Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psyc112 > social psychology > Flashcards

social psychology Flashcards

1
Q

ways to measure attitudes

A

likert scales (rating on options, depends on honesty)
bogus pipeline (lie detector test) - only works if people believe it works
electromyography - looking at how facial moved then determining attitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

LaPiere (1934) - attitudes of people due to culture

A

what - went around us to restraints with asian couple, where served. Emailed after and they said asian people wouldn’t be served

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Theory of planned behaviour

A

To demonstrate the relationship between attitudes and behaviour we must consider
1.when we have a positive attitude towards the behaviour
2. when norms have a positive attitude towards the behaviour
3. when the behaviour is under control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

inconsistency between attitudes and behaviours e.g participants do a boring task. offer $1 to lie. Then change attitude because $1 isn’t enough to lie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Himmelweit 1990 (attitude of capital punishment)

A

found - attitude of this topic didn’t change over 15 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Knox and inkster - winning bets

A

what - asked People;e to estimate the chances of winning a bet
found - those who placed bets where more confident they would win
evidence of - cognitive dissonance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

attitudes can be changed…

A

source - credible, trustworthy, attractive, likeable
message - is presented quickly, without hesitation
approached - time of approach counts. more likely tp change if weathers nice or happy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

emotional appeals

A

consensus - fear can work in circumstances where
1. message evokes moderate to strong fear
2. message provides a low cost way to reduce threat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

dillard and Anderson 2004 (speed ads)

A

found - ads on tv didn’t work, sometimes made boys drive faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Attitude resilience

A

one way to avoid attitude change is via the rehearsal of counter arguments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

McAlister 1982- stop teens smoking

A

what - used phases and taught arguments such as ‘ID be a real chick if I smoked just to impress you”
found - teens trained this way were less likely to smoke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Attributions

A

Judgements about our own behaviour and other peoples behaviour and outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

internal and external attributions

A

internal - looking inside people e.g she got a scholarship because she’s smart
external - looking at external factors e.g the weather made them win

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

frey and rogner 1987 9car accidents and attributions

A

people in car accidents who blamed themselves were in the hospital for 30 days and people who didn’t blame themselves where in hospital for only 20 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Kelley 1967 - three statements and what they mean

A

consistency - always hostile towards me
consensus - tends to be hostile
distinctiveness - hostile to others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

attribution styles

A

pessimistic - blame on self
optimistic - be positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

motivation bias on attributions

A

self esteem - can link to self esteem in two ways
1.positive = internal attributions
2.neagitve = external attributions
control - attributions enhance control. success - internal increases control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

victim blaming

A

internal attributes made for rape, aids and cancer victims

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

correspondence interference

A

a judgment that matches or corresponds with someone’s behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

miller 1984 (culture and difference in attributions)

A

western culture prefer - dispotional explanations
non western cultures - favour external explanations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The Actor-Observer Effect

A

people tend to attribute the cause of their own actions to EXTERNAL factors

they tend to attribute cause of others action to internal causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The Self-Serving Bias

A

people take credit for their successes but not for failures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The fundamental attribution error

A

When we underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the role of personal factors when explaining other peoples behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Primacy effect

A

Our tendency to attach more importance to the initial information we learn about a person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Recency effects

A

Giving greater weight/importance to the most recent information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Self fulfilling prophecy

A

When peoples expectations lead them to act towards others in a way that brings about the expected behaviours thereby confirming their original impression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

McKnight (1994) - where meet partner

A

in an Australian sample found that 83% of people met their ‘special partner’ in a familiar social setting, 6% in a casual social setting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The mere exposure effect Zajonc

A

Repeated exposure to any stimulus makes it more appealing. The more people are exposed to faces, photos, languages and tunes the more they like them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Mita et al. (1977) - how we vs our friends Peter to see ourselves

A

claimed - claimed that if it was merely repeated exposure to a stimulus that enhanced our liking then we should prefer photos of our facial images as we see them in a mirror (ie. a reversed photo image).

Our friends, however, should prefer a normal
photo of our faces (since this, image is the one that they normally see).

findings - support this view, 70% of people prefer a photo of their own reversed mirror image, 70%of people, however, prefer the normal photo image of their friends

30
Q

Reis (1997) - proximity

A

what - proximity doesn’t always work. Personality differences, conflict of interests, value differences, status differentials can all leadto antagonism.

findings - If the initial interaction is negative and this experience is reinforced then dislike will occur

31
Q

emotional arousal

A

Research indicates that people who are emotionally aroused rate others as more attractive.

32
Q

White et al (1981) - running and attractiveness

A

found that men who ran on the spot rated women as being more attractive

33
Q

Dutton & Aaron (1974) - electric shocks and attractivness

A

people expecting electric shocks rated membersof the opposite sex as being more attractive

34
Q

importance of Physical attractiveness

A

Attractiveness is important when it comes to relationships. However people generally refuse to admit it openly.

35
Q

Wakil et al. (1973) - ranking traits

A

found that out of 32 desirable traits for a partner men ranked physical appearance 12th , women ranked it 22nd

36
Q

Green, Buchanan & Heuer (1984) (online dating and why you choose someone)

A

analysed computer dating services, which used photo matching.

  • for both sexes physical attractiveness was the major determining factor of date choice
37
Q

Walster et al. daning and attractivness

A

what - used a dance to assess student’s reactions to their partners on a blind date. Tests measuring scholastic ability, personality and attitudes were presented to all. People rated for attractiveness by independent observers (on arrival).
findings - The results showed that the more attractive you wererated by the observers the more you were liked by your date.

38
Q

sex differences

A

Men - both heterosexual and gay focused on thephysical attractiveness of potential partners.
Women - both heterosexual and lesbian tended to focus on the psychological characteristics

39
Q

Whipple 2018 - women and men when approached

A

90% of men when approached by an attractive
woman would agree to sex, only 10% of women when approached by an attractive man would agree to sex

40
Q

Benefits to attractiveness

A

Adults less aggressive to attractive children

Attractive people are more likely to be hired for jobs.

Attractive students are more likely to be given better grade

41
Q

similarity in studies

A

Many studies shown that people tend to be attracted to others who are similar to themselves. The most important determinants are similarity of attitudes, values and activities

42
Q

Kandel (1978) friends in school

A

Found that best friends at high school resemble each other in terms of age, race and academic grades.

43
Q

Craddock (1990) - marriage and religious beliefs

A

married couples who shared the same egalitarian or religious beliefs were a lot happier

44
Q

divorce

A

divorce rate 1 in 3 Women often initiate the end of relationships Women may feel more distressed in conflicted relationships Women better through: Divorce, Separation and Widowhood

45
Q

Loneliness

A

Lonely people can sometimes feel distressed, bored and even depressed. One effective way of coping is to make something valuable out of the solitude e.g. A hobby, work, studying. Rejection causes pain -low self-esteem - aggression

46
Q

Factors that effect conformity

A

group size ‘presence of dissenter

47
Q

social facilitation

A

how the physical presence of other influences behaviour

48
Q

Schmitt (1986)

A

respondents completed simple and complex tasks.
When others present - Simple task ability improved. Complex task ability decreased

49
Q

Zajonc (1980) Drive Theory of Facilitation

A

the presence of others leads to increased
arousal. Arousal strengthens the display of our dominant response

50
Q

Michaels et al. (1982) pool players accuracyy in front of others

A

the accuracy of good players increased from 71% to 80%. the accuracy of poor players decreased from 35% to25%

51
Q

Diffusion of Responsibility

A

the idea that as group size increases individual responsibility decreases.

51
Q

Diffusion of Responsibility

A

the idea that as group size increases individual responsibility decreases.

52
Q

Latane and Darley - peoples social reactions to events

A

participants come along and sit in a waiting room on the pretext of taking part in a laboratoryexperiment. Smoke came out of a vent, 75% of those waiting alone reacted immediately, less than 1% of those waiting with others reacted

53
Q

deindividuation

A
  • presence of others can have bizarre or negative effects
  • loss of individuality that leads to a disinhibited behaviour
  • anonymity to outsiders is key
54
Q

Mann 1981 -insidences where suicide victims are abused

A

when people are surrounded by others they loose self awareness and begin to feel anonymous. when aroused the loss in self awarded worjks to disinhibit those impulses which are normally kept under check, the impulses that are realeased depend on the situation

55
Q

Zimbardo 1970

A

anonymity leads to aggression

56
Q

Beaman 1979 halloween study

A

34% took extra sweets and only 12% of those presented with a mirror took extra sweets

57
Q

Solomon Asch

A

line experiment
conformed when told wrong answer

58
Q

factors that effect obedience

A

Remoteness of victim
Closeness and legitimacy of the authority figure Diffusion of responsibility
Personal characteristics

59
Q

authoritarian personality

A

personality type - deferential to those in authority, don’t like those not hostile

60
Q

Adorno et al. - authoritarian personality and childhood

A

Harsh, demanding, parents stifled child’s basic instincts Child’s aggression then displaced onto others such as ethnic minorities.

61
Q

Realistic Conflict Theory (RCT)

A

Attitudes reflect the objective interests of the ingroup. Two implicit assumptions
If the interests of two groups coincide, then relations between groups will be harmonious.
If there is a conflict of interests between two groups then relations between groups will be hostile.
Competition for limited resources fosters prejudice

62
Q

MINIMAL GROUP PARADIGM (MGP) Tajfel, et al., (1971)

A

the MGP - a scientific attempt to create an ‘empty environment’ where researchers could then systematically add variables that would elicit discrimination

63
Q

social loafing

A

The tendancy for an individual to expend less effort individually when working in a group than when working alone

63
Q

social loafing

A

The tendancy for an individual to expend less effort individually when working in a group than when working alone

64
Q

Group polarisation

A

When a group of like minded people discuss an issue the average opinion of group members tends to become more extreme

65
Q

Social identity theory

A

Prejudice stems from a need to enhance our selfesteem

66
Q

Rousseau and Hobbes

A

Rousseau - “man is by nature good and only institutions make him bad.”

Hobbes - “man is by nature solitary, poore, nasty and brutish.”

67
Q

what are the three subsystems of conflict

A

ID - demands satisfaction now not later, regardless of consequences. contains most basic urges
EGO - works on the reality principals, toys to satisfy id in accordance to social norms
SUPEREGO - If rules are broken the superego metes out punishment. This leads to intense anxiety, guilt and self-reproach

68
Q

four defence mechanisms

A

Displacement:
impulses redirected into a safer course.

Reaction formation:
original wish is supplanted with the opposite.

Projection: urges are projected onto others.
Isolation: awareness of memories but not emotions

69
Q

Origins of unconscious conflicts

A

*Unconscious conflicts are a result of childhood experiences. Child starts life as a bundle of pleasure seeking tendencies.
*As the child grows pleasure is achieved through the stimulation of certain body zones

70
Q

unconscious conflicts timeline

A

Phallic stage (4-6)
*Boys develop an Oedipus complex.
*Boy wants to sexually possess the mother - hates father
*This leads to CASTRATION ANXIETY

Electra complex
*Girl realizes that she does not have a penis – which she regards as a catastrophe.
*Feels that she has been castrated already, develops ‘Penis Envy’.
- hates mother

Psyc112 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions