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Social Psychology > Social Psych Exam 2 > Flashcards

Social Psych Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Attitude Definition

A

A psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor

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2
Q

What is the ABC Model of Attitude

A

Affect – feelings and emotions about an object
Behavior – how I act toward an object
Cognition – evaluative beliefs about an object

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3
Q

What are two central features of definitions of attitudes

A
  • Evaluative
  • Relatively enduring nature
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4
Q

Implicit attitudes

A

Attitudes that are relatively
unconscious, unintentional, uncontrolled, or effortless

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5
Q

What is the difference between indifference and ambivalence

A

indifference is low positivity and low negativity

ambivalence is high positivity and high negativity

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6
Q

selective exposure

A

Tendency to selectively seek information that reinforces one’s attitudes, while selectively avoiding information that contradicts one’s attitudes

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7
Q

what is the function of a schema

A

Organize knowledge about the social world

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8
Q

what is the function of an attitude

A

-Organize knowledge about what’s good or bad
- Mental shortcuts for deciding what to pursue or avoid

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9
Q

What is the shared central property of Schemas and Attitudes

A

Guide expectations, inferences, and behavior!

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10
Q

File-Drawer Problem

A

attitudes are well-formed and enduring evaluations that are stored in memory

and we look up our attitudes when necessary

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11
Q

What is the evidence for the file drawer problem

A

some attitudes are very stable over time

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12
Q

Temporary construction model

A

no such thing as a true attitude

attitudes are constructed on the spot based on accessible information

evaluation generated, not retrieved

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13
Q

Self-perception theory

A

we observe our own behavior or states or arousal and then infer the attitude that might have caused it

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14
Q

Persuasion

A

Efforts to change attitudes or attitude-related behavior

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15
Q

4 basic principles of persuasion

A

Automaticity
Sociality
Resonance
Resistance

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16
Q

How does automaticity relate to persuasion

A

attitudes are influenced by sources outside of conscious awareness or control

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17
Q

how does sociality relate to persuasion

A

persuasion fundamentally depends on relationships with other people

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18
Q

How does resonance relate to persuasion

A

persuasion is more effective when it matches our motivation and ability and it is relevant

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19
Q

What is the mere exposure effect?

A

Perceiving a stimulus repeatedly renders it more positive

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20
Q

What is the triad of trust?

A

Authority, social attractiveness, and credibility

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20
Q

Believability can come from judgements of

A

expertise, honesty, and goodwill

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21
Q

Central Route of Persuasion

A

Route to persuasion where people think carefully & deliberately about
the content of a persuasive message

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22
Q

Peripheral Route

A

Route to persuasion where people attend to easy-to-process, superficial
cues related to persuasive message

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23
Q

What is the elaboration likelihood model

A

elaboration will be the highest when both ability and motivation are high

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24
Q

Ability is influenced by

A

distraction, fatigue, attention, intelligence

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25
Q

Motivation is influenced by

A

personal relevance and need for cognition (the extent to which one enjoys thinking)

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26
Q

What are the limits of mere exposure

A

maximum effect around 10-20 exposures in lab studies

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27
Q

What is the central route good for

A

important decisions

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28
Q

what is the peripheral route useful for

A

quick or trivial decisions

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29
Q

What is message matching

A

whether the message matches the structure of the attitude (ex. moral values, affect and cognition)

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30
Q

affective appeals are better for attitudes based on ___

A

affect

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31
Q

cognitive appeals are better for attitudes based on

A

beliefs

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32
Q

What are fear appeals

A

Persuasive messages that attempt to change people’s attitudes or behavior by arousing their fears

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33
Q

What is the optimal ammount fear

A

Threat has to be perceived as likely & severe

and moderate amounts of fear work best

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34
Q

Why do strong amounts of fear fail

A
  • They become defensive
  • They deny importance of threat
  • They cannot think rationally about issue
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35
Q

what does fear need to be paired with

A

an action plan

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36
Q

psychological reactance

A

The tendency to assert our
freedom when we feel others are attempting to control
us

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37
Q

How does confirmation bias relate to the vowel and number card task

A

People try to flip the A and 2 to confirm the rule but you should really flip the the A and 3 to disconfirm the rule

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38
Q

Confirmation Bias Definition

A

The tendency to seek, interpret, favor, and recall
information that confirms one’s pre-existing beliefs or expectations

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39
Q

What is the difference between confirmation bias and selective exposure

A

confirmation bias is about what you expect/know and selectiv exposure is about what you like/what you want to be true (more about attitudes than beliefs)

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40
Q

Two Explanations for the Confirmation Bias

A

Directional Motives
Heuristics

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41
Q

Directional Motives Definition

A

We want to find information that
confirms our beliefs & expectations

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42
Q

Heuristics generally have the same pros and cons as

A

schemas

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43
Q

What is the availability heuristic based on

A

fundamental aspects of memory search and what is available in our mind

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44
Q

Gambler’s Fallacy

A

If something happens more frequently than normal, it will happen less frequently in the future

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45
Q

Which groups have susbtantial negative affect

A

rapists, enemy soliders, terrorists, prostitutes, etc.

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46
Q

Which groups are in the window of prejudice research

A

immigrants, gay parents, female CEOs, sex workers, etc.

47
Q

which groups have very little negative affect

A

farmers, housewives, firemen who died in 9/11

48
Q

Three basic ingredients of the Social Indentity Theory

A

Categorization, Identification, and Comparison

49
Q

Categorization Definition

A

we naturally put social objects into groups

50
Q

Identification Definition

A

We adopt the identities
of our ingroups, and act in ways that we perceive members of the group should act

51
Q

Comparsion definition

A

We compare ingroups with outgroups

52
Q

What is the major underlying motive of ingroup biases

A

self-esteem

53
Q

Minimal Groups Paradigm

A

Strangers are formed into groups using the
most trivial criteria imaginable

  • Ingroup was:
    o Rated to be more pleasant
    o Perceived to do better work on an unrelated task
    o Given more rewards in a charity task
54
Q

People often can accurately predict the ___ of group differences but not the ____

A

direction
magnitude

55
Q

Outgroup homogeneity

A

The tendency to perceive ingroups as highly complex and outgroups as simple

56
Q

What are three broad ways to measure prejudice and stereotypes

A

Direct, indirect, and implicit

57
Q

Two ways to Directly measure prejudice and stereotypes

A

Likert Scale and Semantic Differential

58
Q

Two ways to indirectly measure prejudice and stereotypes

A

Physiological Measures
Observational measures

59
Q

Two ways to implicitly measure prejudice and stereotypes

A

Priming (ex. shooter bias) and IAT

60
Q

IAT Results

A

All genders are quicker at associating men with careers and science and women with family and arts

61
Q

The Contact Hypothesis

A

Interpersonal contact between groups will improve intergroup relations

62
Q

5 Optimal Conditions for Contact

A

Support of authorities (support friendly and egalitarian interactions)
Equal Status
Shared Goals
Cooperation
Contact as individuals (in informal settings)

63
Q

What are the most influential approaches for changing implicit bias

A

Counterstereotypes, conditioning, and controlling bias tended to be more effective than value and perspective taking

64
Q

Are implicit biases malleable in the long term?

A

it seems like no

65
Q

What works for changing implicit attitudes?

A

Sustained intergroup contact

66
Q

Groups are more cohesive when they have

A

Interdependence
Group Identity
Group Structure

67
Q

Group polarization

A

enhancement of group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

68
Q

Why does group polarization occur?

A

Managing impressions
Shared perspective
Liking
Zero or few dissenters

69
Q

What is managing impressions in terms of group polarization

A

when people take a similar position but slightly more extreme to seem more impressive to others

70
Q

Groupthink definition

A

Groups that are highly cohesive making poor group decisions because group harmony is prioritized over accuracy

71
Q

What are some antecedent conditions for group think

A

Cohesiveness
External Pressure
Directive Leadership
Lack of standard decision making procedures

72
Q

Symptoms of Group Think

A

Positive Illusions
Closed-mindedness
Pressures toward uniformity

73
Q

Two main ways to combat groupthink

A

Improve deliberation
Reduce social pressure

74
Q

Social Facilitation Fishing Experiment

A

children reel in fishing lines quicker when next to another child than when alone

75
Q

Social Facilitation Definition

A

when the presence of others facilitates performance

76
Q

Zajonc’s Theory

A

The presence of others increases arousal, and arousal increases dominant responses

77
Q

Dominant Response Definition

A

the default response that one is most likely to make

78
Q

Two theories for why the mere presence of another organism would make one engage in more dominant responses

A

Evaluation Apprehension
Distraction-conflict theory

79
Q

Evaluation Apprehension

A

People’s concern about being socially evaluated increases arousal & a focus on dominant responses

80
Q

What is some evidence for the evaluation apprehension approach

A

The blindfold study

81
Q

Distraction Conflict Theory

A

Being aware of another person’s presence creates a conflict between attending to the person vs. the task
–> the conflict is arousing and increases the dominant response

82
Q

What work should be done with others and what work should be done alone?

A

Simple or repetitive work should be done with others
Complex or novel work should be done alone

83
Q

Social Loafing can be avoided by

A
  1. making individual contributions identifiable
  2. emphasizing that each person’s unique contribution is crucial for overall success
84
Q

Power Definition

A

The ability to control our own outcomes and those of others

85
Q

What are the effects of power

A
  • Less constrained by social norms
  • Increases expression of personal beliefs & dispositions
    –> (Usually) Less empathy & perspective-taking
86
Q

Hostile Aggression

A

Aggression stemming from feelings of anger
and aimed at inflicting pain

87
Q

Instrumental Aggression

A

Aggression as a means to complete a goal

88
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

People learn social
behavior by observing
others and imitating
them

89
Q

How does spanking relate to anti-social behavior?

A

More spanking relates to more anti social behavior

90
Q

Where are argument related murders more common

A

In the south

91
Q

How did the south become so violent

A

herding –> force –> culture of honor

92
Q

White men from the south…

A
  • Have elevated
    testosterone
  • Showed more facial
    expressions of anger
  • Were more likely to
    say masculinity had
    been threatened
  • Expressed greater
    hostility after an
    insult
93
Q

Why did cultures around the world change?

A

Criminal justice is handled by the national govt, not local customs

change in humanitarian values

decline of war

94
Q

Catharsis Hypothesis

A

Performing an aggressive act relieves built-up aggressive energies and reduces the likelihood of aggression in the future

95
Q

What did the football study show

A

Hostility increased after football season

96
Q

Anger is the unique negative emotion that is…

A
  • associated with approach behavior rather than avoidance
  • increased confidence in one’s own thoughts
97
Q

How to control anger?

A

Change physiology
Change cognition
Change situation

98
Q

Hostile Attribution bias

A

A tendency to attribute hostile intent from ambiguous or benign behavior

99
Q

how do alcohol and temperature relate to aggression

A
  • Reduces inhibitions
  • Disrupts information processing
  • Increases reliance on first impressions

–> hositle attribution bias and respond to provocations with violence

100
Q

Planning fallacy

A

underestimating how long it will take to finish a task

101
Q

Affective forecasting

A

predicting how will feel about something and how strongly we will feel about it

102
Q

Impact Bias

A

the tendency for a person to overestimate the intensity of their future feelings

103
Q

Durability Bias

A

the tendency for people to overestimate how long the positive and negative events will affect them

104
Q

Hot cognition

A

the mental processes that are influenced by desires and feelings

105
Q

Motivated Skepticsm

A

being skeptical of evidence that goes against what we want to be believe despite the strength of the evidence

106
Q

Mood-congruent memory

A

the tendency to recall memories similar in valence to our current mood

107
Q

The chameleon effect

A

individuals unconsciously mimicking the postures, mannerisms, financial expressions and other behaviors of their interaction partner

108
Q

What is the social dominance orientation

A

it describes a belief that group hierarchies are inevitable in all societies and are even a good idea to maintain social order
People with high SDO tend to be conservative, value work ethic, and work

109
Q

What is right wing authoritarinism

A

an ideology that emphasizes conforming to obedience or authority and is centered around values

110
Q

Social Identity Theory

A

describes this tendency to favor one’s own in-group over another’s outgroup, so out-group disliking stems from in-group liking

111
Q

Stereotype Content model

A

shows that social groups are viewed according to their perceived warmth and competence

112
Q

Collective self esteem

A

if our self-esteem takes a hit we can make ourselves feel better by focusing on our group’s success and prestige

113
Q

Sociometer model

A

suggests that self-esteem is part of a sociometer that monitors peoples’ relational value in other people’s eyes

114
Q

Shared mental model

A

teams improve performance over time as they develop a shared understanding of the team and the tasks they are attempting

115
Q

What are 5 stages of groups

A

Forming
Storming
Norming
Performing
Adjourning

116
Q
A

Social Psychology (3 decks)

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