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AP Psychology > Social Psychology > Flashcards

Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

A

social psychology

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2
Q

the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

ex: Juliet seldom talks while Jack talks nonstop. We assume that must be the type of people they are (shy and outgoing).

A

attribution theory

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3
Q

the tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

ex: We assume Jack is outgoing and Juliet is shy, but we fail to account for the influence of situations. Jack may be as quiet as Juliet and Juliet is the lead in the school musical.

A

fundamental attribution error

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4
Q

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

A

attitude

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5
Q

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues

ex: Leonardo DiCaprio urges action to counter climate change, and people act because they find him attractive/he’s a celebrity

A

peripheral route persuasion

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6
Q

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

ex: when an ad focuses on effective arguments, some people focus on that because they are naturally analytical and involved in an issue (less superficial)

A

central route persuasion

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7
Q

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

ex: giving a sample of a product so that the customer will come back and buy more; when a friend asks for a small amount of money in hopes that you will eventually give a larger amount

A

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

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8
Q

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

A

role

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9
Q

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent

ex: when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

A

cognitive dissonance theory

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10
Q

understood rules for an expected behavior

A

norms

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11
Q

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

A

conformity

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12
Q

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

ex: conforming to society due to peer pressure

A

normative social influence

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13
Q

influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

ex: in an election, you vote for the party everyone else is voting for, because you feel that it’s right

A

informational social influence

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14
Q

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others (due to arousal)

ex: a basketball player makes 70% of their hoops alone, but 80% when others are watching

A

social facilitation

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15
Q

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

ex: a blindfolded student is told to tug on a rope with three other people; because he believed those three other people were there, he tried less hard than he did when he was alone

A

social loafing

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16
Q

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

ex: when students were asked to give electric shocks, they gave twice as much when wearing masks

A

deindividuation

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17
Q

the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

ex: after a group discussion, people who support a war become even more supportive

A

group polarization

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18
Q

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

ex: unwillingness to speak out about unfair practices in a business to keep peace

A

groupthink

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19
Q

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

A

culture

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20
Q

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members; generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action

A

prejudice

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21
Q

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

A

stereotype

22
Q

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

A

discrimination

23
Q

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

ex: can lead to blaming the victim (“It was her fault because she was flirting, wearing revealing clothing, should’ve done xyz, etc)

A

just-world phenomenon

24
Q

“us” people with whom we share a common identity

ex: family, friends, anyone associated with your circle

A

ingroup

25
Q

“them” those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

ex: you may be in theatre, therefore the football team is your outgroup

A

outgroup

26
Q

the tendency to favor our own group

A

ingroup bias

27
Q

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

ex: 9/11 caused Americans to lash out at the entire muslim community

A

scapegoat theory

28
Q

the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races

A

other-race effect

29
Q

any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

A

aggression

30
Q

the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal-creates anger, which can generate aggression

ex: a man is disrespected and humiliated at work, but cannot respond to it, so he goes home and takes it out on his family

A

frustration-aggression principle

31
Q

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

ex: by age 3 months, infants prefer photos of the race they most often see- usually their own

A

mere exposure effect

32
Q

an aroused state of intensive positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship (craving and obsession)

A

passionate love

33
Q

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined (mature, deep, affectionate)

A

companionate love

34
Q

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

A

equity

35
Q

the act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others

A

self-disclosure

36
Q

unselfish regard for the welfare of others (selflessness)

A

altruism

37
Q

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

ex: a person sees a student having a seizure in the hallway; if they are alone they are more likely to help whereas if there’s people they are less likely

A

bystander effect

38
Q

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

ex: if you’re considering donating blood, you may weigh the costs of doing so (time, discomfort, anxiety) against the benefits (reduced guilt, social approval, good feelings)

A

social exchange theory

39
Q

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them (paying it forward)

A

reciprocity norm

40
Q

an expectation that people will help those needing their help

A

social responsibility norm

41
Q

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

A

conflict

42
Q

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

A

social trap

43
Q

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

ex: democrat vs republican

A

mirror-image perceptions

44
Q

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

A

self-fulfilling prophecy

45
Q

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

ex: in a business, you may all play different roles or be competing for a promotion, but everyone is there for the purpose of working and making money

A

superordinate goals

46
Q

graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction-a strategy designed to decrease international tensions

ex: one side initiating a breakthrough in the form of a concession or compromise on one of its demands

A

GRIT

47
Q

prison experiment; concluded that people quickly conform to social roles, even when the role goes against their moral principles; he also concluded that situational factors were largely responsible for the behavior found

A

Zimbardo

48
Q

20 dollar experiment ($1 vs $20 for lying, the $20 people felt more guilty after); developed cognitive dissonance and social comparison

A

Festinger

49
Q

conducted an experiment to investigate the extent to which social pressure from a majority group could affect a person to conform; revealed the degree to which a person’s own opinions are influenced by those of a group

A

Asch

50
Q

shock experiment; explored the willingness of individuals to follow the orders of authorities when those orders conflict with the individual’s own moral judgment

A

Milgram

51
Q

study on bystander effect; conducted research on diffusion of responsibility

A

Darley and Latane

AP Psychology (7 decks)

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