Social Psych Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Attitude Definition
A
A psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor
2
Q
What is the ABC Model of Attitude
A
Affect – feelings and emotions about an object
Behavior – how I act toward an object
Cognition – evaluative beliefs about an object
3
Q
What are two central features of definitions of attitudes
A
- Evaluative
- Relatively enduring nature
4
Q
Implicit attitudes
A
Attitudes that are relatively
unconscious, unintentional, uncontrolled, or effortless
5
Q
What is the difference between indifference and ambivalence
A
indifference is low positivity and low negativity
ambivalence is high positivity and high negativity
6
Q
selective exposure
A
Tendency to selectively seek information that reinforces one’s attitudes, while selectively avoiding information that contradicts one’s attitudes
7
Q
what is the function of a schema
A
Organize knowledge about the social world
8
Q
what is the function of an attitude
A
-Organize knowledge about what’s good or bad
- Mental shortcuts for deciding what to pursue or avoid
9
Q
What is the shared central property of Schemas and Attitudes
A
Guide expectations, inferences, and behavior!
10
Q
File-Drawer Problem
A
attitudes are well-formed and enduring evaluations that are stored in memory
and we look up our attitudes when necessary
11
Q
What is the evidence for the file drawer problem
A
some attitudes are very stable over time
12
Q
Temporary construction model
A
no such thing as a true attitude
attitudes are constructed on the spot based on accessible information
evaluation generated, not retrieved
13
Q
Self-perception theory
A
we observe our own behavior or states or arousal and then infer the attitude that might have caused it
14
Q
Persuasion
A
Efforts to change attitudes or attitude-related behavior
15
Q
4 basic principles of persuasion
A
Automaticity
Sociality
Resonance
Resistance
16
Q
How does automaticity relate to persuasion
A
attitudes are influenced by sources outside of conscious awareness or control
17
Q
how does sociality relate to persuasion
A
persuasion fundamentally depends on relationships with other people
18
Q
How does resonance relate to persuasion
A
persuasion is more effective when it matches our motivation and ability and it is relevant
19
Q
What is the mere exposure effect?
A
Perceiving a stimulus repeatedly renders it more positive
20
Q
What is the triad of trust?
A
Authority, social attractiveness, and credibility
20
Q
Believability can come from judgements of
A
expertise, honesty, and goodwill
21
Q
Central Route of Persuasion
A
Route to persuasion where people think carefully & deliberately about
the content of a persuasive message
22
Q
Peripheral Route
A
Route to persuasion where people attend to easy-to-process, superficial
cues related to persuasive message
23
Q
What is the elaboration likelihood model
A
elaboration will be the highest when both ability and motivation are high
24
Ability is influenced by
distraction, fatigue, attention, intelligence
25
Motivation is influenced by
personal relevance and need for cognition (the extent to which one enjoys thinking)
26
What are the limits of mere exposure
maximum effect around 10-20 exposures in lab studies
27
What is the central route good for
important decisions
28
what is the peripheral route useful for
quick or trivial decisions
29
What is message matching
whether the message matches the structure of the attitude (ex. moral values, affect and cognition)
30
affective appeals are better for attitudes based on ___
affect
31
cognitive appeals are better for attitudes based on
beliefs
32
What are fear appeals
Persuasive messages that attempt to change people’s attitudes or behavior by arousing their fears
33
What is the optimal ammount fear
Threat has to be perceived as likely & severe
and moderate amounts of fear work best
34
Why do strong amounts of fear fail
- They become defensive
- They deny importance of threat
- They cannot think rationally about issue
35
what does fear need to be paired with
an action plan
36
psychological reactance
The tendency to assert our
freedom when we feel others are attempting to control
us
37
How does confirmation bias relate to the vowel and number card task
People try to flip the A and 2 to confirm the rule but you should really flip the the A and 3 to disconfirm the rule
38
Confirmation Bias Definition
The tendency to seek, interpret, favor, and recall
information that confirms one’s pre-existing beliefs or expectations
39
What is the difference between confirmation bias and selective exposure
confirmation bias is about what you expect/know and selectiv exposure is about what you like/what you want to be true (more about attitudes than beliefs)
40
Two Explanations for the Confirmation Bias
Directional Motives
Heuristics
41
Directional Motives Definition
We want to find information that
confirms our beliefs & expectations
42
Heuristics generally have the same pros and cons as
schemas
43
What is the availability heuristic based on
fundamental aspects of memory search and what is available in our mind
44
Gambler's Fallacy
If something happens more frequently than normal, it will happen less frequently in the future
45
Which groups have susbtantial negative affect
rapists, enemy soliders, terrorists, prostitutes, etc.
46
Which groups are in the window of prejudice research
immigrants, gay parents, female CEOs, sex workers, etc.
47
which groups have very little negative affect
farmers, housewives, firemen who died in 9/11
48
Three basic ingredients of the Social Indentity Theory
Categorization, Identification, and Comparison
49
Categorization Definition
we naturally put social objects into groups
50
Identification Definition
We adopt the identities
of our ingroups, and act in ways that we perceive members of the group should act
51
Comparsion definition
We compare ingroups with outgroups
52
What is the major underlying motive of ingroup biases
self-esteem
53
Minimal Groups Paradigm
Strangers are formed into groups using the
most trivial criteria imaginable
* Ingroup was:
o Rated to be more pleasant
o Perceived to do better work on an unrelated task
o Given more rewards in a charity task
54
People often can accurately predict the ___ of group differences but not the ____
direction
magnitude
55
Outgroup homogeneity
The tendency to perceive ingroups as highly complex and outgroups as simple
56
What are three broad ways to measure prejudice and stereotypes
Direct, indirect, and implicit
57
Two ways to Directly measure prejudice and stereotypes
Likert Scale and Semantic Differential
58
Two ways to indirectly measure prejudice and stereotypes
Physiological Measures
Observational measures
59
Two ways to implicitly measure prejudice and stereotypes
Priming (ex. shooter bias) and IAT
60
IAT Results
All genders are quicker at associating men with careers and science and women with family and arts
61
The Contact Hypothesis
Interpersonal contact between groups will improve intergroup relations
62
5 Optimal Conditions for Contact
Support of authorities (support friendly and egalitarian interactions)
Equal Status
Shared Goals
Cooperation
Contact as individuals (in informal settings)
63
What are the most influential approaches for changing implicit bias
Counterstereotypes, conditioning, and controlling bias tended to be more effective than value and perspective taking
64
Are implicit biases malleable in the long term?
it seems like no
65
What works for changing implicit attitudes?
Sustained intergroup contact
66
Groups are more cohesive when they have
Interdependence
Group Identity
Group Structure
67
Group polarization
enhancement of group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
68
Why does group polarization occur?
Managing impressions
Shared perspective
Liking
Zero or few dissenters
69
What is managing impressions in terms of group polarization
when people take a similar position but slightly more extreme to seem more impressive to others
70
Groupthink definition
Groups that are highly cohesive making poor group decisions because group harmony is prioritized over accuracy
71
What are some antecedent conditions for group think
Cohesiveness
External Pressure
Directive Leadership
Lack of standard decision making procedures
72
Symptoms of Group Think
Positive Illusions
Closed-mindedness
Pressures toward uniformity
73
Two main ways to combat groupthink
Improve deliberation
Reduce social pressure
74
Social Facilitation Fishing Experiment
children reel in fishing lines quicker when next to another child than when alone
75
Social Facilitation Definition
when the presence of others facilitates performance
76
Zajonc's Theory
The presence of others increases arousal, and arousal increases dominant responses
77
Dominant Response Definition
the default response that one is most likely to make
78
Two theories for why the mere presence of another organism would make one engage in more dominant responses
Evaluation Apprehension
Distraction-conflict theory
79
Evaluation Apprehension
People’s concern about being socially evaluated increases arousal & a focus on dominant responses
80
What is some evidence for the evaluation apprehension approach
The blindfold study
81
Distraction Conflict Theory
Being aware of another person’s presence creates a conflict between attending to the person vs. the task
--> the conflict is arousing and increases the dominant response
82
What work should be done with others and what work should be done alone?
Simple or repetitive work should be done with others
Complex or novel work should be done alone
83
Social Loafing can be avoided by
1. making individual contributions identifiable
2. emphasizing that each person’s unique contribution is crucial for overall success
84
Power Definition
The ability to control our own outcomes and those of others
85
What are the effects of power
- Less constrained by social norms
- Increases expression of personal beliefs & dispositions
--> (Usually) Less empathy & perspective-taking
86
Hostile Aggression
Aggression stemming from feelings of anger
and aimed at inflicting pain
87
Instrumental Aggression
Aggression as a means to complete a goal
88
Social Learning Theory
People learn social
behavior by observing
others and imitating
them
89
How does spanking relate to anti-social behavior?
More spanking relates to more anti social behavior
90
Where are argument related murders more common
In the south
91
How did the south become so violent
herding --> force --> culture of honor
92
White men from the south...
* Have elevated
testosterone
* Showed more facial
expressions of anger
* Were more likely to
say masculinity had
been threatened
* Expressed greater
hostility after an
insult
93
Why did cultures around the world change?
Criminal justice is handled by the national govt, not local customs
change in humanitarian values
decline of war
94
Catharsis Hypothesis
Performing an aggressive act relieves built-up aggressive energies and reduces the likelihood of aggression in the future
95
What did the football study show
Hostility increased after football season
96
Anger is the unique negative emotion that is...
- associated with approach behavior rather than avoidance
- increased confidence in one's own thoughts
97
How to control anger?
Change physiology
Change cognition
Change situation
98
Hostile Attribution bias
A tendency to attribute hostile intent from ambiguous or benign behavior
99
how do alcohol and temperature relate to aggression
* Reduces inhibitions
* Disrupts information processing
* Increases reliance on first impressions
--> hositle attribution bias and respond to provocations with violence
100
Planning fallacy
underestimating how long it will take to finish a task
101
Affective forecasting
predicting how will feel about something and how strongly we will feel about it
102
Impact Bias
the tendency for a person to overestimate the intensity of their future feelings
103
Durability Bias
the tendency for people to overestimate how long the positive and negative events will affect them
104
Hot cognition
the mental processes that are influenced by desires and feelings
105
Motivated Skepticsm
being skeptical of evidence that goes against what we want to be believe despite the strength of the evidence
106
Mood-congruent memory
the tendency to recall memories similar in valence to our current mood
107
The chameleon effect
individuals unconsciously mimicking the postures, mannerisms, financial expressions and other behaviors of their interaction partner
108
What is the social dominance orientation
it describes a belief that group hierarchies are inevitable in all societies and are even a good idea to maintain social order
People with high SDO tend to be conservative, value work ethic, and work
109
What is right wing authoritarinism
an ideology that emphasizes conforming to obedience or authority and is centered around values
110
Social Identity Theory
describes this tendency to favor one’s own in-group over another’s outgroup, so out-group disliking stems from in-group liking
111
Stereotype Content model
shows that social groups are viewed according to their perceived warmth and competence
112
Collective self esteem
if our self-esteem takes a hit we can make ourselves feel better by focusing on our group’s success and prestige
113
Sociometer model
suggests that self-esteem is part of a sociometer that monitors peoples’ relational value in other people’s eyes
114
Shared mental model
teams improve performance over time as they develop a shared understanding of the team and the tasks they are attempting
115
What are 5 stages of groups
Forming
Storming
Norming
Performing
Adjourning
116
