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PSYC 102 > Social psychology > Flashcards

Social psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Theory of mind

A

The ability to represent the beliefs and desires of other people, especially when their thoughts and beliefs differ from your own

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2
Q

Brain regions for ToM

A

right temporal-parietal junction and mirror neurons

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3
Q

Right temporal-parietal junction (rTPJ)

A

selectively active when we think about the thoughts of others or when reading stories about people’s thoughts but NOT about their sensations

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4
Q

Mirror neurons

A

active when either we ourselves are performing an action or somebody else is doing the same action

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5
Q

Attribution

A

An inference about the cause of a person’s behavior, either (a) disposition/personality or (b) situation they are in, by attending to 3 types of information: consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus

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6
Q

Consistency, Distinctiveness, and Consensus

A

High consistency=disposition and low consistency=situation; high distinctiveness=situation and low distinctiveness=disposition; high consensus=situation and low consensus=disposition

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7
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

General tendency for people to make dispositional (internal) attributions of others, even when there are readily available situational (external) factors; stronger in individualistic cultures

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8
Q

Actor-observer effect

A

General tendency for people to make situational attributions of ourselves (even when we make dispositional attributions for others in the same situation); A self-serving bias/attribution

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9
Q

Affective forecasting errors

A

Our estimations of future happiness are not very accurate because we overestimate the influence of some factors (with little relevance) and underestimate the influence of others

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10
Q

Social norms

A

Culturally-specific expectations of appropriate vs. inappropriate behavior of which everybody in the culture is supposed to act in accordance with

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11
Q

Persuasion

A

Process of deliberately attempting to change a person’s attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors towards a person, thing, idea etc.

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12
Q

Beliefs

A

enduring knowledge about an object, person, or event; Can be true or false given the state of the world

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13
Q

Attitudes

A

semi-enduring feelings that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events; Can be positive, neutral, or negative

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14
Q

Behaviors

A

consequences of our beliefs and attitudes (most often combined)

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15
Q

Implicit attitude

A

automatically activated associations often learned through repeated exposure to a person, place, thing, or issue; harder to change

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16
Q

Explicit attitude

A

those we explicitly report that we feel or believe about a person, place, thing, or issue

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17
Q

3 components that successful persuasion requires

A

Message source, message content, message target

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18
Q

Source monitoring

A

Process of attempting to remember where and when we learned a particular message or fact

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19
Q

Source amnesia

A

we reevaluate the message on our own without considering whether the source was good or bad

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20
Q

`Cognitive dissonance

A

Highly negative feeling we experience when our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors conflict and contradict with each other

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21
Q

Post-decision dissonance

A

when we have to forgo an option that we have a positive attitude toward

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22
Q

Effort justification

A

people sometimes develop positive attitudes toward activities that are objectively aversive or require a lot of effort

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23
Q

Ways to reduce cognitive dissonance

A

discount belief/attitude, change belief/attitude, change future behaviors

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24
Q

Discount belief/attitude

A

deciding that some set of beliefs/attitudes is actually not something you care about anymore

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25
Q

Change belief/attitude

A

deciding to drop one of your conflicting beliefs/attitudes in order to remove the conflict

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26
Q

Change future behavior

A

making a promise to yourself not to act in inconsistent ways in the future

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27
Q

Elaboration likelihood model

A

Model of persuasion (i.e. kind of content) that argues that people can be influenced through of of two routes: systematic and heuristic

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28
Q

Systematic (central) route to persuasion

A

Uses content full of reason, logic, sound and straightforward arguments, effortful and time-consuming, primarily targets beliefs, target must have motivation to listen and ability to think about content

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29
Q

Heuristic (peripheral) route to persuasion

A

Appealing to target’s emotions, habits, or even implicitly, Indirectly exploits associations and social norms we all carry with us, usually targets attitudes and behaviors

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30
Q

Foot-in-the-door technique

A

make a small request first and make a bigger one once the person complies

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31
Q

Door-in-the-face technique

A

make an impossible large request then make a smaller one when the person declines

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32
Q

Social proof

A

pointing out long list of other people who have complied to increase compliance

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33
Q

Scarcity principle

A

people tend to place higher value on things that are in short supply

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34
Q

Implicit priming

A

Method of persuasion that implicitly brings up an association for a participant who then automatically transfers it to their subsequent behavior/attitude

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35
Q

Intimidation

A

Psychological process of (attempting to) change somebody’s behavior through appeals to authority, dominance, threats, or harm to the target itself

36
Q

Direct intimidation - Milgram

A

target knows they are being unwillingly forced into a situation where they have to behave in a way they normally would not

37
Q

Indirect intimidation - Zimbardo

A

sources can rely on creating dissonance that appeals to social schemas or roles in order to manipulate behavior without the target recognizing it as intimidation

38
Q

Doubts of authority (experimenter)

A

Obedience rates drop moderately

39
Q

Increased probability of blame (for teacher)

A

obedience rates drop strongly

40
Q

Intimacy between teacher and learner

A

either emotionally or physically, obedience rates most significantly drop

41
Q

Social group

A

A collection of individuals who interact with one another, share similar goals and a sense of unity

42
Q

Ingroup positivity

A

people feel greater sense of belonging and safety within ingroup

43
Q

Outgroup negativity

A

seeing outgroups as possessing more negative traits, more homogenous, and having a dispositional attribution

44
Q

Social facilitation

A

Situations in which groups of people perform better together than any single individual within the group would perform alone by: combining effort, specialization, passing down knowledge over time

45
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

Tendency for individuals in a group to feel diminished responsibility for their actions (stronger the larger the group)

46
Q

Social loafing

A

tendency for people to exert less effort in a group than they would on their own, likely when there is no way to record effort

47
Q

Bystander effect

A

people are less likely to help a victim when others are around (the more people, the lower tendency)

48
Q

Group think

A

Groups reach consensus on a decision not because it is correct or best, but because they have reached consensus

49
Q

Group polarization

A

Tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme or polarizing after discussing it with like-minded people

50
Q

Deindividuation

A

Individuals becomes less aware and concerned about their own values but more with their group’s values (even if it conflicts their own)

51
Q

Conformity

A

Frequent consequence of deindividuation where people have the tendency to do what others do because they belong in the same group

52
Q

Informational social influence

A

kind of conformity in order to behave correctly (desire to be right) or gain an accurate understanding of the world

53
Q

Normative social influence

A

To gain approval from others or avoid disapproval, to fit in

54
Q

Social norms

A

Patterns of behavior, traditions, beliefs, and preferences that are accepted and reinforced by others and influence our behavior

55
Q

Stereotype

A

beliefs about typical behaviors and traits of a certain group or category of people or things

56
Q

Prejudice

A

attitudes about people or things that belong to a certain group or category

57
Q

Discrimination

A

behaviors that are influenced by prejudice towards a certain group or category

58
Q

Generalizations

A

An inference (based on previous experiences) that a certain phenomenon will share properties or traits with the broader category to which it belongs

59
Q

Schemas

A

Impressions or mental representations that organize the associated pieces of information we know about a person

60
Q

Transference

A

tendency to assume same traits between new person we meet and someone we know

61
Q

Impression management strategies

A

self-promotion (competent), ingratiation (likable), exemplification (dedicated), intimidation (dominant), supplication (needy)

62
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Tendency for people to seek out and notice evidence that agrees with their beliefs, desires, and stereotypes

63
Q

Positive hypothesis testing

A

tendency to only seek out evidence that confirms what you believe, rather that evidence that may falsify it

64
Q

Distrust of alternatives

A

tendency to come up with reasons not to believe evidence against your current views even when it’s provided to you

65
Q

Implicit prejudice

A

how stereotypes can affect you without awareness, often leading to overt discrimination

66
Q

Stereotype awareness

A

affecting your own behavior (self-discrimination) even without your awareness

67
Q

Implicit associations test (IAT)

A

Psychological test that measures the degree of implicit and automatic stereotyping

68
Q

Implicit bias training

A

workplace training aimed at helping individuals recognize implicit bias and finding ways to counteract it through policy changes and self-monitoring

69
Q

Contact hypothesis

A

best possible intervention; interacting and cooperating with people from other groups, including shared goal and social support

70
Q

Aggression

A

Any behavior with the intention of physically, socially, or mentally hurting or killing any being who doesn’t want to be harmed

71
Q

Allospecific aggression

A

directed toward members of another species

72
Q

Conspecific aggression

A

directed toward members of one’s own species

73
Q

Hostile aggression

A

intention to physically harm someone that is spontaneous and unplanned

74
Q

Instrumental aggression

A

goal-directed aggressive behavior intended to acquire an object, person, or social status with premeditation (planned, may be physical)

75
Q

Relational aggression

A

intention to hurt someone’s social status and is not physical

76
Q

Situational reasons for conspecific aggression

A

Dominance, eliminate competition, protect resources

77
Q

Culture of honor

A

many cultures have a social norm whereby any insult to one’s honor must be responded to with aggression

78
Q

Cooperation

A

The behavior of two or more individuals who work together for mutual benefit

79
Q

Immediate/short-term cooperation

A

two or more agents work together on the same problem at the same time to increase the chance of success for everyone

80
Q

Delayed/long-term cooperation

A

one agent cooperated without immediate benefit to oneself in order to increase the survival of the group or get a benefit later on

81
Q

Tit-for-tat strategy

A

Conspecifics initially cooperate but retaliate the very moment someone cheats against them and until they correct their behavior

82
Q

Outcomes of prisoner’s dilemma

A

Both stay silent (cooperation) = one month in jail each; A stays silent and B confesses and betrays A = B is free while A goes to jail for a year (non-cooperative); Both confess and betray = three months in jail each

83
Q

Prosocial behavior

A

Actions aimed at assisting others towards their goals

84
Q

Kin selection

A

Evolved or adaptive strategy of assisting those who share one’s genes, even at personal cost, as a means of increasing genetic survival

85
Q

Norm of reciprocity

A

People agree to help others who have helped them in the past or might help them in the future

PSYC 102 (4 decks)

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