Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

1st Year 2nd Semester > Emotions and Motivations > Flashcards

Emotions and Motivations Flashcards

1
Q

5 examples of social sciences related with emotions

A
  1. cognitive dissonance
  2. persuasion
  3. romantic relationships
  4. conformity
  5. social comparisons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cognitive dissonance emotions

A

fear + anxiety to do with self-esteem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

persuasive communication emotions

A

fear, compassion etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

romantic relationship emotions

A

love + envy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

conformity emotions

A

shame, embarrassment, fear of rejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

social comparisons emotions

A

pride, envy, disappointment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

emotions definition

A

short, intense, object-directed, activated plan of action, content + valence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

mood definition

A

longer, less intense, not object directed, no concrete activation, has ONLY valence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

valence definition

A

negative or positive mood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

affective disorders definition

A

more complex mood disorders that last the longest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

examples of affective disorders

A
  1. depression
  2. mania = extremely positive
  3. phobias = irrational fear
  4. panic = unrealistic momentary fear
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

3 ways we can acquire phobia

A
  1. psychoanalytic = past trauma or obsession
  2. classical conditioning/ behaviourist = object associated with danger
  3. evolutionary = fear of object promotes survival
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

therapy for phobias

A
  1. desensitisation modeling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

sadness definition

A

caused by events of loss, longest lasting emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2 subtypes of sadness

A
  1. agony = rebellion of what has happened
  2. sadness = passive, helpless, breakdown
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

depression definition

A

affective disorder of disorder with specific symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

sadness diff from depression

A
  • sadness comes in waves intermixed with positive emotions of thing that has passed
  • self-esteem in tact
  • thoughts of death ONLY when wishing to join passed loved one
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

peripheral theory emotion
- scientists
- definition

A

William James, Carl Lange
physiological responses (autonomic nervous system) creates emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

confirmation of peripheral theory of emotion

A
  • neurological damage patients can’t experience physiological response as easily and don’t experience emotions as intensely
  • people with impaired ANS experience emotions stronger
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

against peripheral theory of emotions

A
  • many physiological responses are correlated
  • ANS response take time and some emotions are immediate
  • studies that show peripheral are those were people are taught emotions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Constructivism theory of emotion
- scientists
- definition

A

Russell, Feldman-Barrett
emotions constructed from psycho, social, neuro level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

expressive feedback hypothesis
- scientist
- definiton

A

Laird
our expressive changes are basis of our subjective feelings
“pen in mouth whilst watching comedy”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

facial feedback hypothesis
- scientists
- definition

A

Strack, Martin, Stepper
“pen in mouth group found comedy cartoons funnier” because face muscles lead to interpretation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

criticism of facial feedback hypothesis

A

replications didn’t lead to same significant result as first study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Central theory of Emotions
- scientists
- definition

A

Cannon-Bard
emotional respones originate in thalamus triggered by subcortical centers

subcortical centres seat of emotions

ANS + emotions get triggered by thalamus simultaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

central theory of emotions critiques

A
  1. thalamus is relay station for body to brain (not smell though)
  2. no neurons specific for emotions in thalamus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

brain imaging used to see emotions

A
  • PET
  • fMRI
  • EEG
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

A
  • damage to amygdala
  • lack of fear
  • high sex drive
  • ## wolf hunger
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

amygdala damage

A
  • lack of fear
  • ability for other emotions + intelligence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

amygdala other activation

A
  • seeing face with emotions facing straight ahead
  • new pictures showing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

gender variability in humans

A
  • women; lateral sulcus area more activated
  • man: visual cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Two-factor theory of emotion
- scientists
- definition

A

1- Schachter + Singer
2. stimulus -> physiological arousal -> interpretation -> emotions

attribution of physiological rxn necessary for resulting emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

two- factor theory of emotion critique

A
  • results not replicable
  • focus on ANS but emotions also take part in CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what inspired two-factor theory?

A
  1. appraisal theories - Lazarus
  2. attrubtion theory
  3. constructivist theory (Barrett)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Misattribution of Arousal

A
  • more men that went down from scary bridge thought that arousal/adrenaline was due to attraction
  • hungry judges give harsher sentences
  • running to get to first date will make you feel more nervous than you should be
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

when are memories most accurate

A
  • related to personal goals
  • events consistent w goals and our own attitudes

certainty + accuracy weak link

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

difference between vivid and accurate memories

A
  • affective words remembered better in vivid
  • different brain parts used for remembering (amigdala for vivid)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

amygdala and memory

A
  • involved with memory of affective events
  • with damage people remember affective + neutral events equally (usually not like this)
  • modulates memorizing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

memory processing steps

A
  1. encoding
  2. storage
  3. retrieval
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

amygdala connection to limbic system

A
  1. hypothalamus = controls ANS + endocrine
  2. hippocampus = activated by amygdala, stores memory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

affective word priority

A

affective words remembered more easily than neutral, using diff mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Polyanna effect

A

we recall positive autobiographical events better than neutral or neg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

brain structures in processing positive events

A
  1. amygdala
  2. prefrontal cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

brain structures in processing negative events

A
  1. parietal lobe
    : detailed sensory aspects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

attention definition

A

process where we have to select info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

do people remember more or less in crime situations?

A
  • remember certain details
  • narrowed field of vision + concentration of characteristic stimuli (gun)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

do affective stimuli attract attention?

A

1- yes more than neutral
- if lots of affective stimuli the search takes longer
2. emotional faces seem to appear earlier than neutral faces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

attentional blink defintion

A

inability to perceive stimulus that follows 200ms - 500ms after first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

affective attentional blink definition

A

affective stimuli decreases blink time needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Ekman’s universality of emotions

A
  1. emotions are universal
  2. face shows what people feel and what they like
  3. we learn to read emotions from faces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Barrett’s constructivism of emotions definition

A

emotions are constructed
1. simulation see
2. hypothesis made
3. if discrepancy we predict again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

critiques of universality of emotions

A
  1. infants don’t show emotions as adults do -> emotions = social reality
  2. emotions learned
  3. some emotions hard to guess when context not given
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

how do we construct emotions

A
  1. not innate but constructed in brain
  2. meaning from book knowledge or past experience
  3. from body not stimulus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

emotions not stable but experience dependent, not in stimulus

A

when we see can we can have diff reactions depending on past experience of cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

categories definition

A

group of objects grouped as equivalent, in reality

can shift depending on goal (fish = gold fish but also fish fingers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

concept definition

A

mental rep of category, based on prototype (most common example)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

emotional granularity definition

A

the more emotions we know the more emotions we feel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

compassion definition

A

response to suffering of another person, motivates helping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

empathy

A

ability to understand + experience others emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

dev perspective affective empathy

A
  • infants already express enjoyment, sadness, anger innately
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

affective empathy definition

A

feel what other person feels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

dev perspective affective empathy

A
  • earlier than cog emp + stable
  • infants copy adult emotions
  • infants higher distress when hearing other baby cries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

dev perspective cog empathy

A
  • appears around 1 year then develops
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

cog perspective affective empathy

A
  • fast
  • automatic, outside of consciousness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

cog perspective cog empathy

A
  • if limited cog resources it functions bad
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

mirror neurons

A
  • if observing other people in motor, physical + affective states activates own neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

brain structures for affective
- what effects

A

structures: premotor cortex, accessory motor area, somatosensory cortex, parietal cortex

effects: pain, reward, disgust, somatosensation, motor action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

brain structures for cog empathy

  • what effects=
A

structures: medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, (high order cog function)

effects: social + moral behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

autism and lack of cog empathy

A
  • autists struggle with accepting other person’s perspective
  • smaller no. mirror neurons

however affective empathy is there
- autists can learn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

embodied cognition definition

A

what we physically feel + what we think is connected
-> warm room more war words (love etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Paul Bloom against empathy

A
  1. willing to do immoral things for empathy
  2. biased
  3. spotlight = can only be directed to one person not whole mass of people
  4. empathy dangerous (good resocialisation programme stopped because of one incident even though it helped thousands)
  5. not rational
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

gratitutde definition

A

positive emotion in response to gift from another person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

gratitude and helping

A
  • more gratitude = more helping behavior because reciprocity

ALSO more helping but more receiving too

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

gratitude in relations

A
  1. helps strengthen relations
  2. creates more mutual appreciation
  3. higher relationship satisfaction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

gratitude project findings

A

gratitude improves mental health

  • gratitude distracts from toxic feelings
  • absence of negative emotions rather than abundance of positive is reason
  • takes 4 weeks to work
  • people more willing to donate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

when does compassion increase - experiments

A

similarities between individual and other person highlighted

  1. motor-sensor synchronisation -> similarity
  2. priming from name of secure attached person -> cognitive openness + empathy increased
  3. meditation -> peace of mind when division appears
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

do we feel more compassionate to individ or masses?

A

individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

psychophysical function of compassion (Weber’s Law)

A

value of saving increases in a logarithm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

people think in proportions how?

A

proportions of people saved (98% of 150) carries more weight than actual numbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

identification of what decreases compassion

A
  • numbers turn us more callous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

what makes us more compassionate

A
  • images because they make us feel emotions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

gender identity definition

A

determined by anatomy, genetics, assigned at birth and shaped by upbringing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

gender roles defintion

A

behaviours, professions, emotions culturally assigned to a gender

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

differences in life experiences men vs women
(rape + violence)

A

women more likely to get raped than men (9% vs 1%)

men more likely to experience violence through fights

women more likely to experience violence -> rape, harassment, physical violence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

gender identity activation study

A

female students when focusing on their female identity used more emotional words

if student identity invoked less emotional words used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

are women more emotional than men?
movie study

A

women expressed more emotions but no difference between emotions experienced

display rules for men and women differ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

stereotypes in perceiving emotions in men and women

A
  • we think woman is angrier despite both man and woman having same facial expression because of stereotypes
  • women less angry -> if angry face it must be serious
  • we think man is happier because men display less happy emotions -> if happy face it must be very good occasion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

women CEO findings

A

female CEOs express less emotions than male counterparts because afraid emotional expressions will be seen as weakness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

why men follow stereotypes

A
  1. threat of exclusion
  2. perceived as less masculine if they are depressed
  3. rated worse by peers if can’t control expression of sadness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

emotional contagion definition + diff in men + women

A

emotions of others affect us
mimicry of others emotions in women higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

emotional experience self report findings for women

A
  1. more likely to mention love, empathy, sadness, guilt, shame, fear
  2. more positive emotions at work than home (vice versa for guys)
  3. women less likely than men to mention positive emotions
  4. women recall interpersonal events more
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

emotional regulation in women

A
  • regulate to not hurt others
  • more regulation strategies
  • more internal strategies
  • self blame
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

emotional regulation in men

A
  • regulate to control interpersonal relationships
  • external regulation strategies -> blaming others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

where does diff in emotional reg come from?

A
  1. girls earlier dev self regulation
  2. baby girls stay closer to their mothers -> need for socialistion
  3. are talked to more maturely by parents about emotions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

why do women smile more than men?

A
  1. woman smiles
  2. receives positive feedback
  3. motivated to smile more
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

do homosexuals smile more?

A
  • expression of emotion less regulated by gender stereotypes so yes
    bias makes us think homosexuals smile more
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

happiness and age correlations

A
  • despite needing more care, 60+ year olds report higher temporary happiness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

age and anger correlations

A
  1. increases during early adulthood then decreases
  2. old people deal with anger less actively
  3. old people notice less anger reactions in actors than youth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

age and sadness correlations

A
  1. studies inconclusive whether increase of sadness in old age
  2. sadness caused by grief -> older people lose more friends + family
  3. old people respond to lab sadness same as adults
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

age and positive effect correlations

A

the older we are the more positive moments we remember

102
Q

why do old people remember more positive stimuli?

A

higher activation of prefrontal cortex -> cognitive control

103
Q

selective optimisation + compensation

A

ealise own limitations, old people carefully select goals which they think they can accomplish

104
Q

old people usually use this emotional regulation?

A

less active suppression

105
Q

can old people recognise emotions better or worse than adults?

A

worse!
don’t look at eyes rather mouth (bad vision?)

  1. can’t recognise ; anger, fear
  2. can somewhat recognise: joy + surprise
106
Q

depression and age correlations

A

no increase in depression!

  • somatic symptoms rather than emotional
  • more to do with external factors: lack of money, no job, no role
107
Q

anxiety and age correlations

A
  • anxiety much higher than depression

mostly about health (falling down stairs, disease)

108
Q

death anxiety and age

A
  • death feared most in middle age (once people start dying) but decreases w 70
109
Q

alexithymia

A

emotional illiteracy, not being able to tell physiological reactions from emotional

110
Q

dimensions of alexithymia

A
  1. inability to name feelings
  2. inability to distinguish physiological arousal w emotion
  3. focus on external stimuli (operational thinking) -> what date is wearing instead of what they’re saying
  4. poverty of imagination
  5. not being able to see perspective of others
111
Q

TAS 20 definition

A

measurement of alexithymia (from TAS 26)
1. difficulty ID feelings
2. difficulty communicating feelings
3. operational thinking

112
Q

prevalence of alexithymia

A
  • on spectrum
  • prevalence 10 - 19%
  • subclinical disorder
113
Q

origins of alexithymia

A
  1. genetic basis
  2. trauma
  3. brain damage
  4. abnormal brain dev
  5. culture + upbringing
114
Q

primary alexithymia definition

A

dispositional
born with it

115
Q

secondary alexithymia definition

A

situational, from trauma or brain damage or culture

116
Q

neurophysiological origin of alexithymia

A
  • damaged connection of corpus callosum
  • damaged neural pathways from amygdala to rational centre (prefrontal cortex)
117
Q

developmental origin of alexithymia

A
  • trauma in childhood can cause it
    -> corpus callosum + prefrontal cortex don’t develop as much

kids most likely to have alexithymia are unwanted kids in big families in the countryside

118
Q

alexithymia and processing affective info

A
  1. poor affective schemas
  2. when emotionally primed -> poor emo lexical task because trying to suppress emotions
  3. trouble remembering affective words
119
Q

clinical disorders most linked to alexithymia

A
  1. depression
  2. general anxiety disorders (PTSD etc)
  3. alcoholism
120
Q

do people with alexitymia have low EQ?

A

no
- EQ apart from recog feelings is social skills

121
Q

alexithymia similarities to psychopathy

A
  • lack of empathy
  • introvert
  • lack of insight
122
Q

alexithymia differences to psychpathy

A
  1. conformists
  2. submissive
  3. ethically coherent + follow rules
123
Q

normative male alexithymia

A

men are expected not to be in touch with their emotions

males score low on TS 20 when it comes to communicating feelings

124
Q

is alexithymia related to autism?

A

85% correspondence of both scales (mild autism similar to alexithymia)

BUT autism about repetitive behaviour + less developed theory of mind

alexithymia about malfunction of introspection

125
Q

factors influencing motivation

A
  1. environment
  2. temperament
  3. people around you
  4. past experiences
126
Q

homeostatic motivation definition + example

A

strive for equilibrium, reaction to negative feedback

sex + hunger

127
Q

what brain part regulates satiety and hunger

A

hypothalamus

128
Q

cholecystokinin CCK role

A

inhibits feeling of hunger, short term signal,

129
Q

what produces CCK

A

duodenum

130
Q

insulin role

A

inhibitor, supports transport of glucose to cells

131
Q

where is insulin produced

A

pancreas

132
Q

leptin role

A

inhibitor, long term signal

133
Q

where is leptin produced

A

white fat cells

134
Q

ghrelin role

A

activator, stimulates hunger

135
Q

where is ghrelin produced

A

produced in stomach then penetrated blood vessels

136
Q

where does hypothalamus send info

A

reward system -> dopamine

137
Q

fructose
where from
what does it do

A

from fruit
activates nucleus accumbens -> reward system more intensely than glucose

138
Q

what are 2 innate tastes mammals are passionate about

A

sweet
fat

139
Q

plate size effect on eating

A

smaller plates lead to smaller portions being taken leads to less eaten

more effective when people not aware of plate size effect

140
Q

obese people and external stimuli

A

obese people ate depending on external stimuli (12 o clock time for lunch) than non obese people (my stomach is growling I’ll eat now)

141
Q

intrinsic motivation definition

A

maintain action for sake of itself

142
Q

extrinsic motivation definition

A

maintain action due to external factors (eg punishments + rewards)

143
Q

Thomas Aquinas on instinct

A

humans behaviour motivated by soul + rational thought

animals motivated by instinct

144
Q

Descartes on instinct

A

humans and animals share some instincts but humans can control then

145
Q

Freud on instincts

A

unconscious instincst (drives) are driving force behind human actions
- libido -> drive for life
- eros -> sex drive

if they get suppressed later neuroses will be the result

146
Q

instinct theory (Freud) criticisms

A
  1. don’t explain many complex behaviours
  2. very unscientific
  3. many limitations -> behaviourism created
147
Q

Carl Warden’s Experiment

A

the hungrier the animal the more often + faster it will cross electric grid

  • the greater the drive the greater the activity to satisfy urge
148
Q

behaviorists on instinct

A
  • instinct is secondary to learning
  • behaviour shaped by environment
149
Q

BF Skinner on drives+ behaviours

A

behaviour depends entirely on reinforcement system
- behaviours can be carried out even if drive is low

150
Q

limitations of learning theories (behaviourism)

A

1- can’t explain all actions (desire of knowledge)
2. human behaviour can be independent of environmental reinforcements -> actions they’ve never gotten a reward for
3. behaviour also determined by mental states

151
Q

Atkinson expectation value theory

A

whether someone does behaviour depends on likelihood of success + value of said success

value higher if success less likely

152
Q

heterostatic motivation definition

A

motivation to grow and experience new things, hedonism

153
Q

addiction definition
- hetero or homeo motivated?

A

compulsive, short term pleasure for longterm negative consequences

heterostatic motivated

154
Q

characteristics of addiction

A
  1. craving
  2. tolerance
  3. withdrawal
155
Q

reasons for addiction

A
  1. people want to escape negative emotions (more likely than taking for positive emotions)
  2. genetics -> addiction hereditary (psycho sub + gambling)
  3. environment
  4. personality traits
156
Q

environmental factors for addiciton

A
  1. peer + family influence
  2. culture
  3. socio-economic background
  4. social alienation
157
Q

personality factors for addiciton

A
  1. dominant mood being negative
  2. activity + impulsivity: hyperactive + impulsive people more likely to take drugs
  3. sensation seekers
158
Q

Incentive sensitization theory

A

with first substance use, liking decreases whilst wanting increases

production of dopamine in reward centre due to substance related cues

159
Q

difference between liking + wanting

A

liking -> hedonic aspect (pleasure)

want -> activation of reward system through dopamine

160
Q

sensitisation definition

A

increased sensitivity to stimuli related to reward

161
Q

positive example of addiciton -> exercise

A

exercise provides state of euphoria (endorphins) + detachment from reality

tolerance builds up but withdrawal naturally happens due to injuries

162
Q

male + female hormone for arousal

A

testosterone
estrogen

163
Q

neurophysiological steps behind arousal

A
  1. sexual behaviour stimulates the reward system in subcortical structures
  2. touching activates hypothalamus -> activates pituitary gland -> releases oxytocin
164
Q

“Human Sexual Responses” findings

A
  1. women can have multiple orgasms
  2. weak relationship between phys arousal + desire in women (unlike men)
  3. women need intimacy to pursue sexual drives
  4. 25% women orgasm frequently, 10% never do
165
Q

does female orgasm have evolutionary benefits?
Llozd
Put
Alock

A

Lloyd: no ev ben but byproduct of embryo dev before gender defined
Put: fertility link to orgasm?
Alock: ev ben, if orgasm you can tell if man is good and has good genetics -> good future father

166
Q

orgasm and sexual orientation?

A
  • gay women orgasm more frequently than straight or bi women
  • gay + straight males orgasm around same frequency (v high), bi men less so
167
Q

social functions of sexual behaviour

A
  1. provides gender identity
  2. positive self-esteem
  3. aggression + dominance (cheating to hurt a partner)
  4. instrumental for acquiring material goods
168
Q

“Why Humans Have Sex” Meston + Buss findings on why people have sex

A
  1. physical reasons -> pleasure + relieving tension
  2. emotional -> love, engagement
  3. goal achieving ->social status + revenge
  4. insecurity -> duty, increasing self-esteem
169
Q

gender differences in “Why Humans Have Sex”

A

men use sex for physical reasons, opportunity and increasing social status

women use sex for: feeling feminine, expressing love, falling in love

170
Q

incentive definition

A

external stimuli that motivates behaviour based on anticipation

171
Q

difference between incentive + reward/punishment

A

rewards have already been doled out
eg having gotten a good grade from studying

positive incentive is expected event of behaviour
eg, studying 3 hrs a day will probably get me a good grade

172
Q

incentive value definition

A

objective value expressed in form of goods (currency)

173
Q

subjective value of incentive definition

A

individuals estimation of how much incentive is worth

174
Q

utility definiton (with incentives)

A

pleasure, satisfaction, joy

175
Q

Fechner’s law with utility and incentives

A

objective incentive value + utility gotten out of it increases in logarithmic function

176
Q

negative positive asymmetry

what does it effect

A

“evil is stronger than good”,
negative incentives felt more intensely than positive

first impressions, mood, interpersonal relationships

177
Q

endowment effect

A

loss aversion makes sellers evaluate objects as more pricey

178
Q

factors affecting incentives

A
  1. quantity
  2. internal states of subject
  3. contrast effect
  4. temporal motivation
179
Q

atkinson expecation value theory

A

whether someone participates in behavior depends on expectation of success + value of success

180
Q

contrast effect definition

A

subjective value of incentive changes when compared to other incentives

positive motivates
negative does not motivated

181
Q

hedonistic contrast effect explained

A

attractive faces appear more attractive when subjects have previously seen less attractive face

182
Q

preference reversal

A

when objectively more attractive incentive becomes less sought because of delay

we choose instant gratification

183
Q

Gneezy + Rusticchini “all or nothing” experiment findings

A
  • pay enough or nothing at all
    mid incentives don’t motivate people and removes intrinsic motivator
184
Q

how subjective value can change depending on internal state (hunger)

A

hungry people evaluate subjective value of food higher than satiated people + are willing to pay more

185
Q

self-perception theory

needs

A

people believe they like an activity based on how much effort they have put into it

needs unclear attitudes + non aversive effort

186
Q

ikea effect

A

people value products they have constructed themselves (put effort into) rather than products already made for them

187
Q

cognitive dissonance (Festinger) and effort

A

people prefer activities they have put effort into to protect their ego

188
Q

martyrdom effect

A

desire to donate to prosocial cause increases when fundraising process is difficult

charity marathon runners donate more

189
Q

sunk cost effect

A

people keep investing effort into an activity even if it isn’t the best course of action because

  1. image consistency
  2. loss aversion
  3. anticipated regret
  4. focus on costs already put into it
190
Q

individual differences that make people more prone to effort

A
  1. need for cognition -> particpate in cog diff tasks bc need to know
  2. flow -> completely absorbing in task leads to positive emotions
191
Q

affective consequences of effort in vain

A
  1. disappointment
  2. regret
  3. helplessness + feelings of lack of control
192
Q

mechanism behind learned helplessnes

A

lack of causal relationship behind own actions + reinforcement

193
Q

curiosity + Pandoras box

A

curiosity leads us to act against our own interests

people feel worse when opening box is uncertain + negative consequences than when result is sure + neutral OR sure + negative

194
Q

principle of diminishing in external rewards

A

pleasure gained from reward diminishes with each reward

think 1st bite chocolate bar vs last

195
Q

why external rewards decrease motivation

A

controlling in nature -> people want autonomy + principle of diminishing

196
Q

endogenous rewards

A

rewards inscribed in tasks
- sense of achievement

197
Q

exogenous reward

A

rewards based on external factor
- money for good academic result

198
Q

goal definiton

A

cognitive structure regarding expected outcome

199
Q

dreams vs goals

A

dreams is every desire we have, goals are the dreams we decide we want to actively pursue based on

a. feasibility of performance
b. attractiveness

200
Q

self symbolising goal definiton

A

what do I want to become?

201
Q

aspire to goals defintion

A

goals that will never be 100% attainable

mechanism: self completeness + self incompleteness

202
Q

what happens when we feel self completeness

A

goal deactivated
less effort put into self-symbolising behaviours

203
Q

what happens when self incompleteness

A

goal activated
more effort put into
self symbolic behaviors

+ self compensatory behaviours

204
Q

dimensions of goals

A
  1. importance
  2. difficulty
  3. specific
  4. temporal
    5.level of awareness
  5. complexity
205
Q

4 steps of rubicon model

A
  1. predicisional -> feasible + attractive
    !point of no return!
  2. preactional
  3. actional
  4. postactional -> evaluation
206
Q

when is visceral activity the strongest

A

during negative emotions (peripheral theory Lange, James)

207
Q

theory of somatic markers Damisio

A

somatic experiences influence decision making by being aroused by emotional stimulus

So NOT cogito ergo sum!

208
Q

what are the two peripheral theory of emotion

A
  1. peripheral theory of emotions
  2. expressive feedback hypothesis
209
Q

6 universal emotions (Ekman)

A
  1. anger
    2 fear
  2. enjoyment
  3. disgust
  4. sadness
  5. surprise
210
Q

hardest emotions to tell apart

A

fear + surprise

211
Q

Izard basic emotions

A

recognising emotions needs unambiguity

  1. anger
  2. fear
  3. enjoyment
  4. disgust
  5. sadness
  6. surprise
  7. shame/guilt
  8. interest
  9. contempt
212
Q

Plutchnik basic emotions

A

basic emotions = emotions displayed by less evolved species

  1. anger
  2. fear
  3. enjoyment
  4. disgust
  5. sadness
  6. anticipation + surprise
213
Q

emotion expression functions

A
  • communication! (univeral)
    to signal plan of action for avoidance (fear) or approach (anger, joy)
214
Q

anger superiority effect

A

less time needed to recognise angry face than happy face

215
Q

emotions differ in different cultures

A
  1. gestures / emblems culturally specific
  2. some words only exist in one language
216
Q

cognitive appraisal theory (Lazarus)

A

cognition necessary for emotions to occur
- primary appraisal = eval of stimuli
- secondary appraisal = eval of own abilities

217
Q

critique of cog appraisal theory

A
  1. cog appraisal doesn’t generate emotions -> we might interpret whilst feeling emotions
  2. individuals already have hidden theories about event
  3. doesn’t make sense with evolutionary theory -> takes time to appraise
  4. timely and emotions are immediate
  5. animals display some emotions but can’t make cog appraisals
  6. direct retina hypothalamus connection (w/o cortex) so no cog needed
218
Q

primacy of emotions Zajonc

A

emotions first before cognition
people liked Chinese words more when primed with happy faces

219
Q

affect and cognition tightly linked
experiments

fear, sadness, disgust

A
  1. less harsh jury when primed to feel afraid or inexperienced
  2. fear going down something -> bigger estimation of height
  3. sadness -> bigger estimation of big hill
  4. smelling something disgusting -> evaluating morally ambiguous things as evil
220
Q

positive mood and cog eval

A
  • we’re less harsh
    *don’t mind waiting in line
  • eval clothes on us as better
  • better ratings of things bought
221
Q

positive mood and risk taking correlation

A
  • avoid risks when concerned about real loss
  • take risks when hypothetical loss (games)
222
Q

positive mood and helping

A

more likely to help when in positive mood

223
Q

positive mood and info process correlation

A
  • positive mood process in superficial way
  • negative mood process in systematic way
224
Q

postive affect lads to

A

1- thinking globally
2. schematic thinking
3. stereotyping
4. creativity
5. broaden attention
6. reinforces held beliefs

225
Q

first social smile age

A

2 months before that infants have genuine smiles

226
Q

embarassment different in babies+ adults

A

babies -> compliments bc don’t know modesty

adults -> fear of evaluations (social norms + rules)

227
Q

important emotions for Japanese vs Americans

A

J: friendship, guilt

A; anger, pride

228
Q

compensatory belief

A

when incomplete people might have compensatory beliefs instead of compensatory behaviours to try to stop regret

229
Q

affective mechanism of compensatory process

A

feeling regret after doing something that goes against our self-symbolising goals, we could have done better

230
Q

expectations definiton

A

belief of likelihood of certain events occuring in the future

231
Q

fantasies definition

A

future events arising in mind (free thoughts)

232
Q

self-efficacy expectation

A

whether it’s possible to perform certain behaviour in context

233
Q

outcome expectation

A

whether performing behaviour will have certain outcome

234
Q

general expectation

A

whether specific event will occur

235
Q

generalised expetation

A

whether future will be positive or negative

236
Q

zauberdenken

A

fantasies that go against natural rights or social norms

237
Q

free thoughts + fantasies

A

daydreams, even if possible in reality they are detached from reality

238
Q

how expectations + fantasies impact goal reached

A

positive expecations -> increase chances
negative fantasies -> increase chances

negative expectations > decrease chances
positive fantasies -> decrase chances

239
Q

why do positive fantasies have bad effects

A
  1. people don’t take precautions and don’t think about obstacles in the way
  2. not limited by cog mechanisms -> factual info not judged
  3. low feasibility not taken into account

.4 if mentally achieve results less motivation to actually achieve

240
Q

benefits of positive fantasises

A
  • help peoplepractice patience
  • help endure meaningless situations
241
Q

mental contrasting definition

A

people imagine reality + future then visualising obstacles

realise dreams aren’t fulfilled yet and they need to grind

242
Q

mental contrasting benefits

A
  1. improves academic performance
    2.improves health
  2. increases willingness to help
    4.
243
Q

mental simulations

A

mental rehearsals for the future
process simulation + outcome simulation

244
Q

is process simulation or outcome simulation ore effective (mental simulations)

A

process simulations

245
Q

self regulation definition

A

resolving conflict between two competing goals

246
Q

self control

A

impulse control

247
Q

cog control

A

attention memory etc

248
Q

goal system theory

A

goals are interdependent structures in a system ranked in specificity, can conflict with other goals

249
Q

means (goal system theory)

A

super specific goals

250
Q

two system theory

A

hot + cold system work together

hot = impulsive, not reflective, automatic processing

cold = rational, reflective, slowly processed

251
Q
A

1st Year 2nd Semester (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions