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1st Year 2nd Semester > Social Psych > Flashcards

Social Psych Flashcards

1
Q

evolution definition

A

changes over time driven by successful reproduction via natural selection

however random variations

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2
Q

selection pressure definition

A

environment favours certain features over others

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3
Q

intrasexual competition

A

members of same sex compete with each other for mates

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4
Q

intersexual selection

A

members of one sex prefer certain qualities in mates

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5
Q

qualities we look for in a mate

A
  1. physical health
  2. stability
  3. high level testosterone (even tho no evolutionary benefit)
  4. symmetry
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6
Q

qualities we don’t like in mates

A
  1. baldness
  2. bad eyesight
  3. sparse facial hair (low level testosterone)
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7
Q

gene selection theory definition

A

genes increase replication in 2 ways

  • influence body w genes to survive
  • influence individs to help others w same genes to survive
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8
Q

psychological adaptations evolutionary theory

A

mechanisms of mind that evolved to solve specific problems of survival + reproduction

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9
Q

examples of psychological adaptations

A
  • craving fatty + sweet food
  • in-groups
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10
Q

sexual strategies theory

A

mating strategies based on culture, social context, parental influence, personal mate value

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11
Q

sexual strategies in women

A
  1. possession of resources
  2. commitment
  3. access to resources
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12
Q

sexual strategies in men

A
  1. youth
  2. health
  3. attractiveness
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13
Q

error management theory definition

A

uncertain situation judgements affected by cognitive biases that minimise costly errors

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14
Q

error management theory
type 1 error

A

false alarm (less costly of error)

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15
Q

error management theory
type 2 error

A

undetected threat (more costly)

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16
Q

type 1 error in males

A

perceiving female attention as sexual interest

women don’t have this bc evolutionarily mates need to be chosen with more consideration

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17
Q

type 1 error we might experience

A

seeing faces in nature -> survival (detecting threats)

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18
Q

behaviourism on nature/nurture + determinism/indeterminism

A

nurtured + determine

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19
Q

evolutionary psych on nature/nurture + determinism/indeterminsim

A

nature + determine

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20
Q

humanistic psych on nature/nurture + determinism/indeterminsim

A

nurture + indeterminism

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21
Q

is classic psychoanalysis or cognitivism more deterministic

A

classic psychoanalysis

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22
Q

determinism definition

A

no free will

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23
Q

school of psychology that rejects scientific method most

A

humanistic psychology

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24
Q

schools of psychology that appreciates scientific method most

A
  1. behaviourism
  2. cognitivism
  3. evolutionary psyschology
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25
Q

3 main people of behaviourism

A
  1. Charles Darwin
  2. Ivan Pavlov
  3. BF Skinner
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26
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

stimulus that elicits response without prior training

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27
Q

unconditioned response

A

response without prior training

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28
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

stimulus that doesn’t elicit response initially until paired with unconditioned stimulus

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29
Q

conditioned response

A

response elicited by conditioned stimulus

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30
Q

blocking definition

A

previous association prevents new association from being formed

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31
Q

classical conditioning 4 important notes

A
  1. generates multiple responses
  2. establishes preferences and aversions
  3. underlies various psych conditions (phobias)
  4. pairing conditioned + unconditioned stimulus is not enough for conditioning
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32
Q

3 important things to know about operant conditioning

A
  1. requires free will
    2 instrumental respones occur under stimulus control
  2. reinforcers aren’t equal
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33
Q

founder of observational learning

A

Albert Bandura

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34
Q

4 stages of observational learning

A
  1. attention
  2. retention
  3. initiation
  4. motivation
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35
Q

culture definition

A

pattern of shared meaning + behavior

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36
Q

cultural intelligence

A

ability + awareness to apply cultural awareness to practical uses

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37
Q

aspects of culture

A
  1. versatile
  2. shared
  3. cumulative
  4. patterns
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38
Q

3 common ways to think about culture

A
  1. progressive cultivation -> ballet or higher education to be refined
  2. ways of life -> religion
  3. shared learning -> parenting, teaching (sharing information + awareness of multi-cult)
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39
Q

ethnographic + cross-culture research benefits + disadvantages

A

etho: + culturally sensitive + people in natural environment
-can’t make comparisons between groups

cross-culture: + can make comparisons
- ethnocentric bias

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40
Q

how individualists might act

A
  • from the west
  • focus on individ traits
  • personal goals guide decisions
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41
Q

how collectivists might act

A
  • Asian countries
  • interdependent relationship focus
  • situations guide decisions
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42
Q

cultural relativism definition

A

there are no universal standards of right and wrong, cultures can’t be compared

it’s not wrong for stoning of women because that’s their culture

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43
Q

learned aspects of culture

A
  1. identity
  2. emotions
  3. etiquette
  4. values/morals
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44
Q

family definition

A

subculture, bio relatives or close group of people that support each other

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45
Q

traditional family definition

A

nuclear family (2 parents)

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46
Q

modern family

A

single, blended etc

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47
Q

family systems theory

A

people encouraged by family members to behave in certain ways to increase survival

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48
Q

attachment style definition

A

relationship built up with primary caregiver depending on how they respond to needs

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49
Q

secure attachment

A

most prevalent, people most likely to explore bc of safety net

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50
Q

anxious avoidant attachment

A

distance yourself from primary caregiver bc caregiver doesn’t respond to needs

  • mask affection
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51
Q

anxious ambivalent attachment

A

mix of diff attachment styles

  • want to approach.+ avoid parent
  • due to chaotic upbringing -> can’t predict parent reactions
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52
Q

coherence definition

A

secure attachment style can be developed later if people treat us well

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53
Q

marriage market definition

A

single people advertising themselves as potential partners

  • matchmakers
  • dating apps
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54
Q

authoritative parent style

A

high support, high demand

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55
Q

authoritarian parent style

A

low support, high demand

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56
Q

permissive parent style

A

high support, low demand

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57
Q

uninvolved parent style

A

low support, low demand

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58
Q

anxious-resistant attachment

A

insecure, think people don’t love them

very dependent

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59
Q

empty nest definition

A

adult children leave household

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60
Q

sandwich generation

A

caring for parents + caring for own children

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61
Q

boomerang generation

A

adults move back in with their family

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62
Q

protective factors that stop divorce

A
  1. high education
  2. marrying at older age
  3. parents remain married
  4. religion less accepting of divorce
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63
Q

risk factors for divorce

A
  1. kids before marriage
  2. serial cohabitation
  3. live in society accepting of divorce
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64
Q

happy families should

A
  1. teach morality
  2. savour the good
  3. use extended family network
  4. create family identity (how I met your mother)
  5. forgive
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65
Q

conformity definition

A

tendency to act + think like those around us

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66
Q

why do people conform

A

normative influence = want to fit in

informational influence = others might know some important info (wear jacket if everyone is wearing jacket)

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67
Q

obedience definition

A

individuals compliance when given an order from authority

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68
Q

when are people less willing to give electric shocks

A
  1. when similarities between teachers and learners
  2. when in same room as learner
  3. when having to touch learner
  4. when seeing other teachers refuse
  5. when theyrelate to learner (similarities)
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69
Q

cooperative social value orientation

A

cooperate so neither loses and both gain decent amount

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70
Q

individualistic social value orientation

A

interested in self gaining as much as possible

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71
Q

competitive social value orientation

A

maximising difference between you and others

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72
Q

situational influences on cooperation

A
  1. communication + commitment
  2. trust
  3. group identification (in-group members)
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73
Q

theory of mind

A

understanding people’s minds

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74
Q

TOM recognising agents

A

agents have motivations for actions

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75
Q

included in TOM are

A
  1. identifying agents + goals
  2. imitation
  3. mimicry
  4. joint attention
  5. visual perspective taking
  6. mental state inference
76
Q

egocentrism definition

A

inability to understand someone else’s perspective (TOM)

overestimation of TOM ability

77
Q

false-belief/Sally Anne test

A

if Sally puts ball in her basket, goes out of the room and Anne puts ball in a box where is Sally going to look for her ball?

3-4 year olds don’t understand yet the diff between someone else’s perspective vs their own knowledge

78
Q

3 factors making up emotions

A
  1. subjective experience
  2. physiological rxn
  3. targeted
79
Q

intrapersonal function of emotion

A
  • act quick without having to think
  • prepares body for action
  • influences thought
  • motivates future behaviour
80
Q

James Lange theory of emotions

A

peripheral
arousal then emotions

81
Q

Cannon Bard theory of emotions

A

central

  • arousal + emotions at same time
82
Q

Schachter theory of emotions

A

two factor theory
arousal -> interpretation -> emotion

83
Q

interpersonal functions of emotions

A
  1. facilitates specific behaviour in perceivers -> help when you cry
  2. signals nature of interpersonal relationship
  3. provides incentives for desired social behaviour
  4. social referencing
84
Q

universalists emotions

A

we have same ancestors, emotions the same

85
Q

constructivist emotions

A

humans adapted to diff environment, emotions evolved too

cultural ideas + practices are all encompassing

86
Q

Americans vs Asians in emotions

A

Americans independent want high arousal positive, seek arousing leisure activities + feel good after positive event

Asians prefer low arousal, calm and feel mixed feelings after positive event (guilt)

87
Q

emotional suppression in Asians + Americans

A

emotional suppression leads to depression in America but not in Asia bc suppression is desired social skill

88
Q

similarities of Asians + Americans

A
  1. similar physiological response to emotions
  2. positive emotions after positive events
  3. self-esteem + relationship harmony emphasises (relationship less important in US tho)
89
Q

learning appropraiate cultural expressions of emotions

A
  1. kids books
  2. value differences (of emotions)
  3. models of self
90
Q

priming definition

A

making one outcome more probable, readiness to see stimuli you’re more often focused on

missing friend -> seeing her face more often in crowd

91
Q

biased interpretation definition

A

we tend to see objective as going against our views bc more sensitive about strong moral issues

seeing unbiased news -> we think it supports the opposition

92
Q

constructing memories

A

we reconstruct our past to make it more pleasant for ourselves

  • good ol high school days
  • ex-boyfriend worse than he actually was
93
Q

judging events with emotions

A

when in positive mood we remember more of our positive actions

negative mood remember more negative things we did

94
Q

overconfidence in judging events

A

confirmation bias of info that confirms our preconceived notions

95
Q

2 factors making up heuristics

A
  1. availability = how available in our mind
  2. representativeness = whether someone fits in a box
96
Q

illusion of control definition

A

you think you’re in control of something you’re not

gamblers would rather spin wheel than let someone else do

97
Q

regression towards average

A

we expect peaks or lows to regress back to general trend

*if life is going too good we expect some bad news

98
Q

attribution of causality

A
  • dispositional -> negative evaluation of person
  • situational -> positive evaluation of person
99
Q

Theory of correspondent inferences

  • creator
  • what is it
A

Harold Kelley

  • distinctiveness -> if action normally not seen in person situational attribution
  • consensus -> if other people behave similarly -> situational attribution
100
Q

fundamental attribution error
- creators
- what is it

A

Ross, Amabile, Steinmetz

attribute actions to dispositions rather than situations

101
Q

influence of expectations theory

A

self-fulfilling prophecy

teacher smiles more at student, more attention, student more enthusiastic, answers more, confirms held beliefs

102
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy in romantic idealisation

A

we tend to over-evaluate our lovers
with this evaluation they start to become our idealised versions of themselves

103
Q

morality definition

A

principles distinguishing right and wrong or good and bad behaviour

104
Q

descriptive morality definition

A

code of conduct put forward by society OR accepted by individual for own conduct

105
Q

prescriptive/normative morality definition

A

code of conduct, given right circumstances, would be put forward by all people

  • subjective
106
Q

morality in psychology definition

A

psychological adaptations that allow selfish beings to reap benefits of cooperation

107
Q

moral systems definition

A

set of interlocking values, norms, mechanisms etc that regulate self-interest and make cooperative societies possible

108
Q

in psychology morality is

A
  1. subjective
  2. invented by humans
  3. differs across cultures/times
109
Q

common motives of morality

A
  1. goals
  2. individual obstacles
  3. morality as helping tool
110
Q

morality analysis steps

A
  1. goal
  2. flaw/obstacle
  3. solution from morality toolbox
111
Q

3 neurological decision making systems

A
  1. model based
  2. model free
  3. pavlovian
112
Q

consequentialist morality defintion

A

rating morality based on outcomes
(kill one to save 10)

113
Q

demonology morality definition

A

rating morality based on actions committed regardless of outcome
(don’t kill 1 to save 10)

114
Q

model-based system definition

A

analysing diff branches of future outcomes to decide

115
Q

model free system definition

A

search memory for past evaluations of now considered action

116
Q

Pavlovian system

A

automatic, reflexive reaction to appetitive/aversive stimuli

117
Q

personality traits making us more moral

A
  1. politness aspect of agreeableness -> fairness

2- compassion -> helping others

  1. openness/intellect -> cooperation
  2. honesty/humility -> fairness, cooperation, trustworthiness
  3. agreeableness ->reactive cooperation despite transgressions of others
118
Q

enlightened compassion definition

A

positive regard of entities beyond self
- morally imaginative
- big in-group
- morally expansive

119
Q

neglected issues in morality

A

1- relationship between reasoning + behaviour

  1. empirical research programmes
120
Q

understudied issues in morality

A
  1. general moral principles into specific guidelines
  2. emotions accompanying moral dilemmas (before + after)
  3. connection of moral thoughts, emotions, behaviour
121
Q

6 advantages of hotness

A
  1. first impressions
  2. mating prospects
  3. parent + peer favouritism
  4. education + employment
  5. electoral success
  6. judicial outcomes
122
Q

what makes a person attractive

A
  1. youthfulness
  2. unblemished skin
  3. facial symmetry
  4. averageness -> prototype face
  5. positive expressions
  6. positive behaviours
  7. femininity/masculinity
123
Q

culture differences in attractiveness

A
  • what body you find attractive is culture dependent (hair + body shape)

however faces are universally attractive

124
Q

why do we find prototype faces more attractive?

A
  • mere-exposure effect
  • we like things we already know
125
Q

evolutionary aspect of attractiveness

A

signals good mate quality (young, unblemished , symmetrical)

good genes hypothesis

126
Q

good genes hypothesis definition

A

qualities liked because associated with higher levels of good hormones

strong jaw in males -> high levels of testosterone -> immunity lower -> must be strong to survive

127
Q

overgeneralised reactions to disease or bad genes

A
  • avoiding blemishes bc could be disease bc selection mechanism isn’t perfect
128
Q

factors for start of love

A
  1. proximity
  2. familiarity (mere-exposure effect)
  3. similarity
  4. reciprocity
129
Q

types of love

A
  1. intimate
  2. passionate
  3. commitment
130
Q

relationship and social support

A

we like relationship bc of perceived social support

quality over quantity

131
Q

3 types of happiness

A
  1. life satisfaction
  2. positive feelings
  3. low negative feelings
132
Q

life satisfaction causes

A
  1. good income
  2. achieving goals
  3. high self-esteem
133
Q

positive feelings causes

A
  1. good social support
  2. interesting work
  3. extroversion
134
Q

low negative feelings causes

A
  1. low neuroticism
  2. positive outlook
  3. goals are in harmony
135
Q

internal causes of subjective wellbeing

A
  1. inborn temperament
  2. personality
  3. resilience
  4. outlook
136
Q

external causes of subjective wellbeing

A
  1. sufficient material resources
  2. sufficient social resources
  3. desirable society
137
Q

are relationships cause of happiness

A
  • removes ostracism + shunning
  • quality v important

BUT not sure if causation or correlation

138
Q

adaptations of circumstances

A

when good or bad events occur initial reaction is strong but then returns to former level of happiness

139
Q

happy people are more

A
  1. healthy
  2. sociable
  3. productie
  4. better citizens
140
Q

ways to be happier

A
  1. express gratitude
  2. seek to make others happy
  3. find work you love
141
Q

what influences accuracy of clinical judgements

A
  1. illusory correlations
  2. hindsight / overconfidence
  3. self confirming diagnosis
  4. not using statistical predictions
142
Q

explanatory style therapy definition

A

reversing negative beliefs about oneself or future

143
Q

social skills training

A

practicing new behaviours in safe situations to develop confidence in behaving more effectively in other situations

144
Q

social relationships support wellbeing

A
  1. marriage increases happiness
  2. close relationships lead to confiding in health issues
  3. remove poverty
145
Q

what social relationships and depression rates (highest depression to lowest)

A
  1. divorced twice
  2. cohabiting
  3. divorced one
  4. never married
  5. married
146
Q

misinformation effect

A

if eye-witnesses get given wrong info their testimony changes bc of suggestion

147
Q

retelling effect on witnesses

A

the more stories are told the less accurate they get

1st testimony most accurate

148
Q

feedback to witnesses effect

A

when interrogators suggest preferred info to witnesses the testimony changes

interrogators should be unbiased w/o previous theories in mind

149
Q

to reduce eyewitness error we should

A
  1. train police interviewers
  2. minimise false lineup identifications (one at a time + suggest perpetrator might not be there)
  3. educate jurors on errors
150
Q

influences on jurors decision making

A
  1. defendants characteristics -> how attractive + similarities to juror
  2. jurors instructions
151
Q

facial features on sentences

A
  • babyfaces charged higher for negligent crimes
  • masculine faces charged higher for violent crimes
152
Q

race on sentences

A

black + white people equally sentenced but the more black people face higher sentences

153
Q

death qualified jurors

A

jurors in favour of death sentence

154
Q

are bigger groups of jurors better?

A

yes because more diversity + better recollection of evidence

155
Q

minority influence definition

A

small group within bigger group influences beliefs

156
Q

relationship of financially well off + philosophies

A

people who consider financial prosperity as important consider life philosophies as less important

characteristics of 21st century people

157
Q

alpha persuasion

A

only listing pros

158
Q

omega persuasion

A

listing pros and cons

159
Q

James Speth new consciousness calls for

A
  1. seeing humanity as part of nature
  2. nature as intrinsic value
  3. value future as well as present
  4. define quality of life in relational / spiritual instead of material
160
Q

why does materialism not make people happy?

A
  1. adaptation level phenomenon (we get used to luxury)
  2. impact bias = we overestimate how happy or sad things will make us
161
Q

prejudice definition

A

affect,
preconceived opinion/feeling positive or negative

162
Q

stereotype definition

A

belief
attributing characteristics to someone based on group membership

163
Q

discrimination definition

A

acting on a belief/affect

treating someone favourably/hostilely based on group status rather than individual merit

164
Q

racism definition

A

belief that the inherent differences between racial groups determine individual achievements

usually favours own race

hatred or intolerance of another racial group

165
Q

what does prejudice play a role in?

A
  • discrimination -> unjustified negative of group
  • racism -> negative towards racial group
  • sexism -> negative towards given sex
166
Q

anomalous face overgeneralization hypothesis

A

avoiding blemishes → overgeneralised reactions to disease or bad genes

167
Q

what age is happiest and most sad

A

20s happy
50s most unhappy

168
Q

spontaneous trait transference

A

people associate traits that we describe in others with us

“she’s a gossip” -> you’re a gossip

169
Q

belief perseverance

A

beliefs survive even if scientific evidence proves they’re false

170
Q

to reduce belief perserverance

A

explain how the other side could possibly be right

171
Q

normative influence scientists (with the line lengths)

A

Solomon Ash

172
Q

descriptive norm

A

we act the way most people around us do

173
Q

ratnional self interest theory

A

people will 100% of the time defect from cooperation

174
Q

interindividual-intergroup discontinuity

A

groups or more competitive and less cooperative when facing another group than individuals facing other individuals

175
Q

for an act to be intentional it has to

A
  1. know the goal
  2. beliefs of how to achieve goal

unintentional would be making a fool of yourself trying to impress date (not a solid belief of how to achieve goal)

176
Q

mimicry

A

subtle, automatic imitation

which can lead to synchronisation (using same gestures as other person)

177
Q

automatic empathy

A

when mimicking sad face we feel sad unintentionally

178
Q

visual perspective taking

A

“on your left”

179
Q

mental state inference

A

being able to let go of egocentrism to see what another thinks about situation

false belief tests show if we’re developed enough to understand

180
Q

tiers of morality

A

1 tier: reciprocity (animals capable of this)

2 tier: greater good, social signalling even if actions have lost survival benefit
- abiding to dress codes etc -> ONLY humans do this

181
Q

self confirming diagnoses

A

patients give information that confirms your prediction (because you ask questions to get that info from them without being neutral)

182
Q

depressive realism

A

depressed people have better judgements
- better at telling others feelings

183
Q

negative explanatory style

A

blaming yourself for any wrongs
- depressed people do this

184
Q

what causes anxiety

A

wanting to impress people but having self-doubts

185
Q
A

1st Year 2nd Semester (3 decks)

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