social psychology Flashcards

Question

Recency effects

Answer 1

Giving greater weight/importance to the most recent information

Answer 2

When peoples expectations lead them to act towards others in a way that brings about the expected behaviours thereby confirming their original impression

Answer 3

in an Australian sample found that 83% of people met their ‘special partner’ in a familiar social setting, 6% in a casual social setting

Answer 4

Repeated exposure to any stimulus makes it more appealing. The more people are exposed to faces, photos, languages and tunes the more they like them

Answer 5

claimed - claimed that if it was merely repeated exposure to a stimulus that enhanced our liking then we should prefer photos of our facial images as we see them in a mirror (ie. a reversed photo image). Our friends, however, should prefer a normal photo of our faces (since this, image is the one that they normally see). findings - support this view, 70% of people prefer a photo of their own reversed mirror image, 70%of people, however, prefer the normal photo image of their friends

Answer 6

what - proximity doesn’t always work. Personality differences, conflict of interests, value differences, status differentials can all leadto antagonism. findings - If the initial interaction is negative and this experience is reinforced then dislike will occur

Answer 7

Research indicates that people who are emotionally aroused rate others as more attractive.

Answer 8

found that men who ran on the spot rated women as being more attractive

Answer 9

people expecting electric shocks rated membersof the opposite sex as being more attractive

Answer 10

Attractiveness is important when it comes to relationships. However people generally refuse to admit it openly.

Answer 11

found that out of 32 desirable traits for a partner men ranked physical appearance 12th , women ranked it 22nd

Answer 12

analysed computer dating services, which used photo matching. - for both sexes physical attractiveness was the major determining factor of date choice

Answer 13

what - used a dance to assess student’s reactions to their partners on a blind date. Tests measuring scholastic ability, personality and attitudes were presented to all. People rated for attractiveness by independent observers (on arrival). findings - The results showed that the more attractive you wererated by the observers the more you were liked by your date.

Answer 14

Men - both heterosexual and gay focused on thephysical attractiveness of potential partners. Women - both heterosexual and lesbian tended to focus on the psychological characteristics

Answer 15

90% of men when approached by an attractive woman would agree to sex, only 10% of women when approached by an attractive man would agree to sex

Answer 16

Adults less aggressive to attractive children Attractive people are more likely to be hired for jobs. Attractive students are more likely to be given better grade

Answer 17

Many studies shown that people tend to be attracted to others who are similar to themselves. The most important determinants are similarity of attitudes, values and activities

Answer 18

Found that best friends at high school resemble each other in terms of age, race and academic grades.

Answer 19

married couples who shared the same egalitarian or religious beliefs were a lot happier

Answer 20

divorce rate 1 in 3 Women often initiate the end of relationships Women may feel more distressed in conflicted relationships Women better through: Divorce, Separation and Widowhood

Answer 21

Lonely people can sometimes feel distressed, bored and even depressed. One effective way of coping is to make something valuable out of the solitude e.g. A hobby, work, studying. Rejection causes pain -low self-esteem - aggression

Answer 22

group size 'presence of dissenter

Answer 23

how the physical presence of other influences behaviour

Answer 24

respondents completed simple and complex tasks. When others present - Simple task ability improved. Complex task ability decreased

Answer 25

the presence of others leads to increased arousal. Arousal strengthens the display of our dominant response

Answer 26

the accuracy of good players increased from 71% to 80%. the accuracy of poor players decreased from 35% to25%

Answer 27

the idea that as group size increases individual responsibility decreases.

Answer 28

the idea that as group size increases individual responsibility decreases.

Answer 29

participants come along and sit in a waiting room on the pretext of taking part in a laboratoryexperiment. Smoke came out of a vent, 75% of those waiting alone reacted immediately, less than 1% of those waiting with others reacted

Answer 30

- presence of others can have bizarre or negative effects - loss of individuality that leads to a disinhibited behaviour - anonymity to outsiders is key

Answer 31

when people are surrounded by others they loose self awareness and begin to feel anonymous. when aroused the loss in self awarded worjks to disinhibit those impulses which are normally kept under check, the impulses that are realeased depend on the situation

Answer 32

anonymity leads to aggression

Answer 33

34% took extra sweets and only 12% of those presented with a mirror took extra sweets

Answer 34

line experiment conformed when told wrong answer

Answer 35

Remoteness of victim Closeness and legitimacy of the authority figure Diffusion of responsibility Personal characteristics

Answer 36

personality type - deferential to those in authority, don't like those not hostile

Answer 37

Harsh, demanding, parents stifled child’s basic instincts Child’s aggression then displaced onto others such as ethnic minorities.

Answer 38

Attitudes reflect the objective interests of the ingroup. Two implicit assumptions If the interests of two groups coincide, then relations between groups will be harmonious. If there is a conflict of interests between two groups then relations between groups will be hostile. Competition for limited resources fosters prejudice

Answer 39

the MGP - a scientific attempt to create an 'empty environment’ where researchers could then systematically add variables that would elicit discrimination

Answer 40

The tendancy for an individual to expend less effort individually when working in a group than when working alone

Answer 41

The tendancy for an individual to expend less effort individually when working in a group than when working alone

Answer 42

When a group of like minded people discuss an issue the average opinion of group members tends to become more extreme

Answer 43

Prejudice stems from a need to enhance our selfesteem

Answer 44

Rousseau - “man is by nature good and only institutions make him bad.” Hobbes - “man is by nature solitary, poore, nasty and brutish.”

Answer 45

ID - demands satisfaction now not later, regardless of consequences. contains most basic urges EGO - works on the reality principals, toys to satisfy id in accordance to social norms SUPEREGO - If rules are broken the superego metes out punishment. This leads to intense anxiety, guilt and self-reproach

Answer 46

Displacement: impulses redirected into a safer course. Reaction formation: original wish is supplanted with the opposite. Projection: urges are projected onto others. Isolation: awareness of memories but not emotions

Answer 47

*Unconscious conflicts are a result of childhood experiences. Child starts life as a bundle of pleasure seeking tendencies. *As the child grows pleasure is achieved through the stimulation of certain body zones

Answer 48

Phallic stage (4-6) *Boys develop an Oedipus complex. *Boy wants to sexually possess the mother - hates father *This leads to CASTRATION ANXIETY Electra complex *Girl realizes that she does not have a penis -- which she regards as a catastrophe. *Feels that she has been castrated already, develops ‘Penis Envy’. - hates mother