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Social Psychology > Social Psych Exam 1 > Flashcards

Social Psych Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Social Psychology Definition

A

The scientific study of the ways in which people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagines, or implied presence of others

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2
Q

3 Themes of the Course

A

The Power of the situation, how we think is constrained by who we are, conscious introspection is limited

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3
Q

Correspondence Bias

A

The general tendency to explain others’ behavior in terms of dispositions rather than situations

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4
Q

Self-serving bias

A

The tendency to perceive oneself in
an overly favorable manner

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5
Q

Naive Realism

A

The tendency to believe that we see the world objectively

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5
Q

What are the two basic social motives

A

We want to feel good about ourselves

we want to be accurate about the social world

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6
Q

False Consensus Effect

A

The tendency to overestimate the number of people who share our beliefs

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7
Q

Construal

A

The way in which people perceive, comprehend, and interpret our social world

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8
Q

Hindsight bias

A

the tendency to exaggerate foresight of an outcome after knowing that it happened

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9
Q

What does the superbowl example show in terms of the hindsight bias

A

Around 40% of ppl misremembered what they predicted

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10
Q

Frequency Claims

A

How often or how much something happens

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11
Q

Association Claims

A

Whether two variables move together (correlate)

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12
Q

Causal Claims

A

Whether a variable causes change in another variable

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13
Q

4 types of validity

A

Construct, external, statistical, and internal

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14
Q

Operationalization

A

How a concept is converted into a variable for a study

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15
Q

External Validity

A

Degree to which the results generalize to other populations, times, or situations

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16
Q

Construct Validity

A

How well the variables

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17
Q

Stasticial Validity

A

Degree to which statistical conclusiosn support the claim

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18
Q

Internal Validity

A

degree to which the evidence supports a causal claim

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19
Q

QRPs

A

decisions that artificially increase the likelihood of achieving a publishable result

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20
Q

Examples of QRPs

A

Using small samples and capitalizing on chance
Peeking at data during data collection, stopping data collection when significant
Reporting only the outcomes that “worked”
Only including studies that “worked” in the paper

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21
Q

File-drawer problem

A

Tendency for significant results to be published at a disproportionate rate

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22
Q

Conformity

A

Change in beliefs/behavior to align with the beliefs/behavior of the group

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23
Q

Compliance

A

Following the direct request of another person, regardless of their status

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24
Q

Obedience

A

Following the direct requests of someone in hihger social power

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25
Q

Conformity is a tool for

A

cooperation

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26
Q

Norms

A

Unwritten social rules for what ppl believe or do

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27
Q

Descriptive norms

A

perceptions of what people tend to believe or do

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28
Q

Prescriptive norms

A

perceptions of what beliefs/behaviors are approved or disapproved of by others

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29
Q

Both descriptive and prescriptive norms combine together to form

A

informational social influence

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30
Q

Informational Social Influence

A

Conformity resulting from a motivation to obtain accurate
information about reality

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31
Q

The autokinetic Illusion

A

In a dark room, a stationary point of
light will appear to move around
25

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32
Q

What type of influence does prescriptive norms lead to

A

normative social influence

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33
Q

Normative social influence

A

Conformity resulting from a motivation to fit in socially

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34
Q

Internalization of Norms

A

Norms that are internalized change beliefs/behavior for longer periods than norms that are privately rejected

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35
Q

Internalization is not guaranteed for ___

A

Normative social influence if you think it is lame

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36
Q

Factors the Influence Conforming

A

The Group – Expertise and Status
Solo Status, and group size

The Situation – difficulty or ambiguity of task, anonymity

The Society – culture

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37
Q

Experts exert more ___

A

informational social influence

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38
Q

High Status people exert more ___

A

normative social influence

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39
Q

Conformity rates ___ as group size increases but there are ___

A

increase, diminshing marginal returns

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40
Q

In a hard or ambiguous task, people ___

A

look to others for information about what to do

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41
Q

People are ___ susceptible to normative social influence when decisions are made anonymously

A

less

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42
Q

Commitment and Consistency

A

Foot-in-the-door
Labeling
Low-ball

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43
Q

Reciprocity technique

A

Door-in-the-face

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44
Q

Commitment and Consistency approaches increase compliance by targeting

A

identity
sense of commitment
sense of internal consistency

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45
Q

Foot-in-the door technique

A

Make a small request that is
accepted, followed by a large request

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46
Q

Why does the foot in the door technique work

A

Consistency in self-image

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47
Q

Low-ball technique

A

After making a choice, people are more likely to stick with that choice even when the conditions
change

48
Q

Why does the low ball technique work

A

People take mental possession of their choice and it becomes part of their identity and it is often mentally easier to stick with the commitment than to change the identity

49
Q

Labeling Technique

A

Giving a person a label makes them more likely to
comply with requests that are consistent with
that label

50
Q

Why does the labeling technique work

A

It activates a favorable self-image and this motivated the person to act in ways that are consistent with that self-image

51
Q

Norm of Reciprocity

A

Feeling of obligation to repay someone who has given to us

52
Q

Why does Reciprocity work

A

social norms, feeling obligated (“You gave to me,
so I give to you”)

53
Q

Door-in-the-face technique

A

Make a large request that is
refused, followed by smaller request

54
Q

Why does the door in the face technique work

A

reciprocal concession

55
Q

Social Proof

A

Changes in attitudes or behavior from learning about others’ reveled opinions

56
Q

The rule of scarcity

A

People tend to perceive things as more
attractive when availability is limited

57
Q

Minority opinions are more effective when

A

the minority is not seen as acting out of self-interest and the opinion is consistent and there is more than one person with the minority opinion

58
Q

What was Milgram interested in studying

A

Was there something special about the German character or would
most people behave that way in that kind of situation?

59
Q

What did senior psychology majors and psychiatrists predict was the percentage of participants that would go to the end

A

around 0%

60
Q

What is the Key Finding of the Milgram Experiment

A

Many Americans obeyed authority, even when they thought they killed someone else.

61
Q

Why did people obey in the Milgram experiment

A

No Exit
Objective nature of authority
Reduced sense of responsibility
Escalating commitment

62
Q

How did the Milgram experiment ensure that people felt a reduced sense of responsibility

A

The experimenter stated that he was responsible for everything
that happened. This established a cover for the participant’s
actions and allowed them to transfer the feeling of responsibility to others

OR transfer responsibility to victim by saying he volunteered to do this

63
Q

How did the Commitment escalate

A

The step by step situation

64
Q

Slippery Slope

A

Can arrive at extreme situations in step-by-step process

65
Q

How does proximity affect obedience

A

As the learner became more proximal to the shock giver, obedience declined

66
Q

how did the experimenter’s power affect obedience

A

As the power of the experimenter decreased, obedience
decreased

67
Q

How did the social status of the setting affect obedience

A

At yale ppl obeyed 65% but when moved to a random office obedience declined to 45%

68
Q

How does identity leadership affect obedience

A

For atrocities, leaders must encourage potential perpetrators to
1. identify with what is presented as a noble cause and
2. believe their actions are necessary for that noble cause

69
Q

What was the noble cause in the Milgram studies

A

Science

70
Q

Attribution Defintion

A

The process of explaining the causes of behavior or events

71
Q

Internal/dispotional attribution

A

about their character

72
Q

external/situational disposition

A

about the specific situation and not their character

73
Q

What actually are attributions

A

Attributions are typically inferences about unseen motives and are hard to prove or disprove, but are central to perceptions of responsibility and blame

74
Q

Correspondence bias

A

the general tendency to explain others’ behavior in terms of dispositions rather than situations

75
Q

Why does the correspondence bias happen

A

Dispositional attributions are automatic

Situational attributions are effortful

Correcting from dispositional attributions is hard

76
Q

What does it mean for situational attributions to be effortful

A

they are more complex and variable

77
Q

What are the obstacles to correction dispositional attributions

A

Motivation: do I want to bother correcting
Cognition: how much should I correct

78
Q

Naive Realism is the tendency to

A

believe that we personally see the world objectivley

79
Q

What is our perception of reality tied to

A

what we want reality to be

80
Q

What does the Police/Dash Cam Study prove

A

Interpretation of that video depends a lot on political values and opinions and how much you identify with police

81
Q

how to mitigate bias with the police/dashcam study

A

Tell people to focus on specific ppl

82
Q

What does the Pew Research Study on facts vs opinons show

A

Republicans and Democrats differ on whether or not things were facts and opinions

83
Q

What single attractive actor study show

A

Single people found the guy attractive regardless of whether or not he was single

Participants who were in a relationship remembered the man as less attractive if they learned the actor was single and more attractive if they found out he was more in a relationship

84
Q

What was the main point of the attractive actor study

A

If someone is a “threat” to our romantic relationship,
we may automatically degrade how attractive they seem

85
Q

Bias Blind Spot

A

Failures to see the impact of biases on one’s
own judgment

86
Q

Based on the inutitive view of biased reasoning, what does reason lead to

A

Accurate conclusion

87
Q

Based on the inutitive view of biased reasoning, what does passion, emotion, and motivation lead to

A

desired conclusion

88
Q

What does Ziva Kunda explain?

A

all reasoning is motivated all the time and it’s impossible to have accurate reasoning

89
Q

What is Kunda’s Key Claim

A

Motivation –> cognitive processes –> conclusion

90
Q

Motivation definition

A

Desire for an outcome of some reasoning task

91
Q

Two major categories of motivation

A

Accuracy Motives
Directional Motives

92
Q

What are accuracy motives

A

Motivations to arrive at an accurate conclusion

93
Q

What are directional motives

A

Motivations to arrive at a particular directional
conclusion

94
Q

What are directinal motives constrained by

A

accuracy motives – they are limited by the ability of memories and beliefs to justify the desired conclusion

95
Q

What do accuracy motives lead to

A

deeper and more careful thought

96
Q

What do directional motives lead to

A

biased search and interpretation of memories and beliefs

97
Q

What two things fight with each other in the cognitive process phase and lead to the conclusion you make

A

accuracy and directional motivates

98
Q

What are the two sub phases of the cognitive processing phase

A

memory/belief retrieval → memory/belief interpretation

99
Q

What is biased retrieval

A

The person selectively retrieves the good things they have done from memory, but doesn’t consider all of the things they do that they don’t consider as a bad person

100
Q

What is biased interpretation

A

ambiguity may be interpreted through the lens of our directional motives

101
Q

Schemas

A

Mental structures that organize our knowledge about the world

102
Q

What do schemas do

A
  • Serve as mental “scripts” that tell us how to act
  • Lead us to interpret ambiguous situations in line with
    expectations
  • Influence what we remember
103
Q

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

A

When an expectation for a person leads to its own fulfillment

104
Q

Self-fulfilling propechy steps

A

Schema –> A’s Expectaion of B’s behavior –> A’s Behavior toward B –> B’s behavior in response –> A’s perception of B

105
Q

What is the self-fulfilling prophecy with attractiveness

A

When the man thinks the woman is attractive, women acted more friendly and men acted more friendly

106
Q

Why do we have positive illusions about reality that make us more inaccurate

A

Self-Esteem Maintenance – we like to feel good about ourselves

107
Q

What are the 3 functions of positive illusions?

A

Mental health
Social bonding
Capacity for creative and productive work

108
Q

How do positive illusions relate to mental health

A

People with more positive illusions
tend to be happier

109
Q

How does Social Bonding relate to positive illusions

A

high self-esteem linked to being popular and positive mood leads to more prosocial behavior

110
Q

How does capacity for creative and productive work

A

positive mood leads to more creativity and positive self regard leads to more motivation and persistence

111
Q

Why do automatic processes work

A

They help us survive the perils of everyday living

112
Q

Four Kinds of Automaticity

A

Unconscious – we are not aware
Unintentional – we don’t mean to do it
Uncontrolled – we can’t control if we want to
Effortless – takes little or no resources

113
Q

What are examples of intentional but unconscious

A

typing, driving, playing piano, speaking (native language)

114
Q

What is an example of an unintentional but controllable behavior

A

nicotine cravings that go away when you smoke a cigarette

115
Q

What did the Police study with michael and michelle show

A

People are bias but it can be corrected if you make them list values first

116
Q

What are implicit measures

A

measure for assessing thoughts outside of conscious awareness, control, intention, or reflect more efficient processes

117
Q

What does an IAT score mean

A

Not diagnostic for individuals
Implicit attitudes changes day to day
A noisy measure of mental associations
Meaningful at the group-level but noisy in an individual case

118
Q

They foudn that for shoother bias, the person and situation mater +

A

experiences, fatigue, and realisticness of situation

Social Psychology (3 decks)

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