exam - thought and IQ Flashcards
morphemes
- single smallest unit of language that carries meaning
- bound morphemes have functional role, adding ed changes meaning
- there is function and content morphemes
phonemes
smallest unit of sound that changes meaning e.g dog vs log
- 40 in English
- changes across languages
- based off shape of mouth
hierarchy of language
sentence
phrase
word
morpheme
phoneme
function and content words
function - glue of sentence, make flow, synaptic processing
content - semantic processing, meaning
surface and deep structure
surface - organisation of words at surface level
deep - meaning of the sentance
- can have 2 deep structures and one surface structure
- can have 1 deep structure and two surface structures (diff words, same meaning)
Aphasia
aphasia - inability to produce or understand language
brocs - inability to produce language
wernikes aphasia - can produce language but syntax is messed up and have problem mapping semantics
categorical speech perception
- perception of sounds becomes categorical
- ba vs ga (25msec VOT), found that you only heard ba or ga
- detection of phonemic change is modified by experience
birth -4 months (language)
can tell difference between basic phonemes across languages, proven with detection of phonetic change experiment where they found different sucking responses to new phonemes
language time line (language)
2-4 months - cooing
6-7 months - reduplicated babbling (saying same word over and over)
10 months - phonemes have adapted to language they hear
11-12 months - variegated babbling (syllables with different constants and vowels)
then protowords turn into words
4 years - adult syntax but don’t understand context
protowords
holophrase
protowords - prototypical form of a word
holophrase - single word that stands for an entire statement
Vocal burst
after first 50 words vocal increased due to symbolic nature, control over articulation and due to easier retrieval
Over extension
underextention
over extension - dog for all animals
word. decreases with increase in vocal
underextenstion - dog only for your dog
early sentences are general
possession - my toy
naming - that ball
attributes - Big cat
action - go home
producing speech sounds
infants make a limited set of speech sounds due to the shape of vocal tract and development of motor cortex
Comprehension vs production
- word comprehension precedes production vocal by an average of 4 months
initial acquisition rate is 2x that of production
what is the Navist view of language and the three points of argument?
believes children are biologically predisposed to learn language and that they have language acquisition device
1. children acquire language rapidly
2.children acquire language effortlessly
3.children acquire language without being taught
what is the language bio program hypothesis (supports NAVIST view)
creoles and pigeon
pigeon language - invented language
creole - grammatically more complex form of pidgeon language
navists say that when pigeon is native language children learn to adapt to syntax
sensitive period
navists believe that after puberty/ once lateralisation occurs it is harder to acquire language
evidence - deaf signers, isolated children
general learning capabilities
they believe this because children have a highly developed pattern recognition system in there brain which allows them to learn
- forming language categories
-statistical learning
statistical learning shows
that children understand things are related
children learn through patterns and they learn fast
look longer at novel words then familiar words (saffron)
forming language categories
children form language categories through picking up on regularities without resorting to inane language categories
they learn to out words into frequent frames
social learning
- interaction allows children to learn language
- parents let Childrens behaviour guide there talk
- words refer to things: children learn that gaze and objects are connected
- early words emerge as a part of a social routine
feedback in social learning
independent (self orientated) and interdependent (group orientated) cultures
child entered talk - parent adapts to Childs level
situation centered talk - child learns to adapt to situation
what is parentese in social learning?
simplified speech and exaggerated innotation
representation
knowledge of words which forms the content of our thoughts
mental imagery - two types
- analogical representation - mental images which represents concepts but has actual characteristics
evidence - mental rotation study - symbolic representation - resembles content but not what it looks like
prepositions
statement that expresses ideas and expresses the relationship between concepts
priming study - shows how info is organised into categories
two types of reasoning
deductive (top down) - logic problems where if the stamens is true conclusion should follow
inductive reasoning (bottom up)
- see sun rising then conclude it raises everyday
belief bias
people judge is conclusion is plausible due to pre exisitng beliefs - belief bias interrupts how you deductively reason
conformation bias
seek info that confirms what you already believe e.g don’t like Jacinta look for all evidence that supports your belief
- people would rather seek conformation then falsify hypothesis
heuristics
shortcuts that are correct much of the time and help reserve cognitive resources, they are driven from things we know
availability heuristic
when something is more available in brain you use that to make conclusions as it is easier to revive and generally based on recent events
saliency bias - attractive to listen to
general strategies for problem solving (5)
trial and error
algorithm - rule that generates a solution
Heuristic - doesn’t always guarantee a solution but often works as most problems don’t have a solution. they can also be bad as they get in the way of creative problem solving
anagrams - brain knows not to try all solutions
means end analysis - work step by step to achieve goal
hill climbing - solve problem one step at a time
creative problem solving
divergent thinking - process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring possible solutions e.g nine dots problem
change representation of thought - we have an idea of how to do something in our head already but representation can block ideas e.g cake problem
apology - use way we solved problem in the past for present problem e.g novel problem found that having prior understanding allowed them to solve the problem faster through anology
obstacles to problem solving
mental set - habits and assumptions brought to problem solver e.g cake problem
functional fixedness - how idea of normal function can get in the way of solving a problem e.g candle problem
whorfrian hypothesis
having a specific language determines or influences how we think
Evidence to support whofiran hypothesis
berline fay - focal colour
found most cultures have range of names for colours but all have primary names
Evidence against the whofrian hypothesis
Eleanor Rosch studied tribe that had two colour terms and found that they had the same cognitive abilities as cultures that have many colour terms
Russian blues experiment - look at if the lack of colour terms influences colour perception and found that Russians were faster to discriminate colours between colours then within. English had no categorical advantage
using space to think about time
ego moving - time moves away from you
time moving - time moves towards you
vertical prime - terms used like up and down
horizontal
English speakers speak faster for horizontal prime and mandarin for vertical prime
self
Independent, dispositional attributes, analytic, better at absolute tasks, less malleable
context
interdependent, situation attributes, holistic, better at relative tasks, more malleable,
how was intelligence measured?
children - mental age compared to chronically age
contemporary iq tests. solution: abandon mental age - calculate iq relative to other adults scores…. - found that iq average of 100 of an age group and 2/3 of people in that age sat between 85-115
what is the Flynn effect - intelligence
with each generation there’s an increase in iq scores as they teach to what they want people to know
Samuel morton and paul broca - historical intelligence
samuael morton - believed head size related to intelligence (bigger head = smarter) - lead to ranking of the races
Paul broca - weighed brains of cadavers and found that heavier brain = more intelligence
sir Francis Galton - intelligence
believed - intelligence was hereditary, coined in terms of eugenics
measured - whether performance on task related to how smart people think people where compared to how smart they actually where through an intelligence test
found - intelligence had to no relation to class
Alfred binet - intellegnce
what - intellegnce testing
believed - intelligence was a general ability not an accumulation of knowledge
spearman’s two factory theory of intelligence
believes intelligence is made of of general and specific factors
g- underlies performance of iq tasks and there is two forms of g iq - crystallised iq and fluid
crystallised - acquired through culture, increases with age
fluid - ability to lear, precive relationships and deal with problems - declines after adolsences
s - specific to type of task
what do IQ tests predict ?
creativity, job performance, health and wellbeing
- underlying correlation isn’t causation
strenbergs triarch theory of Intelligence
three factors - analytic, creative, practical
analytic - assess the value of the idea, compare and contrast and it is what is typically measured in iq tests
creative IQ - generates ideas, formulate theory of intelligence
practical - carry out idea, use what you have learnt
Gardners theory of multiple IQ
believes - modular view where many types pf intelligences that some People may be stronger or weaker in
types - linguistic, music, math, spatial, language etc
heribitbilty studies - IQ
what - looked at twins growing up in different environments
found - genes d play a role but environment is a crucial factor in determining an individuals IQ
abecedarian project 1970 (intervention vs no intervention
found differences between iq group
Why race tells us very little about IQ
race is a social construct not a genetic factor
there is overlap and variation between each group
diffrent environnemental impacts
Different causes for between and within group differences
can have factors that determine within and between group differences such as opportunities and schooling
evidence for enviro effects on IQ scores
- mean difference in IQ scores between groups
- Enviro can influence development of particular cognitive abilities
- adopted childrenn in high Social economic areas show higher iq scores then those in lower Social economic
Spencer, steel and quinoa (1999) - stereotypes
stereo type threats have negative impacts on performance with could explain a group diffrence
examples of environmental impacts compared to genetics in terms of developmental
genes can impact development causing things such as down syndrome, PKU
environment can effect development through teratogens and trauma etc
