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AP Psychology > Developmental Psychology > Flashcards

Developmental Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

A

developmental psychology

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2
Q

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

A

zygote

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3
Q

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

A

embryo

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4
Q

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

A

fetus

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5
Q

(literally, “monster makers”)
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

A

teratogens

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6
Q

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking; in severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features

A

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

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7
Q

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation; as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

ex: a fetus adapts to a vibrating device placed on the mother’s abdomen; over time it seems to get bored of the action

A

habituation

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8
Q

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

A

maturation

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9
Q

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing , remembering, and communicating

A

cognition

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10
Q

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

ex: attributes associated with a certain word; when you think of your best friend you may think kind, funny, sympathetic, etc

A

schema

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11
Q

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

ex: when a child learns what a dog is, they begin calling all four-legged animals a dog

A

assimilation

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12
Q

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

ex: by adding new characteristics to distinguish dogs from cats and other four-legged animals, we increase our cognitive understanding

A

accommodation

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13
Q

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

ex: taking 5 senses into account: touching, grasping, mouthing
-issues with stranger danger
-object permanence developing

A

sensorimotor stage

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14
Q

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

ex: 3 month old Bobby lacks this ability; every time his mother or father leaves the room he cries because he thinks they are gone

A

object permanence

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15
Q

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 years to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

ex: able to represent things with words and images but too young to perform mental operations; a 5 year old cannot understand that two differently sized glasses could contain the same amount of milk (lacks concept of conservation)

A

preoperational stage

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16
Q

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

ex: Sally watches as two identical glasses are filled with the same amount of milk; when the milk in one glass gets poured into a taller glass, she can’t understand it’s still the same amount

A

conservation

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17
Q

in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

ex: Allie, age 4, shows her grandfather her two matching cards while playing a game- yet they are still facing her; because she can see them, she believes he can as well

A

egocentrism

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18
Q

people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behaviors these might predict

ex: children come to understand what made a playmate angry, when a sibling will share, and what might make a parent buy a toy; they begin to tease, empathize, and persuade

A

theory of mind

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19
Q

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7-11 years old) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about events

ex: understanding and simplifying math equations, comprehending more complicated jokes, improving concept of conservation

A

concrete operational stage

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20
Q

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

ex: imagining realities and symbols, ponder hypothetical propositions and consequences, moral reasoning

A

formal operational thinking

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21
Q

a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

ex: by giving children new words and mentoring them, parents, teachers, and other children provide a step to help children attain higher cognitive development/better thinking

A

scaffold (ing)

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22
Q

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

ex: can’t tell others’ emotions or thoughts well, trouble socializing

A

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

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23
Q

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

A

stranger anxiety

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24
Q

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to their caregiver and showing distress on separation

A

attachment

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25
Q

an optimal period early in the life an organism when exposure to certain stimuli

ex: baby chicks’ period falls shortly after they have hatched when the first moving object they see is their mother; they will follow her from now on

A

critical period

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26
Q

the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life

ex: the chicks with their mother; if they hadn’t seen her and had seen perhaps a human instead, they would’ve followed the human

A

imprinting

27
Q

a procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment; a child is placed in an unfamiliar environment while their caregiver leaves and then returns, and the child’s reactions are observed

A

strange situation

28
Q

demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves, and find comfort in the caregiver’s return

A

secure attachment

29
Q

demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness

ex: these infants are less likely to explore and may cling to their mother; their distress is not just temporary when she leaves the room, it’s lasting

A

insecure attachment

30
Q

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity (how someone behaves

ex: a person who throws things and hits others as a child may grow up to be angry

A

temperament

31
Q

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

ex: Derek’s parents are sensitive, loving caregivers which causes him to form a lifelong attitude of trust rather than fear

A

basic trust

32
Q

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, “Who am I?”

ex: aware of self, comparing ourselves to others

A

self-concept

33
Q

in psychology, the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

A

sex

34
Q

in psychology, the socially influenced characteristics by which people define boy, girl, man, and woman

A

gender

35
Q

any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

ex: insults, slapping

A

aggression

36
Q

an act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing

ex: gossiping or excluding

A

relational aggression

37
Q

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

ex: wives are expected to devote themselves to husbands and potential children even if it means putting their own needs to the side

A

role

38
Q

a set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males or for females

ex: men are expected to be unemotional and insensitive while women are considered too sensitive and not tough

A

gender role

39
Q

our sense of being male, female, or some combination of the two

A

gender identity

40
Q

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

ex: Sherri tells her son “big boys don’t cry”, therefore he bottles his emotions throughout life

A

social learning theory

41
Q

displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics

A

androgyny

42
Q

an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth-designated sex

ex: Dylan Mulvaney

A

transgender

43
Q

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

A

adolescence

44
Q

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing; body changes

A

puberty

45
Q

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

A

identity

46
Q

the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships

ex: jocks, cheerleaders, band kids, theatre kids, etc

A

social identity

47
Q

in Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in young adulthood

A

intimacy

48
Q

a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults

ex: Anna just started college but has yet to get a job or move out of her parents’ house. She is technically an adult, but does not have full adult responsibilities.

A

emerging adulthood

49
Q

the sex chromosomes found in both males and females; females typically have two of these while males typically have one; this from each parent produces a female child

A

X chromosome

50
Q

the sex chromosome typically found only in males; when paired with the other from the mother, it produces a male child

A

Y chromosome

51
Q

the most important male sex hormone; both males and females have it, but the additional in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

A

testosterone

52
Q

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

A

primary sex characteristics

53
Q

non reproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

A

secondary sex characteristics

54
Q

the first ejaculation in a boy’s life, usually around age 14

A

spermarche

55
Q

the first menstrual period in a girl’s life, usually around age 12 1/2++

A

menarche

56
Q

a condition present at birth due to unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy; possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes

ex: Bob was born as a genetic male with male hormones and testes but no penis; he was raised as a girl because his parents were unaware of anything different

A

intersex

57
Q

a life-threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); it depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections

A

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

58
Q

our enduring sexual attraction, usually toward members of our own sex (homosexual) or the other sex (heterosexual); variations include attraction toward both sexes (bisexual)

A

sexual orientation

59
Q

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

A

menopause

60
Q

research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

ex: a study contains a group of kindergartners, middle aged people, and 70+

A

cross-sectional study

61
Q

research that follows and retests the same people over time

ex: seeing how well kindergartners can take a test then retesting them two years later

A

longitudinal study

62
Q

acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer’s disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse’ in older adults, neurocognitive disorders were formally called dementia

A

neurocognitive disorders (NCDS)

63
Q

a neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques often onset after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities

A

Alzheimer’s disease

64
Q

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

ex: leaving home at 18, getting married around 25 or younger, having children in late 20s or early 30s are all expectations that differ in each culture

A

social clock

AP Psychology (7 decks)

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