Developmental Psychology Flashcards
Bandura ✔, Chaney ✔, Kohlberg, Lee
What is the Developmental Area in psychology?
The developmental area in psychology assumes that behaviour changes over our lifetime, focussing on cognitive processes- how our thinking changes as we get older; social processes such as gender development and personal development such as the emotional self. These changes may be the result of inherited factors, including events that occur as a result of maturation or lifetime experiences which includes interactions with other people.
What is reciprocal determinism?
The idea that as we interact with our environment, we change the environment while simultaneously it changes us.
What was the aim of Bandura’s study?
To demonstrate that learning can occur through simple observation of a model and that imitated behaviour can be observed in the absence of that model.
What is a model in Bandura’s study?
Person/s who perform specific behaviours as directed by the experimenter, which may or may not be imitated by participants in the study.
What is vicarious learning?
Learning through vicarious reinforcement, is our tendency to repeat or duplicate behaviours for which others are being rewarded.
What is operant conditioning?
Any action that produces pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated. Any action that produces unpleasant consequences is less likely to be repeated.
What research design did Bandura use?
Laboratory experiment with matched participants design and observational techniques.
What were participants matched for in Bandura’s study?
Aggressiveness
What sampling method did Bandura use?
Opportunity sampling, from Stanford University
What was a strength of Bandura’s study?
Participants were all children so he could easily show how easily youngsters imitate adult models.
What was a weakness of Bandura’s sample?
Children are more impressionable so its hard to generalise to the rest of the population.
What materials were used in Bandura’s study?
3ft Bobo doll
Aggressive toys e.g. mallet, dart gun
Non-aggressive toys e.g. tea set, toy cars, dolls
How many participants took part in Bandura’s study?
72 children
36 boys & 36 girls
What was the mean age of the participants in Bandura’s study?
52 months/ 4.5 years old
How many conditions were there in Bandura’s study?
3 conditions: aggressive, non-aggressive and a control condition
What gender model had a greater influence over participants in Bandura’s study?
Male model
Which gender of the children imitated more aggressive behaviour?
Boys imitated more physical aggression but there was no significant difference in terms of verbal aggression.
When did the imitative behaviour occur in Bandura’s study?
In the absence of the model.
What are some ethical issues in Bandura’s study?
Informed consent, participants were children
Confidentiality, participants were filmed and these videos are available on YouTube
What was a problem of using a bobo doll for Bandura’s study?
The Bobo doll ‘invited’ children to play aggressively as how else would children play with the doll.
Where does Bandura fall on the nature/nurture debate?
Nurture, children’s behaviour was caused by the situation
Where does Bandura fall on the situational/dispositional debate?
Situational, children’s behaviour was caused by the situation
Where does Bandura fall on the free will/determinism debate?
Deterministic, children’s behaviour is shaped by models not free will.
Is Bandura’s study useful?
Is useful, can be applied to reducing aggressiveness in children.
Is Bandura’s study scientific?
Is scientific, standardised procedures and used a control group.
What type of data did Bandura collect?
Quantitative and Qualitative
What was the aim of Chaney’s study?
A pilot study to establish whether a specially designed ‘Funhaler’ would increase medical compliance in a group of young children with asthma who were prescribed regular inhaler therapy.
What is a funhaler?
A paediatric small volume inhaler that makes it easier for young children to take their asthma based medication
What sampling method did Chaney use?
Opportunity sampling
How many participants did Chaney use?
32 asthmatic children, 22 male and 10 female
What was the mean age of participants used in Chaney’s study?
3.2 years old
What is a positive of Chaney’s sample?
Easy to collect due to using an opportunity sample.
What is a negative of Chaney’s sample?
Risk of recruitment effects, parents who agreed to be in the study may have more compliant children as those with more difficult children may have declined, leaving a more positive group of families.
What research design did Chaney use?
Field experiment with repeated measures design.
What self-report methods were used in Chaney’s study?
Phone call interview and two questionnaires used at the start and end of the study.
How many children used the funhaler compared to the conventional spacer?
22/27 children used the funhaler (81%) compared to 16/27 children who used the conventional spacer (59%)
How many children inhaled four or more breaths using the funhaler compared to the conventional spacer?
24/30 children used the funhaler (80%) effectively compared to 15/30 children who used the conventional spacer effectively (50%)
How many parents said they were always successful in medicating their child with the funhaler compared to the conventional spacer?
22/30 parents (73%) medicated their child correctly using the funhaler compared to 3/30 parents for the conventional spacer.
How many children were unwilling to breathe through the conventional spacer compared to the funhaler?
19 children (61%) refused to breathe through the convetional spacer compared to 2 children (7%) for the funhaler.
What were some ethical issues in Chaney’s study?
Informed consent, participants were children
Psychological harm, children may feel embarrassed about using a spacer and having their personal feelings recorded
What type of data did Chaney collect?
Quantitative data
Where does Chaney fall on the nature/nurture debate?
Nurture, reinforcement in our environment and models affect our behaviour.
Where does Chaney fall on the free will/determinism debate?
Deterministic, the children’s behaviour was altered by reinforcements.
Is Chaney’s study useful?
Is useful, can be used in medication for asthma for children and reducing asthma attacks.
Is Chaney’s study scientific?
Is scientific, field experiment with controlled procedures.
