Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Social Psychology

A

Studies the individual within the social context
Compare to sociology, which studies group behavior

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2
Q

Norms

A

are the rules that govern our behavior in a social context

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3
Q

Role

A

a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group
Ex: husband, father, brother, friend, professor

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4
Q

Stanford Prison Experiment

A

-Prison study was very problematic
-But, it suggests that, situationally, people can easily fall into roles and become subject to norms
-Suggests how prisoner abuse in Iraq was not “a few bad applies”, but situational
-In daily life we easily follow
—Gender roles
—Family roles
—Career roles

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5
Q

Stanley Milgram Maximized the power of the authority figure using these different methods

A

-Having the authority figure take responsibility
—Does this absolve the teacher of all responsibility
-Making the task routine
—Nazi approach to mass homicide
-Entrapment

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6
Q

Entrapment

A

-Having the teacher commit first to less dangerous steps
-“Foot in the door” approach

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7
Q

Factors that undermined the influence of the teacher

A

-When the experimenter left the room
-When the victim was in the same room
-When the experimenter issued conflicting demands
-When the person ordering them to continue was an ordinary man
-When the subject worked with peers who refused to go on

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8
Q

Milgram’s study demonstrates the power of the roles of authority figure and subject

A

Gives a glimpse into power of authority figures in Naxi Germany and other “I was under orders” situations

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9
Q

The Individual in Groups

A

-Many aspects of a person’s behavior in group settings are affected by deindividualization
—A loss of awareness of one’s own identity in a group
-Anonymity emboldens people
—Quality of online discussion forums, both in hostility and for shy students
-This can lead to “mob mentality” situations

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10
Q

Diffusion of Responsibility

A

In groups, the tendency oof members to avoid taking responsibility for actions or decisions, under the assumption that someone else will
-Leads to social loafing
-Also leads to bystander apathy

Research was inspired by the Kitty Genovese case

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11
Q

Social loafing

A

-Members of a group do less work individually than they would as individuals working alone
-Tug of war, group projects

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12
Q

Bystander apathy

A

-People stand watch rather than take actions
-Red Cross– “You, call 911!”

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13
Q

Conformity

A

A tendency of people to go along with the group
-Peer pressure among teenagers
-Studied by Asch using judgments of line length
—Highlights importance of both normative social influence and informational social influence

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14
Q

Groupthink

A

-In close-knit groups, the tendency for all members to think alike and suppress disagreement for the sake of unanimity
-Symptoms of groupthink include
—Illusion of invincibility
—Pressure on dissenters to conform
—Self-censorship
—Illusion of unanimity
-Example- Challenger Explosion

-Creating conditions rewarding dissent
-Basing decision on majority rule
-Assigning a person to make only contrarian arguments

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15
Q

Attitude

A

a relatively stable opinion based on both a cognition and an emotion
Can be explicit- aware of them
or implicit- act on without awareness

interconnected with behavior
-Attitude drives behavior

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16
Q

Self perception theory

A

argues that we also infer out attitudes based on internal observation of our own behavior

17
Q

Prejudice

A

an implicit or explicit attitude driven by negative feeling about individuals based on group membership
-foundation of stereotypes

18
Q

stereotypes

A

negative beliefs about individuals based solely on group membership
-can lead to discrimination

19
Q

discrimination

A

negative behavior toward individuals based on their group membership
-can create a dangerous self-fulfilling prophecy

20
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

discrimination can lead to negative response from the discriminated individual, which in the mind of the discriminator confirms their prejudicial stereotyping

21
Q

Persuasion

A

-an effort to change an attitude
-Direct: an effort to persuade based primarily on the merits of an argument
-Peripheral: an effort to persuade by using methods other than direct argument

-One significant challenge is that even direct attempts to change core beliefs can actually make them stronger
—May be an artifact of cognitive dissonance

22
Q

Peripheral Persuasion

A

-The effect of the communicator
—Are they famous?
——Celebrity endorsers
—Are they like you?
——Same party affiliation or different
—Are they attractive?
—Do they appear authoritative?

23
Q

Appeal to Emotion

A

-Fear
-Sex, e.g. beer ads
-Appeal to what you want to be
—Present people using the product looking cool

24
Q

Positive/negative association

A

-opposite party campaign ads including Bush, Obama

25
Q

Choice of language

A

-“Pro-choice” / “pro-life”
-“Estate tax” vs. “death tax”

26
Q

Effects of delivery

A

-Reagan, Clinton very strong on delivery

-Repetition
—Hitler’s “Big Lie”
——Validity effect- more likely to believe something often repeated

27
Q

More exposure effect

A

suggests increased liking based on perceptual fluency

28
Q
A