Emotions and Motivations Flashcards
5 examples of social sciences related with emotions
- cognitive dissonance
- persuasion
- romantic relationships
- conformity
- social comparisons
cognitive dissonance emotions
fear + anxiety to do with self-esteem
persuasive communication emotions
fear, compassion etc
romantic relationship emotions
love + envy
conformity emotions
shame, embarrassment, fear of rejection
social comparisons emotions
pride, envy, disappointment
emotions definition
short, intense, object-directed, activated plan of action, content + valence
mood definition
longer, less intense, not object directed, no concrete activation, has ONLY valence
valence definition
negative or positive mood
affective disorders definition
more complex mood disorders that last the longest
examples of affective disorders
- depression
- mania = extremely positive
- phobias = irrational fear
- panic = unrealistic momentary fear
3 ways we can acquire phobia
- psychoanalytic = past trauma or obsession
- classical conditioning/ behaviourist = object associated with danger
- evolutionary = fear of object promotes survival
therapy for phobias
- desensitisation modeling
sadness definition
caused by events of loss, longest lasting emotion
2 subtypes of sadness
- agony = rebellion of what has happened
- sadness = passive, helpless, breakdown
depression definition
affective disorder of disorder with specific symptoms
sadness diff from depression
- sadness comes in waves intermixed with positive emotions of thing that has passed
- self-esteem in tact
- thoughts of death ONLY when wishing to join passed loved one
peripheral theory emotion
- scientists
- definition
William James, Carl Lange
physiological responses (autonomic nervous system) creates emotions
confirmation of peripheral theory of emotion
- neurological damage patients can’t experience physiological response as easily and don’t experience emotions as intensely
- people with impaired ANS experience emotions stronger
against peripheral theory of emotions
- many physiological responses are correlated
- ANS response take time and some emotions are immediate
- studies that show peripheral are those were people are taught emotions
Constructivism theory of emotion
- scientists
- definition
Russell, Feldman-Barrett
emotions constructed from psycho, social, neuro level
expressive feedback hypothesis
- scientist
- definiton
Laird
our expressive changes are basis of our subjective feelings
“pen in mouth whilst watching comedy”
facial feedback hypothesis
- scientists
- definition
Strack, Martin, Stepper
“pen in mouth group found comedy cartoons funnier” because face muscles lead to interpretation
criticism of facial feedback hypothesis
replications didn’t lead to same significant result as first study
Central theory of Emotions
- scientists
- definition
Cannon-Bard
emotional respones originate in thalamus triggered by subcortical centers
subcortical centres seat of emotions
ANS + emotions get triggered by thalamus simultaneously
central theory of emotions critiques
- thalamus is relay station for body to brain (not smell though)
- no neurons specific for emotions in thalamus
brain imaging used to see emotions
- PET
- fMRI
- EEG
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
- damage to amygdala
- lack of fear
- high sex drive
- ## wolf hunger
amygdala damage
- lack of fear
- ability for other emotions + intelligence
amygdala other activation
- seeing face with emotions facing straight ahead
- new pictures showing
gender variability in humans
- women; lateral sulcus area more activated
- man: visual cortex
Two-factor theory of emotion
- scientists
- definition
1- Schachter + Singer
2. stimulus -> physiological arousal -> interpretation -> emotions
attribution of physiological rxn necessary for resulting emotions
two- factor theory of emotion critique
- results not replicable
- focus on ANS but emotions also take part in CNS
what inspired two-factor theory?
- appraisal theories - Lazarus
- attrubtion theory
- constructivist theory (Barrett)
Misattribution of Arousal
- more men that went down from scary bridge thought that arousal/adrenaline was due to attraction
- hungry judges give harsher sentences
- running to get to first date will make you feel more nervous than you should be
when are memories most accurate
- related to personal goals
- events consistent w goals and our own attitudes
certainty + accuracy weak link
difference between vivid and accurate memories
- affective words remembered better in vivid
- different brain parts used for remembering (amigdala for vivid)
amygdala and memory
- involved with memory of affective events
- with damage people remember affective + neutral events equally (usually not like this)
- modulates memorizing
memory processing steps
- encoding
- storage
- retrieval
amygdala connection to limbic system
- hypothalamus = controls ANS + endocrine
- hippocampus = activated by amygdala, stores memory
affective word priority
affective words remembered more easily than neutral, using diff mechanism
Polyanna effect
we recall positive autobiographical events better than neutral or neg
brain structures in processing positive events
- amygdala
- prefrontal cortex
brain structures in processing negative events
- parietal lobe
: detailed sensory aspects
attention definition
process where we have to select info
do people remember more or less in crime situations?
- remember certain details
- narrowed field of vision + concentration of characteristic stimuli (gun)
do affective stimuli attract attention?
1- yes more than neutral
- if lots of affective stimuli the search takes longer
2. emotional faces seem to appear earlier than neutral faces
attentional blink defintion
inability to perceive stimulus that follows 200ms - 500ms after first
affective attentional blink definition
affective stimuli decreases blink time needed
Ekman’s universality of emotions
- emotions are universal
- face shows what people feel and what they like
- we learn to read emotions from faces
Barrett’s constructivism of emotions definition
emotions are constructed
1. simulation see
2. hypothesis made
3. if discrepancy we predict again
critiques of universality of emotions
- infants don’t show emotions as adults do -> emotions = social reality
- emotions learned
- some emotions hard to guess when context not given
how do we construct emotions
- not innate but constructed in brain
- meaning from book knowledge or past experience
- from body not stimulus
emotions not stable but experience dependent, not in stimulus
when we see can we can have diff reactions depending on past experience of cats
categories definition
group of objects grouped as equivalent, in reality
can shift depending on goal (fish = gold fish but also fish fingers)
concept definition
mental rep of category, based on prototype (most common example)
emotional granularity definition
the more emotions we know the more emotions we feel
compassion definition
response to suffering of another person, motivates helping
empathy
ability to understand + experience others emotions
dev perspective affective empathy
- infants already express enjoyment, sadness, anger innately
affective empathy definition
feel what other person feels
dev perspective affective empathy
- earlier than cog emp + stable
- infants copy adult emotions
- infants higher distress when hearing other baby cries
dev perspective cog empathy
- appears around 1 year then develops
cog perspective affective empathy
- fast
- automatic, outside of consciousness
cog perspective cog empathy
- if limited cog resources it functions bad
mirror neurons
- if observing other people in motor, physical + affective states activates own neurons
brain structures for affective
- what effects
structures: premotor cortex, accessory motor area, somatosensory cortex, parietal cortex
effects: pain, reward, disgust, somatosensation, motor action
brain structures for cog empathy
- what effects=
structures: medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, (high order cog function)
effects: social + moral behaviour
autism and lack of cog empathy
- autists struggle with accepting other person’s perspective
- smaller no. mirror neurons
however affective empathy is there
- autists can learn
embodied cognition definition
what we physically feel + what we think is connected
-> warm room more war words (love etc)
Paul Bloom against empathy
- willing to do immoral things for empathy
- biased
- spotlight = can only be directed to one person not whole mass of people
- empathy dangerous (good resocialisation programme stopped because of one incident even though it helped thousands)
- not rational
gratitutde definition
positive emotion in response to gift from another person
gratitude and helping
- more gratitude = more helping behavior because reciprocity
ALSO more helping but more receiving too
gratitude in relations
- helps strengthen relations
- creates more mutual appreciation
- higher relationship satisfaction
gratitude project findings
gratitude improves mental health
- gratitude distracts from toxic feelings
- absence of negative emotions rather than abundance of positive is reason
- takes 4 weeks to work
- people more willing to donate
when does compassion increase - experiments
similarities between individual and other person highlighted
- motor-sensor synchronisation -> similarity
- priming from name of secure attached person -> cognitive openness + empathy increased
- meditation -> peace of mind when division appears
do we feel more compassionate to individ or masses?
individuals
psychophysical function of compassion (Weber’s Law)
value of saving increases in a logarithm
people think in proportions how?
proportions of people saved (98% of 150) carries more weight than actual numbers
identification of what decreases compassion
- numbers turn us more callous
what makes us more compassionate
- images because they make us feel emotions
gender identity definition
determined by anatomy, genetics, assigned at birth and shaped by upbringing
gender roles defintion
behaviours, professions, emotions culturally assigned to a gender
differences in life experiences men vs women
(rape + violence)
women more likely to get raped than men (9% vs 1%)
men more likely to experience violence through fights
women more likely to experience violence -> rape, harassment, physical violence
gender identity activation study
female students when focusing on their female identity used more emotional words
if student identity invoked less emotional words used
are women more emotional than men?
movie study
women expressed more emotions but no difference between emotions experienced
display rules for men and women differ
stereotypes in perceiving emotions in men and women
- we think woman is angrier despite both man and woman having same facial expression because of stereotypes
- women less angry -> if angry face it must be serious
- we think man is happier because men display less happy emotions -> if happy face it must be very good occasion
women CEO findings
female CEOs express less emotions than male counterparts because afraid emotional expressions will be seen as weakness
why men follow stereotypes
- threat of exclusion
- perceived as less masculine if they are depressed
- rated worse by peers if can’t control expression of sadness
emotional contagion definition + diff in men + women
emotions of others affect us
mimicry of others emotions in women higher
emotional experience self report findings for women
- more likely to mention love, empathy, sadness, guilt, shame, fear
- more positive emotions at work than home (vice versa for guys)
- women less likely than men to mention positive emotions
- women recall interpersonal events more
emotional regulation in women
- regulate to not hurt others
- more regulation strategies
- more internal strategies
- self blame
emotional regulation in men
- regulate to control interpersonal relationships
- external regulation strategies -> blaming others
where does diff in emotional reg come from?
- girls earlier dev self regulation
- baby girls stay closer to their mothers -> need for socialistion
- are talked to more maturely by parents about emotions
why do women smile more than men?
- woman smiles
- receives positive feedback
- motivated to smile more
do homosexuals smile more?
- expression of emotion less regulated by gender stereotypes so yes
bias makes us think homosexuals smile more
happiness and age correlations
- despite needing more care, 60+ year olds report higher temporary happiness
age and anger correlations
- increases during early adulthood then decreases
- old people deal with anger less actively
- old people notice less anger reactions in actors than youth
age and sadness correlations
- studies inconclusive whether increase of sadness in old age
- sadness caused by grief -> older people lose more friends + family
- old people respond to lab sadness same as adults
age and positive effect correlations
the older we are the more positive moments we remember
why do old people remember more positive stimuli?
higher activation of prefrontal cortex -> cognitive control
selective optimisation + compensation
ealise own limitations, old people carefully select goals which they think they can accomplish
old people usually use this emotional regulation?
less active suppression
can old people recognise emotions better or worse than adults?
worse!
don’t look at eyes rather mouth (bad vision?)
- can’t recognise ; anger, fear
- can somewhat recognise: joy + surprise
depression and age correlations
no increase in depression!
- somatic symptoms rather than emotional
- more to do with external factors: lack of money, no job, no role
anxiety and age correlations
- anxiety much higher than depression
mostly about health (falling down stairs, disease)
death anxiety and age
- death feared most in middle age (once people start dying) but decreases w 70
alexithymia
emotional illiteracy, not being able to tell physiological reactions from emotional
dimensions of alexithymia
- inability to name feelings
- inability to distinguish physiological arousal w emotion
- focus on external stimuli (operational thinking) -> what date is wearing instead of what they’re saying
- poverty of imagination
- not being able to see perspective of others
TAS 20 definition
measurement of alexithymia (from TAS 26)
1. difficulty ID feelings
2. difficulty communicating feelings
3. operational thinking
prevalence of alexithymia
- on spectrum
- prevalence 10 - 19%
- subclinical disorder
origins of alexithymia
- genetic basis
- trauma
- brain damage
- abnormal brain dev
- culture + upbringing
primary alexithymia definition
dispositional
born with it
secondary alexithymia definition
situational, from trauma or brain damage or culture
neurophysiological origin of alexithymia
- damaged connection of corpus callosum
- damaged neural pathways from amygdala to rational centre (prefrontal cortex)
developmental origin of alexithymia
- trauma in childhood can cause it
-> corpus callosum + prefrontal cortex don’t develop as much
kids most likely to have alexithymia are unwanted kids in big families in the countryside
alexithymia and processing affective info
- poor affective schemas
- when emotionally primed -> poor emo lexical task because trying to suppress emotions
- trouble remembering affective words
clinical disorders most linked to alexithymia
- depression
- general anxiety disorders (PTSD etc)
- alcoholism
do people with alexitymia have low EQ?
no
- EQ apart from recog feelings is social skills
alexithymia similarities to psychopathy
- lack of empathy
- introvert
- lack of insight
alexithymia differences to psychpathy
- conformists
- submissive
- ethically coherent + follow rules
normative male alexithymia
men are expected not to be in touch with their emotions
males score low on TS 20 when it comes to communicating feelings
is alexithymia related to autism?
85% correspondence of both scales (mild autism similar to alexithymia)
BUT autism about repetitive behaviour + less developed theory of mind
alexithymia about malfunction of introspection
factors influencing motivation
- environment
- temperament
- people around you
- past experiences
homeostatic motivation definition + example
strive for equilibrium, reaction to negative feedback
sex + hunger
what brain part regulates satiety and hunger
hypothalamus
cholecystokinin CCK role
inhibits feeling of hunger, short term signal,
what produces CCK
duodenum
insulin role
inhibitor, supports transport of glucose to cells
where is insulin produced
pancreas
leptin role
inhibitor, long term signal
where is leptin produced
white fat cells
ghrelin role
activator, stimulates hunger
where is ghrelin produced
produced in stomach then penetrated blood vessels
where does hypothalamus send info
reward system -> dopamine
fructose
where from
what does it do
from fruit
activates nucleus accumbens -> reward system more intensely than glucose
what are 2 innate tastes mammals are passionate about
sweet
fat
plate size effect on eating
smaller plates lead to smaller portions being taken leads to less eaten
more effective when people not aware of plate size effect
obese people and external stimuli
obese people ate depending on external stimuli (12 o clock time for lunch) than non obese people (my stomach is growling I’ll eat now)
intrinsic motivation definition
maintain action for sake of itself
extrinsic motivation definition
maintain action due to external factors (eg punishments + rewards)
Thomas Aquinas on instinct
humans behaviour motivated by soul + rational thought
animals motivated by instinct
Descartes on instinct
humans and animals share some instincts but humans can control then
Freud on instincts
unconscious instincst (drives) are driving force behind human actions
- libido -> drive for life
- eros -> sex drive
if they get suppressed later neuroses will be the result
instinct theory (Freud) criticisms
- don’t explain many complex behaviours
- very unscientific
- many limitations -> behaviourism created
Carl Warden’s Experiment
the hungrier the animal the more often + faster it will cross electric grid
- the greater the drive the greater the activity to satisfy urge
behaviorists on instinct
- instinct is secondary to learning
- behaviour shaped by environment
BF Skinner on drives+ behaviours
behaviour depends entirely on reinforcement system
- behaviours can be carried out even if drive is low
limitations of learning theories (behaviourism)
1- can’t explain all actions (desire of knowledge)
2. human behaviour can be independent of environmental reinforcements -> actions they’ve never gotten a reward for
3. behaviour also determined by mental states
Atkinson expectation value theory
whether someone does behaviour depends on likelihood of success + value of said success
value higher if success less likely
heterostatic motivation definition
motivation to grow and experience new things, hedonism
addiction definition
- hetero or homeo motivated?
compulsive, short term pleasure for longterm negative consequences
heterostatic motivated
characteristics of addiction
- craving
- tolerance
- withdrawal
reasons for addiction
- people want to escape negative emotions (more likely than taking for positive emotions)
- genetics -> addiction hereditary (psycho sub + gambling)
- environment
- personality traits
environmental factors for addiciton
- peer + family influence
- culture
- socio-economic background
- social alienation
personality factors for addiciton
- dominant mood being negative
- activity + impulsivity: hyperactive + impulsive people more likely to take drugs
- sensation seekers
Incentive sensitization theory
with first substance use, liking decreases whilst wanting increases
production of dopamine in reward centre due to substance related cues
difference between liking + wanting
liking -> hedonic aspect (pleasure)
want -> activation of reward system through dopamine
sensitisation definition
increased sensitivity to stimuli related to reward
positive example of addiciton -> exercise
exercise provides state of euphoria (endorphins) + detachment from reality
tolerance builds up but withdrawal naturally happens due to injuries
male + female hormone for arousal
testosterone
estrogen
neurophysiological steps behind arousal
- sexual behaviour stimulates the reward system in subcortical structures
- touching activates hypothalamus -> activates pituitary gland -> releases oxytocin
“Human Sexual Responses” findings
- women can have multiple orgasms
- weak relationship between phys arousal + desire in women (unlike men)
- women need intimacy to pursue sexual drives
- 25% women orgasm frequently, 10% never do
does female orgasm have evolutionary benefits?
Llozd
Put
Alock
Lloyd: no ev ben but byproduct of embryo dev before gender defined
Put: fertility link to orgasm?
Alock: ev ben, if orgasm you can tell if man is good and has good genetics -> good future father
orgasm and sexual orientation?
- gay women orgasm more frequently than straight or bi women
- gay + straight males orgasm around same frequency (v high), bi men less so
social functions of sexual behaviour
- provides gender identity
- positive self-esteem
- aggression + dominance (cheating to hurt a partner)
- instrumental for acquiring material goods
“Why Humans Have Sex” Meston + Buss findings on why people have sex
- physical reasons -> pleasure + relieving tension
- emotional -> love, engagement
- goal achieving ->social status + revenge
- insecurity -> duty, increasing self-esteem
gender differences in “Why Humans Have Sex”
men use sex for physical reasons, opportunity and increasing social status
women use sex for: feeling feminine, expressing love, falling in love
incentive definition
external stimuli that motivates behaviour based on anticipation
difference between incentive + reward/punishment
rewards have already been doled out
eg having gotten a good grade from studying
positive incentive is expected event of behaviour
eg, studying 3 hrs a day will probably get me a good grade
incentive value definition
objective value expressed in form of goods (currency)
subjective value of incentive definition
individuals estimation of how much incentive is worth
utility definiton (with incentives)
pleasure, satisfaction, joy
Fechner’s law with utility and incentives
objective incentive value + utility gotten out of it increases in logarithmic function
negative positive asymmetry
what does it effect
“evil is stronger than good”,
negative incentives felt more intensely than positive
first impressions, mood, interpersonal relationships
endowment effect
loss aversion makes sellers evaluate objects as more pricey
factors affecting incentives
- quantity
- internal states of subject
- contrast effect
- temporal motivation
atkinson expecation value theory
whether someone participates in behavior depends on expectation of success + value of success
contrast effect definition
subjective value of incentive changes when compared to other incentives
positive motivates
negative does not motivated
hedonistic contrast effect explained
attractive faces appear more attractive when subjects have previously seen less attractive face
preference reversal
when objectively more attractive incentive becomes less sought because of delay
we choose instant gratification
Gneezy + Rusticchini “all or nothing” experiment findings
- pay enough or nothing at all
mid incentives don’t motivate people and removes intrinsic motivator
how subjective value can change depending on internal state (hunger)
hungry people evaluate subjective value of food higher than satiated people + are willing to pay more
self-perception theory
needs
people believe they like an activity based on how much effort they have put into it
needs unclear attitudes + non aversive effort
ikea effect
people value products they have constructed themselves (put effort into) rather than products already made for them
cognitive dissonance (Festinger) and effort
people prefer activities they have put effort into to protect their ego
martyrdom effect
desire to donate to prosocial cause increases when fundraising process is difficult
charity marathon runners donate more
sunk cost effect
people keep investing effort into an activity even if it isn’t the best course of action because
- image consistency
- loss aversion
- anticipated regret
- focus on costs already put into it
individual differences that make people more prone to effort
- need for cognition -> particpate in cog diff tasks bc need to know
- flow -> completely absorbing in task leads to positive emotions
affective consequences of effort in vain
- disappointment
- regret
- helplessness + feelings of lack of control
mechanism behind learned helplessnes
lack of causal relationship behind own actions + reinforcement
curiosity + Pandoras box
curiosity leads us to act against our own interests
people feel worse when opening box is uncertain + negative consequences than when result is sure + neutral OR sure + negative
principle of diminishing in external rewards
pleasure gained from reward diminishes with each reward
think 1st bite chocolate bar vs last
why external rewards decrease motivation
controlling in nature -> people want autonomy + principle of diminishing
endogenous rewards
rewards inscribed in tasks
- sense of achievement
exogenous reward
rewards based on external factor
- money for good academic result
goal definiton
cognitive structure regarding expected outcome
dreams vs goals
dreams is every desire we have, goals are the dreams we decide we want to actively pursue based on
a. feasibility of performance
b. attractiveness
self symbolising goal definiton
what do I want to become?
aspire to goals defintion
goals that will never be 100% attainable
mechanism: self completeness + self incompleteness
what happens when we feel self completeness
goal deactivated
less effort put into self-symbolising behaviours
what happens when self incompleteness
goal activated
more effort put into
self symbolic behaviors
+ self compensatory behaviours
dimensions of goals
- importance
- difficulty
- specific
- temporal
5.level of awareness - complexity
4 steps of rubicon model
- predicisional -> feasible + attractive
!point of no return! - preactional
- actional
- postactional -> evaluation
when is visceral activity the strongest
during negative emotions (peripheral theory Lange, James)
theory of somatic markers Damisio
somatic experiences influence decision making by being aroused by emotional stimulus
So NOT cogito ergo sum!
what are the two peripheral theory of emotion
- peripheral theory of emotions
- expressive feedback hypothesis
6 universal emotions (Ekman)
- anger
2 fear - enjoyment
- disgust
- sadness
- surprise
hardest emotions to tell apart
fear + surprise
Izard basic emotions
recognising emotions needs unambiguity
- anger
- fear
- enjoyment
- disgust
- sadness
- surprise
- shame/guilt
- interest
- contempt
Plutchnik basic emotions
basic emotions = emotions displayed by less evolved species
- anger
- fear
- enjoyment
- disgust
- sadness
- anticipation + surprise
emotion expression functions
- communication! (univeral)
to signal plan of action for avoidance (fear) or approach (anger, joy)
anger superiority effect
less time needed to recognise angry face than happy face
emotions differ in different cultures
- gestures / emblems culturally specific
- some words only exist in one language
cognitive appraisal theory (Lazarus)
cognition necessary for emotions to occur
- primary appraisal = eval of stimuli
- secondary appraisal = eval of own abilities
critique of cog appraisal theory
- cog appraisal doesn’t generate emotions -> we might interpret whilst feeling emotions
- individuals already have hidden theories about event
- doesn’t make sense with evolutionary theory -> takes time to appraise
- timely and emotions are immediate
- animals display some emotions but can’t make cog appraisals
- direct retina hypothalamus connection (w/o cortex) so no cog needed
primacy of emotions Zajonc
emotions first before cognition
people liked Chinese words more when primed with happy faces
affect and cognition tightly linked
experiments
fear, sadness, disgust
- less harsh jury when primed to feel afraid or inexperienced
- fear going down something -> bigger estimation of height
- sadness -> bigger estimation of big hill
- smelling something disgusting -> evaluating morally ambiguous things as evil
positive mood and cog eval
- we’re less harsh
*don’t mind waiting in line - eval clothes on us as better
- better ratings of things bought
positive mood and risk taking correlation
- avoid risks when concerned about real loss
- take risks when hypothetical loss (games)
positive mood and helping
more likely to help when in positive mood
positive mood and info process correlation
- positive mood process in superficial way
- negative mood process in systematic way
postive affect lads to
1- thinking globally
2. schematic thinking
3. stereotyping
4. creativity
5. broaden attention
6. reinforces held beliefs
first social smile age
2 months before that infants have genuine smiles
embarassment different in babies+ adults
babies -> compliments bc don’t know modesty
adults -> fear of evaluations (social norms + rules)
important emotions for Japanese vs Americans
J: friendship, guilt
A; anger, pride
compensatory belief
when incomplete people might have compensatory beliefs instead of compensatory behaviours to try to stop regret
affective mechanism of compensatory process
feeling regret after doing something that goes against our self-symbolising goals, we could have done better
expectations definiton
belief of likelihood of certain events occuring in the future
fantasies definition
future events arising in mind (free thoughts)
self-efficacy expectation
whether it’s possible to perform certain behaviour in context
outcome expectation
whether performing behaviour will have certain outcome
general expectation
whether specific event will occur
generalised expetation
whether future will be positive or negative
zauberdenken
fantasies that go against natural rights or social norms
free thoughts + fantasies
daydreams, even if possible in reality they are detached from reality
how expectations + fantasies impact goal reached
positive expecations -> increase chances
negative fantasies -> increase chances
negative expectations > decrease chances
positive fantasies -> decrase chances
why do positive fantasies have bad effects
- people don’t take precautions and don’t think about obstacles in the way
- not limited by cog mechanisms -> factual info not judged
- low feasibility not taken into account
.4 if mentally achieve results less motivation to actually achieve
benefits of positive fantasises
- help peoplepractice patience
- help endure meaningless situations
mental contrasting definition
people imagine reality + future then visualising obstacles
realise dreams aren’t fulfilled yet and they need to grind
mental contrasting benefits
- improves academic performance
2.improves health - increases willingness to help
4.
mental simulations
mental rehearsals for the future
process simulation + outcome simulation
is process simulation or outcome simulation ore effective (mental simulations)
process simulations
self regulation definition
resolving conflict between two competing goals
self control
impulse control
cog control
attention memory etc
goal system theory
goals are interdependent structures in a system ranked in specificity, can conflict with other goals
means (goal system theory)
super specific goals
two system theory
hot + cold system work together
hot = impulsive, not reflective, automatic processing
cold = rational, reflective, slowly processed
