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social psych and personality flash cards

1
Q

attribution

A

the process of explaining why someone behaves a certain way or why an event occurs

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2
Q

dispositional attribution

A

the tendency to explain someone’s behavior by attributing it to their internal characteristics, like personality traits, beliefs, or abilities

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3
Q

situational attribution

A

explaining someone’s behavior by attributing it to external factors within the situation they are in, rather than internal personality traits

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4
Q

explanatory style

A

how people explain to themselves why they experience a particular event

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5
Q

actor/observer bias

A

the tendency for individuals to attribute their own behavior to external factors while attributing the behavior of others to internal factors

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6
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

tendency for people to overemphasize dispositional attributes for others’ behavior while underestimating situational influences

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7
Q

self serving bias

A

tendency to attribute positive outcomes to internal or personal factors and negative outcomes to situational or external factors

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8
Q

locus of control

A

the degree to which a person believes they have control over the events in their life

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9
Q

mere exposure effect

A

the tendency for people to develop a preference for things simply because they are familiar with them

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10
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

when a person unknowingly causes a prediction to come true, due to the simple fact that he or she expects it to come true

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11
Q

social comparison

A

tendency for individuals to evaluate their own abilities, opinions, and achievements by comparing themselves to others

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12
Q

relative deprivation

A

the belief that a person will feel deprived or entitled to something based on the comparison to someone else

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13
Q

stereotype

A

widely held beliefs or generalizations about a particular group of people, often based on limited knowledge or biased assumptions

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14
Q

prejudice

A

a preconceived, usually negative attitude towards a person or group based solely on their membership in a particular social category

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15
Q

discrimination

A

a negative behavior that involves treating people differently based on their group membership

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16
Q

implicit attributes

A

evaluations or feelings about a person, object, or concept that occur automatically and unconsciously, often without our awareness

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17
Q

just world phenomenon

A

the tendency to believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve

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18
Q

out group homogeneity

A

tendency to assume that the members of other groups are very similar to each other

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19
Q

in group bias

A

the tendency for individuals to favor and show preferential treatment towards members of their own social group over individuals who are not part of that group

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20
Q

ethnocentrism

A

the tendency to judge other cultures based on the standards of one’s own culture

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21
Q

belief perseverance

A

the tendency to maintain one’s beliefs even after they have been discredited by factual information

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22
Q

confirmation bias

A

the tendency to actively seek out, interpret, and remember information that confirms one’s existing beliefs or opinions, while ignoring or downplaying information that contradicts those beliefs

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23
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

An uncomfortable state of mind arising when you recognize inconsistencies in your beliefs and/or behaviors

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24
Q

social norms

A

the unwritten rules and expectations that dictate how individuals should behave in a particular social group or society

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25
social influence theory
the way in which individuals change their behavior to meet the demands of a social environment
26
Normative social influence
a situation where an individual conforms to the norms of a group so that they do not become an outcast
27
Informational social influence
when one turns to others for guidance about how to behave in ambiguous situations
28
conformity
adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard or expectation
29
obedience
a given person being socially influenced by an authority figure who is giving clear-cut and direct orders
30
persuasion
the process of attempting to influence another person or group to change their beliefs or behaviors by presenting information or arguments, where the recipient has the choice to accept or reject the message, distinct from coercion
31
elaborative likelihood model
explains how attitudes form and change through two paths: central and peripheral
32
central route
a method of persuasion where someone is convinced by carefully considering the facts, logic, and evidence presented in a message, requiring active engagement with the information to form an opinion
33
peripheral route
a method of influencing attitudes and beliefs by appealing to superficial cues and emotions rather than logical arguments
34
halo effect
a cognitive bias where our overall impression of someone influences how we feel and think about his or her character
35
foot in the door
a compliance technique where a person is first asked to agree to a small request, which then makes them more likely to agree to a larger, subsequent request, based on the principle of consistency with their initial decision
36
door in the face
a compliance technique where a persuader starts by making a large, unreasonable request that is likely to be rejected, then follows up with a smaller, more reasonable request, which the target person is then more likely to agree to due to the contrast
37
individualism
a cultural perspective that prioritizes personal goals and identity over group goals, emphasizing individual autonomy, self-reliance, and personal achievement, essentially valuing the needs of the individual above the needs of the collective group
38
collectivism
a cultural orientation where the needs and goals of the group are prioritized over the individual, emphasizing interdependence, loyalty, and a strong sense of belonging within a community or social group
39
multiculturalism
an approach that recognizes and celebrates diversity by promoting equal respect for all cultures within a society
40
group polarization
the idea that groups tend to make decisions that are more extreme compared to the original thoughts of individual group members
41
groupthink
a psychological and sociological phenomenon in which members of a group will conform to majority opinion to maintain group harmony rather than stating their own opinions
42
diffusion of responsibility
individuals feeling less responsible for taking action or making decisions when they are part of a group because they assume someone else will take on the responsibility
43
social loafing
the tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working on a task as part of a group compared to when working alone
44
Deindividuation
a psychological phenomenon where individuals within a group lose their sense of personal identity and responsibility
45
social facilitation
the phenomenon where an individual performs better on a task when in the presence of others, particularly when the task is simple or well-learned
46
False consensus effect
a cognitive bias where individuals overestimate the extent to which their opinions, beliefs, preferences, values and habits
47
Superordinate goals
a shared goal that requires cooperation between two or more groups to achieve
48
social trap
a situation where individuals prioritize short-term personal gain by taking actions that ultimately lead to negative long-term consequences for the group as a whole, often due to the depletion of a shared resource
49
Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychologist
a professional who applies psychological principles to study human behavior within workplaces
50
burnout
state of emotional and physical exhaustion, lowered productivity, and feelings of isolation, often caused by work-related pressures
51
altruism
a selfless act where an individual performs a behavior that benefits another person, even at a cost to themselves, without the expectation of receiving anything in return
52
social debt
the feeling of obligation or guilt someone experiences when they have received a favor or benefit from another person
53
Social reciprocity norm
a social expectation that we should return help to those who have helped us
54
social responsibility norm
An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them or those who need assistance even if doing so may not offer any visible reward
55
bystander effect
a social psychological phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present
56
psychodynamic theory of personality
a psychological perspective that emphasizes the influence of unconscious mental processes, particularly early childhood experiences
57
id
the completely unconscious part of the mind
58
ego
the part of the mind that mediates between the conscious and unconscious, and is responsible for reality testing and a sense of personal identity
59
superego
the ethical component of the personality and provides the moral standards by which the ego operates
60
ego defense mechanism
unconscious psychological strategies that individuals use to cope with anxiety and protect their ego from conflicting thoughts or impulses
61
denial
when someone acts as if the negative feelings or events that cause negative emotions do not exist
62
displacement
when someone takes their negative emotions and focuses them on a different, safer target
63
projection
a defense mechanism where someone unconsciously attributes their own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or behaviors to another person
64
rationalization
a defense mechanism where a person creates seemingly logical reasons to justify their behavior, thoughts, or feelings, often to avoid facing the true motivations behind their actions
65
reaction formation
a defense mechanism where an individual acts in a manner opposite to their actual feelings to keep their true feelings hidden
66
regression
a defense mechanism where an individual copes with stress or conflict by reverting to behaviors from an earlier stage of development
67
repression
a defense mechanism where an individual unconsciously pushes away thoughts, feelings, or memories that cause discomfort or distress
68
sublimation
a defense mechanism where an individual unconsciously channels unacceptable impulses, often sexual or aggressive, into socially acceptable behaviors or activities
69
Psychodynamic personality psychologist
refers to a psychologist who studies personality by focusing on unconscious mental processes, early childhood experiences, and internal conflicts that are believed to significantly influence a person's behavior
70
projective tests
a personality test in which subjects are shown ambiguous images and asked to interpret them
71
Humanistic psychology
a way of evaluating an individual as a whole, rather than looking at them only through a smaller aspect of their person
72
unconditional regard
the complete acceptance and support of a person regardless of their behavior or actions
73
self-actualizing tendency
the innate human drive to fulfill one's full potential and become the best version of oneself
74
social-cognitive theory
emphasizes how people learn behaviors through observation, imitation, and modeling
75
reciprocal determinism
a person's behavior is influenced by and simultaneously influences both their internal personal factors and their external environment, creating a continuous interaction between the three elements
76
self-concept
an individual's overall perception of themselves, encompassing their beliefs about their own attributes, abilities, and characteristics
77
self efficacy
an individual's belief in their ability to successfully complete a task or achieve a goal
78
self-esteem
an individual's overall evaluation of their own worth, encompassing their beliefs about themselves and the emotions associated with those beliefs
79
trait theories of personality
suggests that personality is made up of broad traits or dispositions that tend to lead to characteristic responses
80
Big Five theory of personality
a model that identifies five broad dimensions of personality
81
agreeableness
an individual who possess traits such as compassion, kindness, and caring for other people
82
openness to experience
the extent to which an individual is open-minded, curious, and receptive to new ideas, experiences, and perspectives
83
extraversion
a personality trait characterized by outgoing, sociable, and energetic behavior, where individuals tend to gain energy from social interactions and enjoy being around people
84
conscientiousness
a personality trait characterized by being responsible, organized, diligent, and careful, essentially describing someone who is reliable, goal-oriented, and tends to plan ahead and follow through with tasks
85
emotional stability/neuroticism
a personality trait that measures how well a person can manage their emotions

psychology (3 decks)

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