Social Psych + Personality + Motivation + Emotion Flashcards
Attitudes
A set of beliefs and feelings
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
People want to have constant attitudes and behaviours. Therefore, having two opinions at once is unpleasent.
Fundamental Attribution Error
Overestimate the role of personality factors and underestimate the role of environmental / social factors.
Explicity attitudes
Deliberate and conscious
Implicit attitudes
Automatic and below conscious awareness
Situational attribution
A person’s actions is explained by external factors
Disposition attribution
Someone’s behavior is attributed to themself as the individual
Actor-observer bias
Others = behavior is driven by person.
Self = behavior is driven by external factors
Self-serving bias
subjective qualities in defining sucess we think that we are sucessful
Individualism
Independence in activity and achievement. Indivudual ownership
Collectivism
Interdependence and group sucess.
Conformity
Change in behavior caused by other person and group
Compliance
Change in behavior requested by other or gorup
Obedience
Change that is ordered by another person or group
Foot in the door phenomenon
People who have first agreed to small request will be more willing to give in to larger request later.
Door in the face phenomenon
People refuse larger request and then give in to smaller requests.
Norms of reciprocity
People think that others should get something in return for being nice to them
Social facilitation theory
If you are good at something, you will perform better in a group. If you are bad at something, you will perform worse a in a group.
Social comparison
People know themselves by evaluating their own attitudes, abilities and beliefs in comparison with others.
Internal locus of control
Fate is controlled by you
External locus of control
Fate is not controled by you
Social loafing
People do less work when they are in a group.
Relative deprivation theory
Measure one’s own well-being against that of others.
Groupthink
Group members are more concerns with harmony then speaking their opintions.
Group polarization
People grow closer together and more extreme after deciding on an issue.
Belief perseverance
Tendency to cling to our beliefs.
In group bias
Perferential treatment is for those that are part of a group
Out-group bias
Dislike people who aren’t part of the same group as us.
Deindividuation
People get swept up in groups and lose their sense of self
Milgram obedience study
People encouraged to shock others
Zimbardo study
Prison Stanford
Altruism
Motivation for helping with no ultimate goal
Prosocial behavior
A pattern of altruistic actions
Social Trap (Group trap)
Decisions beneficial to individuals do damage to entire group in the long run.
Social Trap (Individual trap)
Do something for short-run benefits
Stereotype
Overgeneralization about a group of people
Prejudice
Undeserved negative attitude towards a group of people
Discrimination
Action, practice or policy based on a prejudice.
Just-world phenomenon
Tendency to believe that people get what they deserve
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Belifs influence actions and then our beliefs are fulfilled.
Outgroup homogeneity effect
Easily acquire prejudices about outgroups.
Robber’s cave experiment
See if two groups can work together.
Mere exposure effect
Phenomenon where people tend to developo a preference for things they are exposed to repeatedly.
Halo effect
attractive people are perceived to be better at different traits.
Personality
Individual characteristic pattern of thinking feeling and acting
Psychanalytic perspective
Chldhood expeirneces influence personality
Trait perspective
Identifying and describing personality traits
Social cognitive perspective
Observational learning, self-efficacy and situational influences
Humanistic perspective
Psychological growth free will
Repression
Unacceptable unpleasant impulses are pushed back into the unconsciousness
Regression
People behave as if they were at an earlier stage of development
Displacement
The expressions of a unwanted feeling or mere thought are redirecting from a more threatening powerful person to a weaker one. (boy shouts at a teacher for giving him bad grades).
Rationalization
People distort reality in order to justify something that has happened.
Denial
People refuse to accept things (refusing an anxiety producing piece of information)
Projection
Poeple attribute unwanted impulses and feelings to someone else. (Man that is angry at wife acts lovingly to them)
Sublimation
People divert unwanted impulses into socially approved thoughts, feelings or behaviours.
Reaction formation
Unconscious impulses are expressed as their opposite in consciousness. People unconsciously resent others but act in an overly loving way.
Unconditional Positive Regard
attitude of acceptance of others despite their feelings.
Self esteem
Is good. Image of self.
Reciprocal determinism
Behavior, cognition, environment are interlocking determinants of each other.
Self-efficacy
Own percention of their capability to perform in a given setting.
Factor analysis
Statitical procedure to identify similar components.
Personality dimensions
Putting personality on a graph (like political compass)
Big 5 factors
Conscientiousness, agreeableness, Neuroticism, openness, extraversion
Humanistic personality
Foster human fulfillment. Positive psychology seeks positive subjective well-being, positive character, and positive social groups.
Instincts
Innate desires + tendencies you are born with
Drive Reduction theory
Behavior is motivated by biological means. Drives are ways to satisfy these means.
Arousal theory
People have an optimum level of excitement. They are susceptible to boredom.
Yerkes-dodson law
-x^2 relationship between arousal and performance
Incentive theory
People also do things by desire. People are drawn to rewards and associate some stimulus with them.
Self-determination theory
People have the power to make choices. People can form relationships with others important to them. People can have the skills to accomplish tasks.
Ghrelin
Short term hunger hormone
Leptin
Hormone that signals that you aren’t hungry
Bulimia
Binge eating disorder where you binge and then purge
Anorexia nervosa
People starve themselves and refuse to eat because of obsession with weight
Lewin’s motivation theory
Approach = good, avoidance = bad
