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OCR Psychology > Social Psychology > Flashcards

Social Psychology Flashcards

Milgram, Bocchiaro, Piliavin, Levine

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1
Q

What is the definition of the Social Area in Psychology?

A

The social area assumes that behaviour is determined by the situation and the real, imagined or implied presence of others. Our relationships with others influence our behaviour and thought processes.

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2
Q

What is self-perception?

A

Behaviour is influenced by our beliefs about how others perceive us.

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3
Q

What is social perception?

A

To explain the cause of behaviour as either having an individual or situational explanation

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4
Q

What is social interaction?

A

The context a behaviour occurs in.

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5
Q

What is social influence?

A

The impact a person can have on another.

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6
Q

What are some of the strengths in the social area?

A

Experimental realism, ecological validity and the research having practical applications making it useful.

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7
Q

What are some of the weaknesses of the social area?

A

Reductionist approach to explaining behaviour, deterministic approach, experimental approach can create demand characteristics and raises ethical issues.

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8
Q

What event occurred for Milgram to study obedience?

A

The Holocaust and trials of the Nazis.

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9
Q

What was the aim of Milgram’s study?

A

To investigate the process of obedience; to demonstrate the power of an legitimate authority figure, even when a command requires destructive behaviour.

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10
Q

What research design did Milgram use?

A

Controlled observation in a laboratory setting (not an experiment) using self report.

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11
Q

What university did Milgram’s study take place in?

A

University of Yale

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12
Q

What sampling method did Milgram use?

A

Self-selected sample, sourced through a mailshot and advert in local newspaper.

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13
Q

How many participants were used in Milgram’s study?

A

40 participants picked from 500 applicants.

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14
Q

What was the age range of Milgram’s sample?

A

20-50 years old.

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15
Q

What is a positive of Milgram’s sample?

A

All the participants came from a wide range of occupational and educational backgrounds, so able to generalise to target population.

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16
Q

What is a negative of Milgram’s sample?

A

No gender diversity.
Ethnocentric, America has an individualist culture.

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17
Q

How much were Milgram’s participants paid?

A

$4.00, plus $0.50 for car fare.

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18
Q

What materials were used In Milgram’s study?

A

A shock generator with 30 switches, ranging from 15V to 450V, in increments of 15V.

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19
Q

How many participants would go all the way to 450V according to 14 psychology students Milgram asked?

A

3% of 100 participants.

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20
Q

How many participants went to 300V in Milgram’s study?

A

100% or 40 participants.

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21
Q

How many participants went to 450V (were fully obedient), in Milgram’s study?

A

65% or 26 participants.

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22
Q

What qualitative findings were there in Milgram’s study?

A

Many participants showed nervousness and a large number showed extreme tension.

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23
Q

How many participants had “full-blown, uncontrollable seizures” in Milgram’s study?

A

3 participants.

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24
Q

What ethical issues were there in Milgram’s study?

A

Deception, participants thought the shocks were real.
Psychological harm.
Right to withdraw, participants were paid.

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25
Q

Where does Milgram fall on the nature/nurture debate?

A

Nurture, manipulation of the environment.

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26
Q

Where does Milgram fall on the situational/dispositional debate?

A

Situational, prestigious University and an authority figure.

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27
Q

Where does Milgram fall on the free will/determinism debate?

A

Determinism, environmentally determined.

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28
Q

Is Milgram’s study scientific?

A

Is scientific, lab setting, high control of extraneous variables and has a high reliability/ repeatability.

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29
Q

Is Milgram’s study useful?

A

Is useful, changed understanding of obedience and helped changes in authority structure.

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30
Q

What type of data did Milgram collect?

A

Quantitative and qualitative data.

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31
Q

What were participants told was the aim of Milgram’s study?

A

To see how punishment affected learning.

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32
Q

What is a whistle-blower?

A

A person who reports wrongdoings to a higher authority.

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33
Q

What were Bocchiaro’s predications for his study?

A

People will be more obedient than Milgram as they will not be physically hurting someone.
People are less likely to whistle-blow than obey.
People overestimate tendency to whistle-blow/ disobey.
Personality characteristics have no effect.

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34
Q

What was the aim of Bocchiaro’s study?

A

To investigate how people deal with an unethical and unjust request.

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35
Q

What research design did Bocchiaro use?

A

Controlled observation, in a laboratory setting.

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36
Q

What university did Bocchiaro’s study take place in?

A

VU University of Amsterdam.

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37
Q

What sampling method did Bocchiaro use?

A

Self-selected sample, sourced from a poster in the University cafeteria.

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38
Q

How many participants did Bocchiaro use?

A

149 undergraduate students, 96 women and 53 men.

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39
Q

How many participants were used in Bocchiaro’s pilot test?

A

92 students.

40
Q

How many participants were in Bocchiaro’s ‘comparison’ group?

A

138 students.

41
Q

How much were Bocchiaro’s participants paid?

A

€7 or a course credit.

42
Q

What is a positive of Bocchiaro’s sample?

A

No gender bias.

43
Q

What was the mean age of Bocchiaro’s sample?

A

20.8 years.

44
Q

What is a negative of Bocchiaro’s sample?

A

All young adults, a unique characteristic as students have fewer responsibilities than adults.
Students are more proactive in protesting.

45
Q

What materials were used in Bocchiaro’s study?

A

An ethics committee form.
Two personality tests: HEXACO-PI-R and Decomposed Measures Game test.

46
Q

What percentage of participants would obey according to the ‘comparison’ students?

Bocchiaro

A

18.8%

47
Q

What percentage of participants would disobey according to the ‘comparison’ students?

Bocchiaro

A

43.9%

48
Q

What percentage of participants would blow the whistle according to the ‘comparison’ students?

Bocchiaro

A

37.3%

49
Q

What percentage of ‘comparison’ students said they would obey?

Bocchiaro

A

3.6%

50
Q

What percentage of ‘comparison’ students said they would disobey?

Bocchiaro

A

31.9%

51
Q

What percentage of ‘comparison’ students said they would blow the whistle?

Bocchiaro

A

64.5%

52
Q

How many of the ‘real’ participants obeyed?

Bocchiaro

A

76.5%

53
Q

How many of the ‘real’ participants disobeyed?

Bocchiaro

A

14.1%

54
Q

How many of the ‘real’ participants blew the whistle?

Bocchiaro

A

9.4%

55
Q

What results did Bocchiaro find that linked to personality?

A

There was no significant differences between the personality tests, although participants with more faith tended to be whistle blowers.

56
Q

What ethical issues did Bocchiaro run into?

A

Deception

57
Q

Where does Bocchiaro fall on the situational/individual debate?

A

Situational, authority figure and no evidence of personality differences.

58
Q

Where does Bocchiaro fall on the nature/nurture debate?

A

Nurture, social context and social influence.

59
Q

Is Bocchiaro’s study useful?

A

Is useful, changed our knowledge of how, when and why people can’t blow the whistle.

60
Q

Is Bocchiaro’s study scientific?

A

Is scientific, done in a laboratory setting, high levels of control and high reliability/ repeatability.

61
Q

What type of data did Bocchiaro collect?

A

Quantitative data

62
Q

What is bystander behaviour?

A

What people do when watching an emergency situation.

63
Q

What is diffusion of responsibility?

A

Where in a large group of people, individuals feel less responsible.

64
Q

What was the aim of Piliavin’s study?

A

To investigate the effect of certain variables on individuals’ speed and willingness to help.

65
Q

What research design did Piliavin use?

A

Field experiment with independent measures design and observational techniques.

66
Q

What were the independent variables in Piliavin’s study?

A

Drunk or cane
Race
Presence of model
Group size

67
Q

What sampling method did Piliavin use?

A

Opportunity sample

68
Q

Where did Piliavin’s study take place?

A

New York Subway.

69
Q

What gender were the models in Piliavin’s study?

A

Male

70
Q

What were the mean number of people in the carriage in Piliavin’s study?

A

43

71
Q

Which condition got helped the most (drunk or cane)?

Piliavin

A

Cane at 95% compared to drunk 50%

72
Q

What percentage of first helpers were male?

Piliavin

A

90%

73
Q

Which victim recieved more help, the white or black victim?

Piliavin

A

White, but a ‘same-race effect’ was observed in the drunk condition.

74
Q

What ethical issues did Piliavin run into?

A

No informed consent given.
Risk of psychological harm, distressing situation.
No right to withdraw

75
Q

Where does Piliavin fall on the nature/nurture debate?

A

Nurture, situational factors influenced participants

76
Q

Where does Piliavin fall on the situational/individual debate?

A

Situational, arousal for cost-reward model is influenced by the situation.

77
Q

Where does Piliavin’s study fall on the free will/determinism debate?

A

Both, can choose whether to help or not but the situation has a strong influence

78
Q

Is Piliavin’s study scientific?

A

Is scientific, many controls utilised but field setting means less control over extraneous variables

79
Q

Is Piliavin’s study useful?

A

Yes, helped formulate the cost-reward model in emergency situations. However was only carried out in one city making it ethnocentric.

80
Q

What was the aim of Levine’s study?

A

To investigate how the ‘personality’ of a city might be related to helping behaviour in non-emergency situations.

81
Q

What sample method did Levine use?

A

Opportunity sample

82
Q

What research design did Levine use?

A

Quasi-experiment with independent measure design. Also, an example of cross-cultural research

83
Q

How many countries did Levine use in his study?

A

23 countries with roughly 50 participants in each country.

84
Q

Is Levine’s study a correlational study?

A

Yes, uses co-variables

85
Q

Name the four co-variables in Levine’s study.

A

Population size
Economic indicator
Cultural values
Pace of life

86
Q

What country was the most helpful?

Levine

A

Brazil (z-score of 1.66)

87
Q

What country was the least helpful?

Levine

A

Malaysia (z-score of -2.04)

88
Q

What is the z-score?

Levine

A

A standardised helping score give to each country.

89
Q

What correlation was found between economic productivity and overall helping?

Levine

A

Negative correlation

90
Q

What correlation was found between walking speed and overall helping?

Levine

A

Small positive correlation

91
Q

Where does Levine’s study fall on the nature/nurture debate?

A

Nurture, impacted by the country participants grew up in.

92
Q

Where does Levine’s study fall on the free will/determinism debate?

A

Both, can choose to help or not but its also determined by the country participants grew up in

93
Q

Where does Levine’s study fall on the situational/individual debate?

A

Situational, the countries participants grew up in impacted their probability to help

94
Q

What ethical issues did Levine run into?

A

No informed consent given and small possibility of psychological harm.

95
Q

Is Levine’s study scientific?

A

Is scientific

96
Q

Is Levine’s study useful?

A

Is useful, shows how altruism changes across countries and cultures

OCR Psychology (6 decks)

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