Social Psych Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Social Psychology Definition
A
The scientific study of the ways in which people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagines, or implied presence of others
2
Q
3 Themes of the Course
A
The Power of the situation, how we think is constrained by who we are, conscious introspection is limited
3
Q
Correspondence Bias
A
The general tendency to explain others’ behavior in terms of dispositions rather than situations
4
Q
Self-serving bias
A
The tendency to perceive oneself in
an overly favorable manner
5
Q
Naive Realism
A
The tendency to believe that we see the world objectively
5
Q
What are the two basic social motives
A
We want to feel good about ourselves
we want to be accurate about the social world
6
Q
False Consensus Effect
A
The tendency to overestimate the number of people who share our beliefs
7
Q
Construal
A
The way in which people perceive, comprehend, and interpret our social world
8
Q
Hindsight bias
A
the tendency to exaggerate foresight of an outcome after knowing that it happened
9
Q
What does the superbowl example show in terms of the hindsight bias
A
Around 40% of ppl misremembered what they predicted
10
Q
Frequency Claims
A
How often or how much something happens
11
Q
Association Claims
A
Whether two variables move together (correlate)
12
Q
Causal Claims
A
Whether a variable causes change in another variable
13
Q
4 types of validity
A
Construct, external, statistical, and internal
14
Q
Operationalization
A
How a concept is converted into a variable for a study
15
Q
External Validity
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Degree to which the results generalize to other populations, times, or situations
16
Q
Construct Validity
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How well the variables
17
Q
Stasticial Validity
A
Degree to which statistical conclusiosn support the claim
18
Q
Internal Validity
A
degree to which the evidence supports a causal claim
19
Q
QRPs
A
decisions that artificially increase the likelihood of achieving a publishable result
20
Q
Examples of QRPs
A
Using small samples and capitalizing on chance
Peeking at data during data collection, stopping data collection when significant
Reporting only the outcomes that “worked”
Only including studies that “worked” in the paper
21
Q
File-drawer problem
A
Tendency for significant results to be published at a disproportionate rate
22
Q
Conformity
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Change in beliefs/behavior to align with the beliefs/behavior of the group
23
Q
Compliance
A
Following the direct request of another person, regardless of their status
24
Obedience
Following the direct requests of someone in hihger social power
25
Conformity is a tool for
cooperation
26
Norms
Unwritten social rules for what ppl believe or do
27
Descriptive norms
perceptions of what people tend to believe or do
28
Prescriptive norms
perceptions of what beliefs/behaviors are approved or disapproved of by others
29
Both descriptive and prescriptive norms combine together to form
informational social influence
30
Informational Social Influence
Conformity resulting from a motivation to obtain accurate
information about reality
31
The autokinetic Illusion
In a dark room, a stationary point of
light will appear to move around
25
32
What type of influence does prescriptive norms lead to
normative social influence
33
Normative social influence
Conformity resulting from a motivation to fit in socially
34
Internalization of Norms
Norms that are internalized change beliefs/behavior for longer periods than norms that are privately rejected
35
Internalization is not guaranteed for ___
Normative social influence if you think it is lame
36
Factors the Influence Conforming
The Group -- Expertise and Status
Solo Status, and group size
The Situation -- difficulty or ambiguity of task, anonymity
The Society -- culture
37
Experts exert more ___
informational social influence
38
High Status people exert more ___
normative social influence
39
Conformity rates ___ as group size increases but there are ___
increase, diminshing marginal returns
40
In a hard or ambiguous task, people ___
look to others for information about what to do
41
People are ___ susceptible to normative social influence when decisions are made anonymously
less
42
Commitment and Consistency
Foot-in-the-door
Labeling
Low-ball
43
Reciprocity technique
Door-in-the-face
44
Commitment and Consistency approaches increase compliance by targeting
identity
sense of commitment
sense of internal consistency
45
Foot-in-the door technique
Make a small request that is
accepted, followed by a large request
46
Why does the foot in the door technique work
Consistency in self-image
47
Low-ball technique
After making a choice, people are more likely to stick with that choice even when the conditions
change
48
Why does the low ball technique work
People take mental possession of their choice and it becomes part of their identity and it is often mentally easier to stick with the commitment than to change the identity
49
Labeling Technique
Giving a person a label makes them more likely to
comply with requests that are consistent with
that label
50
Why does the labeling technique work
It activates a favorable self-image and this motivated the person to act in ways that are consistent with that self-image
51
Norm of Reciprocity
Feeling of obligation to repay someone who has given to us
52
Why does Reciprocity work
social norms, feeling obligated (“You gave to me,
so I give to you”)
53
Door-in-the-face technique
Make a large request that is
refused, followed by smaller request
54
Why does the door in the face technique work
reciprocal concession
55
Social Proof
Changes in attitudes or behavior from learning about others' reveled opinions
56
The rule of scarcity
People tend to perceive things as more
attractive when availability is limited
57
Minority opinions are more effective when
the minority is not seen as acting out of self-interest and the opinion is consistent and there is more than one person with the minority opinion
58
What was Milgram interested in studying
Was there something special about the German character or would
most people behave that way in that kind of situation?
59
What did senior psychology majors and psychiatrists predict was the percentage of participants that would go to the end
around 0%
60
What is the Key Finding of the Milgram Experiment
Many Americans obeyed authority, even when they thought they killed someone else.
61
Why did people obey in the Milgram experiment
No Exit
Objective nature of authority
Reduced sense of responsibility
Escalating commitment
62
How did the Milgram experiment ensure that people felt a reduced sense of responsibility
The experimenter stated that he was responsible for everything
that happened. This established a cover for the participant’s
actions and allowed them to transfer the feeling of responsibility to others
OR transfer responsibility to victim by saying he volunteered to do this
63
How did the Commitment escalate
The step by step situation
64
Slippery Slope
Can arrive at extreme situations in step-by-step process
65
How does proximity affect obedience
As the learner became more proximal to the shock giver, obedience declined
66
how did the experimenter's power affect obedience
As the power of the experimenter decreased, obedience
decreased
67
How did the social status of the setting affect obedience
At yale ppl obeyed 65% but when moved to a random office obedience declined to 45%
68
How does identity leadership affect obedience
For atrocities, leaders must encourage potential perpetrators to
1. identify with what is presented as a noble cause and
2. believe their actions are necessary for that noble cause
69
What was the noble cause in the Milgram studies
Science
70
Attribution Defintion
The process of explaining the causes of behavior or events
71
Internal/dispotional attribution
about their character
72
external/situational disposition
about the specific situation and not their character
73
What actually are attributions
Attributions are typically inferences about unseen motives and are hard to prove or disprove, but are central to perceptions of responsibility and blame
74
Correspondence bias
the general tendency to explain others’ behavior in terms of dispositions rather than situations
75
Why does the correspondence bias happen
Dispositional attributions are automatic
Situational attributions are effortful
Correcting from dispositional attributions is hard
76
What does it mean for situational attributions to be effortful
they are more complex and variable
77
What are the obstacles to correction dispositional attributions
Motivation: do I want to bother correcting
Cognition: how much should I correct
78
Naive Realism is the tendency to
believe that we personally see the world objectivley
79
What is our perception of reality tied to
what we want reality to be
80
What does the Police/Dash Cam Study prove
Interpretation of that video depends a lot on political values and opinions and how much you identify with police
81
how to mitigate bias with the police/dashcam study
Tell people to focus on specific ppl
82
What does the Pew Research Study on facts vs opinons show
Republicans and Democrats differ on whether or not things were facts and opinions
83
What single attractive actor study show
Single people found the guy attractive regardless of whether or not he was single
Participants who were in a relationship remembered the man as less attractive if they learned the actor was single and more attractive if they found out he was more in a relationship
84
What was the main point of the attractive actor study
If someone is a “threat” to our romantic relationship,
we may automatically degrade how attractive they seem
85
Bias Blind Spot
Failures to see the impact of biases on one’s
own judgment
86
Based on the inutitive view of biased reasoning, what does reason lead to
Accurate conclusion
87
Based on the inutitive view of biased reasoning, what does passion, emotion, and motivation lead to
desired conclusion
88
What does Ziva Kunda explain?
all reasoning is motivated all the time and it's impossible to have accurate reasoning
89
What is Kunda's Key Claim
Motivation --> cognitive processes --> conclusion
90
Motivation definition
Desire for an outcome of some reasoning task
91
Two major categories of motivation
Accuracy Motives
Directional Motives
92
What are accuracy motives
Motivations to arrive at an accurate conclusion
93
What are directional motives
Motivations to arrive at a particular directional
conclusion
94
What are directinal motives constrained by
accuracy motives -- they are limited by the ability of memories and beliefs to justify the desired conclusion
95
What do accuracy motives lead to
deeper and more careful thought
96
What do directional motives lead to
biased search and interpretation of memories and beliefs
97
What two things fight with each other in the cognitive process phase and lead to the conclusion you make
accuracy and directional motivates
98
What are the two sub phases of the cognitive processing phase
memory/belief retrieval → memory/belief interpretation
99
What is biased retrieval
The person selectively retrieves the good things they have done from memory, but doesn’t consider all of the things they do that they don’t consider as a bad person
100
What is biased interpretation
ambiguity may be interpreted through the lens of our directional motives
101
Schemas
Mental structures that organize our knowledge about the world
102
What do schemas do
- Serve as mental “scripts” that tell us how to act
- Lead us to interpret ambiguous situations in line with
expectations
- Influence what we remember
103
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
When an expectation for a person leads to its own fulfillment
104
Self-fulfilling propechy steps
Schema --> A's Expectaion of B's behavior --> A's Behavior toward B --> B's behavior in response --> A's perception of B
105
What is the self-fulfilling prophecy with attractiveness
When the man thinks the woman is attractive, women acted more friendly and men acted more friendly
106
Why do we have positive illusions about reality that make us more inaccurate
Self-Esteem Maintenance -- we like to feel good about ourselves
107
What are the 3 functions of positive illusions?
Mental health
Social bonding
Capacity for creative and productive work
108
How do positive illusions relate to mental health
People with more positive illusions
tend to be happier
109
How does Social Bonding relate to positive illusions
high self-esteem linked to being popular and positive mood leads to more prosocial behavior
110
How does capacity for creative and productive work
positive mood leads to more creativity and positive self regard leads to more motivation and persistence
111
Why do automatic processes work
They help us survive the perils of everyday living
112
Four Kinds of Automaticity
Unconscious – we are not aware
Unintentional – we don't mean to do it
Uncontrolled – we can't control if we want to
Effortless – takes little or no resources
113
What are examples of intentional but unconscious
typing, driving, playing piano, speaking (native language)
114
What is an example of an unintentional but controllable behavior
nicotine cravings that go away when you smoke a cigarette
115
What did the Police study with michael and michelle show
People are bias but it can be corrected if you make them list values first
116
What are implicit measures
measure for assessing thoughts outside of conscious awareness, control, intention, or reflect more efficient processes
117
What does an IAT score mean
Not diagnostic for individuals
Implicit attitudes changes day to day
A noisy measure of mental associations
Meaningful at the group-level but noisy in an individual case
118
They foudn that for shoother bias, the person and situation mater +
experiences, fatigue, and realisticness of situation
