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developmental flash cards

1
Q

development psychology

A

the study of how people grow and develop from birth throughout their entire lifespan

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2
Q

nature

A

genetic or hereditary influences on an individual’s development and behavior

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3
Q

nurture

A

he environmental factors that influence a person’s development and behavior

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4
Q

teratogens

A

any substance or agent that can cause abnormal fetal development during pregnancy, potentially leading to birth defects by interfering with the normal process of embryo or fetus growth

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5
Q

genetic mutations

A

a permanent change in an organism’s DNA sequence, which can alter the genetic information and potentially lead to changes in observable traits or functions

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6
Q

fine motor skills

A

the coordinated movements of small muscles, primarily in the hands and face

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7
Q

gross motor skills

A

the ability to control large muscle groups for movements like walking, running, jumping, and climbing

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8
Q

rooting reflex

A

an infant’s involuntary tendency to turn their head towards a touch on their cheek

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9
Q

visual cliff

A

a research method used to study depth perception in infants and animals

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10
Q

critical period

A

a specific time window during development where an organism is highly sensitive to environmental stimuli

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11
Q

sensitive period

A

specific timeframe in which children are more receptive to learning and acquiring certain skills or abilities

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12
Q

imprint

A

a type of learning where an animal forms strong attachments during an early-life critical period

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13
Q

puberty

A

the period of physical and hormonal changes that mark the transition from childhood to adulthood, characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the ability to reproduce

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14
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

the physical traits directly involved in reproduction

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15
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

physical traits that develop during puberty and distinguish between males and females

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16
Q

menarche

A

the first menstrual period a female experiences

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17
Q

spermarche

A

the first ejaculation a male experiences

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18
Q

menopause

A

the natural stage in a woman’s life when her menstrual cycle ceases permanently

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19
Q

piaget

A

theory outlines distinct stages of cognitive development in children, including the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages

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20
Q

schemas

A

the cognitive framework that allows a person to interpret a new situation based on their experience in similar, prior experiences

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21
Q

assimilation

A

the cognitive process of making new information fit in with your existing understanding of the world

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22
Q

accommodation

A

individuals adjust their existing schemas or create new ones

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23
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

where infants primarily learn about the world through their senses and motor actions, typically occurring from birth to around two years old

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24
Q

object permanance

A

the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or otherwise sensed

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25
preoperational stage
occurring between the ages of 2 and 7 years old, where children begin to use symbols and language to represent their world
26
conservation
a cognitive development concept where a child understands that a quantity remains the same even if its appearance changes
27
reversibility
the cognitive ability to mentally reverse a sequence of actions or events
28
animism
the cognitive tendency for young children to believe that inanimate objects possess lifelike qualities
29
ego centrism
a cognitive bias where an individual overestimates their own point of view and has difficulty understanding others' perspectives
30
theory of mind
the ability to understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions, and perspectives that are different from one's own
31
concrete operational stage
children typically between the ages of 7 and 11, begin to think logically about concrete events and situations
32
formal operational stage
children typically between ages 12 throughout adulthood develop the ability to think abstractly
33
vygotsky
psychologist whose theory, known as the "sociocultural theory," emphasizes that cognitive development is heavily influenced by social interactions and cultural context
34
scaffolding
teaching method where a teacher provides temporary support and guidance to a learner as they acquire new skills or knowledge, gradually reducing assistance as the learner becomes more proficient
35
zone of proximal development
the range of tasks that a learner can accomplish with the guidance of a more knowledgeable person, but cannot yet perform independently
36
crystalized intelligence
accumulated knowledge, skills, and understanding that a person has acquired throughout their life
37
fluid intelligence
the ability to solve new problems, reason abstractly, and think flexibly in novel situations
38
dementia
a cognitive decline that affects memory, thinking, and behavior
39
language
complex system of communication that involves the use of words, symbols, or signs to express thoughts, ideas, and emotions
40
phonemes
the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish one word from another
41
morphemes
the smallest unit of meaning in a language, which can be a whole word or a part of a word like a prefix or suffix
42
semantics
ranch of linguistics that deals with the meanings of words and sentences
43
grammar
rules governing how symbols in a given language are used to form meaningful expressions
44
syntax
rules that govern how words are arranged and combined to form grammatically correct sentences within a language
45
cooing stage
the early stage of infant language development where babies produce soft, vowel-like sounds like "ooh" and "ah," usually starting around 2-3 months old
46
babbling stage
developmental phase where infants begin to produce repetitive consonant-vowel combinations, like "ba-ba" or "ma-ma," usually starting around 4-6 months old
47
one word stage
a developmental phase where a child primarily communicates using single words to express complete ideas between 9 and 18 months old
48
telegraphic stage
a stage in language acquisition where a child, typically around the age of two, speaks using mainly nouns and verbs
49
ecological systems theory
theory in which human development is shaped by interactions with different levels of social environments
50
microsystem
the immediate and most impactful environment surrounding a person
51
mesosystem
where a child's microsystems connect and influence one another
52
exosystem
a larger social system that indirectly influences a person's development, even though they are not directly involved in that system
53
macrosystem
the overarching cultural, societal, and economic influences that shape individuals' lives within their environments
54
chronosystem
All of the experiences that a person has endured throughout their lifetime
55
authoritarian parenting
parenting style characterized by high demands and low responsiveness, where parents impose strict rules and expect obedience from their children without much explanation or consideration for their feelings
56
authoritative parenting
a parenting style where parents are both demanding and responsive, setting clear rules and expectations while also listening to their child's perspective, explaining reasons behind rules, and fostering open communication
57
permissive parenting
parenting style characterized by high responsiveness but low demandingness, where parents set few rules, provide little structure, and allow children a large degree of freedom in decision-making
58
secure attachment
type of emotional bond in which a child feels safe, protected, and comfortable with a caregiver
59
insecure attachment
type of emotional bond where children do not trust their caregivers consistently and may show various degrees of resistance or avoidance towards them
60
avoidant attachment
where a person tends to avoid emotional closeness and intimacy in relationships
61
disorganized attachment
where a child displays inconsistent and unpredictable behaviors towards their caregiver
62
temperament
an individual's characteristic level of emotional excitability or intensity
63
separation anxiety
developmental stage where a child experiences significant distress when separated from their primary caregiver
64
imaginary audience
where an individual believes that a large group of people are constantly watching and paying attention to them
65
personal fable
an adolescent belief that they are completely unique, special, and invulnerable
66
social clock
culturally-defined set of norms that specify the appropriate ages for significant life events like getting married, having children, starting a career, or retiring
67
emerging adulthood
developmental period typically spanning from the late teens to mid-twenties, characterized by a transitional phase between adolescence and full adulthood, where individuals are exploring their identity, navigating instability in life roles like work and relationships, and often feeling "in-between" stages of life
68
stage theory of psychosocial development
outlines eight distinct stages of human development, each characterized by a unique psychological conflict that individuals must resolve to progress to the next stage, impacting their personality development throughout life
69
trust vs mistrust
where infants learn to either trust that their caregivers will meet their needs, leading to a sense of security, or develop mistrust if those needs are not consistently met, resulting in anxiety and suspicion about the world around them
70
autonomy vs shame and doubt
where toddlers between 18 months and 3 years old are grappling with developing a sense of independence and control over their actions, either leading to a feeling of autonomy if supported, or shame and doubt if overly restricted by caregivers
71
initiative vs guilt
where children between the ages of 3 and 5 years old grapple with the desire to take initiative and explore their environment versus the fear of making mistakes and feeling guilty about their actions
72
industry vs inferiority
where children between the ages of roughly 6 and 12 either develop a sense of competence and accomplishment by successfully completing tasks and gaining recognition, or feel inadequate and inferior if they experience repeated failures or negative feedback from others
73
identity vs role confusion
occurring during adolescence where individuals grapple with establishing a sense of self by exploring different identities and values, potentially leading to a strong sense of identity if resolved successfully, or confusion about who they are if not navigated well
74
intimacy vs isolation
where individuals strive to form close, trusting relationships with others, experiencing intimacy, or risk feeling isolated and disconnected if they fail to establish such connections
75
generativity vs stagnation
where individuals in middle adulthood strive to contribute positively to society and future generations by achieving "generativity," or risk feeling stuck and unproductive with a sense of "stagnation" if they fail to find meaningful ways to contribute
76
Integrity vs despair
where older adults reflect on their life and either feel a sense of satisfaction and accomplishment or regret and bitterness about missed opportunities regarding their life choices
77
adverse childhood experiences
a range of negative and traumatic experiences that occur during childhood, such as abuse, and neglect
78
sense of identity
a person's perception of who they are, encompassing their beliefs, values, experiences, roles, relationships, and characteristics that contribute to their unique self-understanding
79
achievement
the successful completion of something due to hard work and effort
80
diffusion
an individual has not yet developed a strong sense of self or personal identity
81
foreclosure
individuals commit to an identity or set of beliefs without exploring alternative options or undergoing personal exploration
82
moratorium
an individual is actively exploring different roles, values, and beliefs without making a firm commitment to any particular identity
83
racial/ethnic identity
an individual's sense of belonging to a particular racial or ethnic group
84
gender identity
a person's internal sense of being male, female, or something else, which may or may not align with their assigned sex at birth
85
sexual orientation
an individual's enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attraction towards other people
86
religious identity
the way individuals and communities define themselves based on their religious beliefs, practices, and affiliations
87
occupational identity
an individual's sense of self and identity based on their chosen occupation or profession
88
familial identity
a person's sense of self that is strongly influenced by their family background, values, beliefs, and traditions

psychology (3 decks)

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