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Ap Psych > Personality, Intelligence, Testing > Flashcards

Personality, Intelligence, Testing Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

The set of thoughts, feelings, traits, and behaviors that are characteristic of a person and consistent over time and in different situations

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2
Q

Free association

A

The practice of allowing the patient to discuss thoughts, dreams, memories, or words, regardless of coherency

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3
Q

Conscious

A

The individual awareness of your unique thoughts, memories, feelings, sensations, and environments

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4
Q

Preconscious

A

Latent parts of the brain that are readily available to the conscious mind, available not currently in use

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5
Q

Unconscious

A

A reservoir mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories

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6
Q

Id

A

Wants to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drive; unconscious

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7
Q

Ego

A

Operates according to the reality principle, working out realistic ways of satisfying the id’s demands, often compromising or postponing satisfaction to avoid negative consequences of society

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8
Q

Superego

A

Control the id’s impulses, especially those which society forbids. Persuades the ego to turn to moralistic goals rather than simply realistic ones and strive for perfection

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9
Q

Fixation

A

Lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

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10
Q

Oral stage (0-18 months)

A

Child focuses on nursing with the intrinsic pleasure of sucking and accepting things into the mouth

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11
Q

Anal stage (18-36 months)

A

Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

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12
Q

Phallic stage (3-6 years)

A

Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with inventions sexual feelings

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13
Q

Latency stage (6- puberty)

A

A phase of dominant sexual feelings

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14
Q

Genital stage (puberty on)

A

Maturation of sexual interests

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15
Q

Defense mechanism

A

The ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

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16
Q

Repression

A

Banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

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17
Q

Regression

A

Retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

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18
Q

Reaction formation

A

Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites; repressing angry feelings, a person displayed exaggerated friendliness

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19
Q

Projection

A

Disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

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20
Q

Rationalization

A

Offering self-justification explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one’s actions

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21
Q

Displacement

A

Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person; girl got upset so she kicked her dog

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22
Q

Sublimation

A

Transferring of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motives; man with aggressive urges becomes a surgeon

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23
Q

Alfred Sandler

A

Inferiority complex; we consistently strive for feelings of superiority

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24
Q

Karen Horney

A

Relationships greatly shape your personality

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25
Q

Carl Jung

A

The unconscious contains more than our repressed thoughts and feelings; believed we have a collective unconscious

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26
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

Bandura’s idea the social-cognitive perspective proposes that our personalities are shaped by the interaction of our personal traits, our environment, and our behaviors

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27
Q

Personal control

A

Whether we learned to see ourselves as controlling, or as controlled by our environment

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28
Q

External locus of control

A

When you believe the outcome is determined by factors outside of your control; luck, fate

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29
Q

Internal locus of conform

A

When you have high expectations of being able to exert some control

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30
Q

Self-actualization

A

One of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after physical and psychological needs are met; motivation to fulfill one’s potential

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31
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

An attitude of total acceptance toward another person

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32
Q

Self-concept

A

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves

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33
Q

Real self

A

Who we actually are

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34
Q

Ideal self

A

Characteristics to which an individual aspires

35
Q

Trait

A

A characteristic pattern of behavior of a disposition to feel and act

36
Q

Gordon Alport’s cardinal traits

A

Basic, dominant characteristic that control the behavior of people; uncommon

37
Q

Openness

A

Measures how creative, imaginative, down to earth, or pragmatic someone is

38
Q

Conscientiousness

A

Measure preference for an organized approach to life in contrast to a spontaneous one

39
Q

Extraversion

A

Measures tendency to seek stimulation in the external world, the company of others, and to express positive emotions

40
Q

Agreeableness

A

Related to a focus on maintaining positive social relations, being friendly, compassionate, and cooperative

41
Q

Neuroticism

A

Measure the tendency to experience mood swings and emotions such as guilt, anger, anxiety, and depression

42
Q

Projective test

A

Attempt to assess personality by showing people vague stimuli with many possible interpretations. Relies on the examiner to interpret responses; inkblot test

43
Q

Objective test (self-report inventory)

A

Paper and pencil; used to assess attitudes, characteristics, and other traits; reliable, valid, limited answer choices; myers-Briggs

44
Q

Self

A

The center of personality

45
Q

Spotlight effect

A

Overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders; spotlight shining on them

46
Q

Self-esteem

A

One’s feelings of high or low self-worth

47
Q

Self-efficacy

A

One’s sense of competence and effectiveness

48
Q

Self-serving bias

A

A readiness to perceive oneself favorably

49
Q

Individualism

A

Giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s own identity; marrying someone whom his parents don’t approve of

50
Q

Collectivist

A

Giving priority to one’s own group and defining one’s identity accordingly; family

51
Q

Intelligence

A

Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems c and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

52
Q

Factor analysis

A

Statistical procedure that identifies cluster of related terms (factors) on a test

53
Q

Savant

A

Exceptional skill, like in computation and drawing

54
Q

Grit

A

Passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

55
Q

Emotional intelligence

A

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

56
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

57
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Our ability to think abstractly; decrease with age

58
Q

Down syndrome

A

Condition of mild to severe intellectual disability

59
Q

Mental age

A

A measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet

60
Q

Lewis Terman

A

Professor at Stanford who crated the Stanford-Binet test, modeled off of Alfred Binet’s test using William stern’s IQ formula

61
Q

Standardization

A

Uniform testing comparison with the performance of a group

62
Q

Normal curve

A

Symmetrical, bell-shaped curve

63
Q

Reliability

A

Extent to which a test yields consistent results

64
Q

Validity

A

Extent to which a test measures or predicts what it’s supposed to

65
Q

Content validity

A

Extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

66
Q

Predictive validity

A

The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; correlation between test scores and criterion behavior

67
Q

Abstract measures

A

Use non-verbal measures to assess abilities

68
Q

Verbal measures

A

Tests that use word problems to access abilities

69
Q

Speed of processing

A

Direct measurement of how well someone can utilize their other cognitive skills by sustaining attention to maintain speed/accuracy for a period of time

70
Q

Achievement test

A

A test designed to assess what a person has learned; AP Exam

71
Q

Aptitude test

A

Test designed to predict a person’s future performance; test for high schoolers to see what career they would be good at

72
Q

Generalized intelligence (g factor)

A

Underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence task; Spearman

73
Q

Linguistic

A

Finding the right words to express what you mean

74
Q

Logical-mathematical

A

Quantifying things, making hypotheses, and proving them

75
Q

Spatial

A

Visualizing the world in 3D

76
Q

Musical

A

Discerning sound, their pitch, tone, rhythm, and timbre

77
Q

Bodily-kinesthetic

A

Coordinating your mind with your body

78
Q

Intrapersonal

A

Understanding yourself, what you feel, and what you want

79
Q

Interpersonal

A

Sensing people’s feelings and motives

80
Q

Naturalist

A

Understanding living things and reading nature

81
Q

Existential

A

Tackling the questions of why we live, and why we die

82
Q

Analytical intelligence

A

Mental steps or “components” used to solve problems

83
Q

Creative intelligence

A

Use of experience in ways that foster insight

84
Q

Practical intelligence

A

Ability to read and adapt to the contexts of everyday life

Ap Psych (3 decks)

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