

A

Emotion-related memory formation

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22
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

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23
Q

Priming

A

The activation, often unconsciously, of associations in memory

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24
Q

State-dependent

A

Can recall better when in the same psychological state (sober, drunk, high)

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25
Mood-congruent
Can recall depending on mood
26
Serial position effect
Tendency to recall last and first items on list
27
Anterograde amnesia
An inability to form new memories
28
Retrograde amnesia
An inability to retrieve information from past memories
29
Encoding failure
We cannot remember what we have not encoded
30
Storage decay
The course of forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off over time
31
Ebbinghaus
Forgetting curve: decreases over time
32
Retrieval failure
Sometimes even stored information cannot be accessed, when leads to forgetting
33
Proactive interference
Occurs when prior learning disrupts your recall of new information
34
Retroactive interference
Occurs when new learning disrupts recall of old information
35
Repression
Basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
36
Misinformation effect
Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event
37
Source amnesia
Attributing the the wrong source or with misinformation effect, it’s at the heart of many false mems
38
Déjà vu
Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
39
Cognition
The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
40
Concept
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
41
Prototype
A mental image or best example of a category
42
Creativity
The ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable
43
Convergent thinking
Focuses on finding one well-defined solution to a problem
44
Divergent thinking
Thinking abstractly and differently than the typical way
45
Algorithms
Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution
46
Heuristic
Simple thinking method that allows us to make judgements and solve efficiently; more error-prone compared to algorithms
47
Insight
A sudden realization of a problem’s solution; light bulb
48
Confirmation bias
A tendency to search for information that supports our perceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
49
Intuition
Our fast, automatic, unreasoned feelings and thoughts
50
Mental set
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
51
Representativeness heuristic
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information
52
Availability heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind we presume such events are common
53
Overconfidence
The tendency to be more confident than correct
54
Belief perseverance
Tendency to cling onto our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence
55
Framing
The way as issue is posed
56
Language
Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
57
Phoneme
The smallest distinctive unit Bat> B-A-T
58
Morpheme
Smallest until that carries meaning; suffix, prefix
59
Grammar
System of rules that enables us to communicate with others
60
Semantic
Deriving meaning from sounds
61
Syntax
Order words into sentences
62
Receptive language
Their ability to understand what is said and about them
63
Babbling stage
The stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first infested to the household language
64
One word stage
Mostly single words; Kitty!
65
Two word stage
Mostly two-word sentences: get ball.
66
Telegraphic speech
Child speaks like a telegram; go car.
67
Aphasia
An impairment of language
68
Broca’s area
Controls language and expression; impairing speaking: speaking words is through this area and motor cortex
69
Wernike’s area
Controls language reception; impairing understanding; heading words is through auditory cortex here
70
Linguistic determinism
Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think
71
Capacity sesory
The capacity for sensory memory is infinite
72
Duration sensory
The duration for sensory memory is .5-3 seconds
73
Short-term memory
Super quick and holds info briefly
74
Encoding
Allows info to be converted into a construct that is stored in the brain indefinitely
75
Episodic memory
Memories from our life events and experiences. When and where and event took place
76
Semantic
Recalling words, concepts, numbers. Factual information
77
Procedural
Long term memory involved in the performance of different actions and skills
78
Recall
Designated the retrieval of related details from memory
79
Recognition
Ability to recognize an event or piece of info as being familiar
80
Encoding specificity principal
Recall is easier if it occurs in a context similar to the context in when you learn the info
81
Context effects
The influence of environmental factors on one’s perception of a stimulus
82
Suppression
Deliberately trying to forget or not think about painful/unwanted thoughts
83
False memory
Recalls an event that never happened, or an actual occurrence substantially different from the way it transpired
84
Schema distortion
When learning new info that does not fit with the existing schemas people sometimes distort or alter the new info to make it fit what they already know
85
Imagination inflation
An increased tendency to falsely remember that an item had been seen when it has only been imagined
86
False familiarity
Increased feelings of familiarity due to repeatedly imagining an event
87
Blending fact and fiction
Using vivid, authentic details to add to the legitimacy and believability of a pseudo-event
88
Henry Gustav Molaison (HM)
A man that had surgery for his seizures. After, he developed heavy anterograde amnesia
89
Eric lenneberg
Critical stage hypothesis- a critical stage during childhood where language is most absorbed and it closes quickly
90
Noam Chomsky
Language acquisition device- language learning was determined by innate genetic mechanisms Universal grammar- all languages have nouns, verbs, and adjectives

Ap Psych (3 decks)

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