Developmental Flashcards
prenatal stage
0-9 months pregnancy
neonatal
0-1 month
infancy
1-12 months
early childhood
1-3 years old
preschool
3-6 years old
middle school
7-12 years
adolescence
12-18 years
adulthood
20-45 + 45-65
late adulthood
65+ years
how much does brain grow from birth to adolescence?
4 x brain volume increase
what year did dev psych begin?
1997
ontogenesis
individ human dev in course of one life
phylogenesis
dev of species in process of evolution
3 levels of gene - environment interaction
- molecular - (internal env)
- cellular - (innate internal env)
- gene-environment - (species typical environment aka primal or learning)
3 brain dev theories
- maturation
- skills learning
- interactive specialisation
maturation theory of brain dev
baby brain is limited version of adult brain, gradual maturation of brain structures
skill learning theory of brain dev
same regions of brain used for basic skills in infants used for similar skills in adults
interactive specialisation theory of brain dev
dev limitations caused by lack of neural connections -> cortical areas undergo experience dependent specialisation
examples of predetermined epigenesis
- genes
- brain structure
- brain function
- experience
probabilistic epigenesis definitio
genes, brain structure, function and experience interact with each other
epigenetic landscapes
intrinsic developmental variation (cell level), development fates due to gene regulation
ontogenetic landscape
dev pathway of an (organism level), focuses more on experience than epigen
constructivism defintion
we are neither fully innate or acquired but complex interaction between genes and environment on different levels
discontinuous development example
height
continuous development example
age
cumulative development example
down syndrome babies born low in weight which will lead to weaker feeding which leads to low weight
development as holistic, Bronnfennbenner
dev + ecology inseperable
microsystem; individs close to you
meso; connections of microsystem
exosystem; social setting
macrosystem; culture
sensitive period definition
increased plasticity of brain + increased sensitivity to environmental influences
critical period definition
if missed we can’t learn skill
sensitive period examples
- language
- seeing/hearing
- emotional control
- social skills
key processes to brain dev
- genesis of brain nerve cells (embryonic dev)
- formation cerebral cortex then neurogenesis of glia + nerve cells
- pruning = creation + selection of synaptic connections
- creating connections between diff areas of cortex
- functional dev of cerebral cortex
3 processes of neurogenesis
- proliferation = cell division
- migration = movement of glia progenitor cells + neurons (also specialised cells along scaffolds of glia cells)
- differentiation = progenitor cells specialise into diff types of cells
formation of cortex
- colonisation of cerebral cortex by neurons
- chemical signals direct migration of cells
- overproduction of nerve cells
how many cell layers in cerebral cortex
6 layers
prenatal behaviours
- smile
- yawn
- grimace
- sucking
learning in uterus
- semantic memory = prenatals remember Dr Seuss stories from the sounds
- sound differentiation
low birth weight
2500 grams and lower
apgar scale criteria
- appearance (skin colour)
- pulse (heart rate)
- grimace (reflex irritability)
- activity (tone)
- respiration
dangers of perinatal period
- maternal depression + psychosis
- prematurity of newborn
- low birth weight
- perinatal complications (injuries etc)
methods of early cog development tracking
- visual preferences
- habituation + familiarisation
- violation-of-expectation
- eye tracking
difficulties in examining infants
- no verbal instructions can be given
- inability of infants to record responses
- challenging time window
- little control over infant attention
- studies take place with caregiver around
embryo age
3 weeks - 8 weeks
fetus age
8 - 40 weeks
Esther Thelen on motor skills
DYNAMIC SKILLS THEORY
motor development reveals workings of mind
dynmaic skills theory: motor dev involves skills that rearange based on demands
different systems interact
milestones for movement
1- 5 months
stages of verticalisation
- 2 months -> lift head whilst lying on stomach
2- 2-3 months -> rolling from back to stomach
- 3-4 months -> lifting head with hands
- 5 months -> supported seating
- 7-9 months -> unsupported sitting
- 8 months -> sitting down independently
stages of standing
- 6 months -> standing with support
- 9 months -> stands supported, pulls up
- 10-12 months -> stand without support
stages of locomotion
- 6 months -> creeping
- 9-10 months -> crawling
- 11-12 months -> walking
stages of grasping
- 4-5 months -> grabbing with two hands
- 5-6 months -> four finger grip
- 7-8 months -> grasping with thumb (scissor grasp)
- 9 months -> pincer grasp (thumb + index)
contingency / cause and effect memory
- age of baby in example
- stages of it
3 months
1 day: baby forgets items placed on carousel (semantic mem)
14 days: forgets leg kicking relation to carousel (contingent)
forget stuff but we can re-remember contingency
Karen Adolph 4 Es of dev
- embodied
- . embedded
- enculturated
- enabling
stages of coordination (sight + hands)
- 5-6 months -> reaching under control of sight
- 6-8 months -> search for hidden object + transfer obj one hand to other
- 9-12 months -> manipulation with both hands + diff grips
A not B Task Piaget
if object placed in A all the time baby won’t look in B even if it sees object being placed there
bad object permanence skill
Thelen’s explanation of A not B Task
- kids tune their muscles for efficient gripping -> memory trace
- kids reach for wrong location because of memory trace (reaching skills not developed enough to change place of reach)
2 cog developments in 1st year of life
- perception
- attention
sight skills in infants
face rec distance
- rec faces at 30 cm distance
- sensitivity to brightness changes
- can tell diff between stationary and moving objects
- track moving objects
sight develops fast after birth (depth perception)
face perception skills in infants
- sensitive to stimuli that look like faces
2- 2 weeks after birth preference for mom’s face
- face scanning change in 1st year of life
- prog specialisation in recog faces
depth perception skills in infants
- depth perception linked to movement (4-5 months age)
- binocular cues + motion info
colour perception skills in infants
- preference for colourful stimuli right after birth
- 3 months: can differentiate color stimuli + preference for bright colours (yellow, red etc)
stages visual orienting in infants according to stimulus
- 1 month: obligatory attention -> difficulty disengaging with stimuli
- 3-6 months: can disengage looking at stimulus
- afte 6 months: can ignore exogenous stimuli
- 12 months + : can orient endogenously
stages joint attention in infants
- 2-3 months: infants smile back at parents + voices
- 8 months: follow parents gaze
- 10-12 months: follow pointing finger
- 12-14 months: initiate point
- 15-16 months: draw parents attention to something by pointing, sound, gaze
brain parts involved in infants face perception
1- subcortical structures
after a few months cortical structures take over
stages of face perception
- newborns can distinguish between faces + non-faces AND habitual objects and new objects in environment
- 2-3 months: start of functional specialisation in brain
- 3 months: configurational processing of faces -> preference for same ethnic + gender + human faces (rather than monkey)
- 4 months: reactions to inverted faces
- 6 months: neuronal correlations to distinguishing faces from non faces + monkey vs human faces
sensory hypothesis of faces
infants see faces as elements
configurational hypothesis of faces
relationship between elements of face
CONSPEC mechanism definition
primitive mechanism tendency to gaze at faces
COLEARN mechanism definiton
recognition of faces + reading info from them
still face experiment
if adults don’t engage with kids the kids become worry and try to get a response
if no response -> stress
are babies moral?
yes babies can distinguish
- have reactions towards immoral actions
6 key experiments to study cog functions in infants
- habituation
- preferential looking
- oddball tasks (odd one out)
- selection tasks (looking for obj)
- object examination
- imitation
what drives language learning?
1- genes
2. environment
3. social interaction
driving forces differ for phonological, semantic, syntax, prag
language learning in womb how?
bathtub effect: fetus can hear lower sounds better than high
increased sensitivity to high sounds once born bc not used to it
Patricia Kuhl findings on babies learning lang
kids take statistics of needed sounds
need humans to teach them -> if too much tv and not enough humans it might stunt their growth
lang dev stages
- fetus (5 months) -> reacts to sounds
- 1 year -> gurgle + babble
- 1-2 years : period of expression -> first single words
- 2-3 years: sentence period -> simple clumsy sentences
- 3-7 years: increasing vocab + word inflections
prosody experiment
rhythm of lang + everything else
French babies heard Russian and French and showed preference for French
-> distinguish between languages they already know based on rhythm
phonetics experiment
- infants suck more when hearing unknown lang BUT only until 8th month
- after 8th month more focused on own language -> native lang magnet
language facts
- kids from working class learn less words because less in environment
- direct measurements hard so parental reports + CCT
how do we read?
- ## anticipate next words
bilingualism
- the earlier learned the more proficient in new language
- simultaneous bilingual (both lang learned at same time)
- early sequential (one learned first the other soon after)
- late bilingualism
advantages of bilingualism
+ cognitive flexibility
+ more verbal fluency
+ awareness of lingo
+ protects against Alzheimers
+ better task switching
+ focusing on tasks
disadvantages of bilingualism
- less cog processing in 2nd lang
- less working memory in 2nd lang
brain and bilinguals
- localising depends on age
- early bi -> open + closed words stored in diff areas
- lexicons stored similarly in both late + early bi
4 Cs of lang learning
Communication
Culture
Context
Confidence
cephalocaudal
kids motor dev from head downwards
proximodist
motor dev from centre outwards, arms + legs before fingers and toes
Kohlberg stages of moral reasoning
- preconvention -> rewards + punishment
- conventional -> relationships, expectations of one another, social systems
- post conventional -> utility, universal ethics, social contracts
Hoffmann dev levels empathy
- 1 year: global empathy
- 1-3 years: egocentric empathy
- pre-elementary school: empathy of others feelings
- late child-early adolescent + : empathy for others life conditions
early childhood critical periods
- numbers
- social skills
- symbols
- emotional control
brain maturation 3-6 years
6 year old brain -> 95% weight of adult
- stronger visual pathways
- reproduction of what is seen
physical development early childhood
- baby fast lost
- 20/20 vision
- 20 primary teeth
- 11-13 hours of sleep needed
language dev early childhood
- questioning age
- understand + use colours numbers and time
- listen to longer stories + comprehend them
emotional dev early childhood
- period of intense emotions
- temper tantrums, kicking, screaming, crying
- need parents to model emotional regulation
dominating emotions in early childhood
- anger
- fear
- jealousy
- curiosity
- affection
- joy
social dev early childhood (3-6yrs)
- pregang age = no group loyalty
- imitation of others
- kids need healthy families to dev healthy social habits
- start to play with others
- make belief play
understanding in 3 year olds
- no law of conservation
- pre-operational (no maths)
- understand sex, relationship, body parts
developing interests early childhood
- religion
- sex
- self
- human body
- clothes
problems in early childhood
- eating problems
- sleeping problems
- elimination prob (potty)
- social adjustments
- accidents
middle childhood (4-5) changes
- play with other kids more actively
- dramatic play closer to reality
- respond to distress with care
- higher attention span
red flags in early/middle childhood dev
- no interest in others
2 no imitating others - distractable
- repetitive behaviour
key elements in emotional dev
- psychophysio relation
- subjective experience -> interpretation
- expression
- understanding
- regulation
Kohlberg Morality Levels
- preconventional -> rewards + punishments rule based on self-interest
- conventional -> interpersonal relationship expectations, social expectations
- post-conventional -> utility, social contracts, personal ethics
moral affect
emotions in morality
guilt
empathy
empathy development
- (0-1 yr) -> global empathy
- (1-3 yr) -> egocentric empathy
- preschool to primary -> empathy for others feelings
- late childhood onwards -> empathy for another’s life conditions
characteristics of teenagers
- higher abstract thinking + prob solving
- community consciousness + other wellbeing consciousness
- more self knowledge -> develop personal philosophies
- need for life planning guidance
emotion recognition in teenagers
teenagers often mistake fear for aggression especially males
self concept definition
cognitive aspect of own perception
self-esteem definition
affective aspect of own perception
global self-esteem definition
general evaluation of own person as a whole
specific self-esteem definition
evaluations of specific parts of ourselves
why does low self-esteem develop in teenagers?
discrepancy between self-concept + what others think you should be
Erickson’s Early Adulthood
intimacy vs isolation
- seek connections that are multilevel, less rigid than teens (but of same beliefs)
- pursue romantic partner to establish family
- learns commitments (base don trust + self-confidence learned as kid)
Early Adulthood Kohlberg stage
- most at conventional stage
- some might develop to post-conventional (universal rights, confidence to stand up to injustice)
relationship skills in early adulthood
- compatibility sought
- factors: attractiveness, hobbies, interests, beliefs
compatibility definition
social, emotional, physical facotrs that create situation where partners fit together
most important factors for compatibility
similar worldview, beliefs (faith, politics), temperament, life goals
struggles with relationships + coliving
(commitment + compromises)
- not having sense of identity
- jealousy + rigidity
difficulties with parenthood
- adjusting expectations of independence
- control schedule
- prioritising
physical changes mid adulthood
- menopause
- decline of peak fitness
- poor lifestyle choices will lead to disease
- preventative care increases
cognitive chanes mid adulthood
still in formal operation (abstract thinking)
- increase of crystal intelligence
- decrease in fluid intelligence (harder to learn new skills + info)
BUT better at dealing with stress because of experience
2 activities to prevent dementia
- reading
- problem solving
social changes mid adulthood
- peer group becomes more important (kids take up less time)
- marriage suffers after empty nest
developmental tasks mid adulthood
- need to develop sense of purpose by seeing goals to completion (kids, career, academic)
- need productivity for self-esteem
mid-life crisis in middle adhulthood
- major changes to routine from early adulthood (career, kids, family)
- focus shifts back to individual
- marriage back to spouse centre
- physical changes insecurities
- previous issues of identity resurface
steps for success in middle adulthood
- big picture thinking
- focus on healthy relationships
- pursue hobbies + social activities (needed for good late adulthood)
- pursue intellectual activities
- protect health
physical process of ageing
- optimum can live to 115 but dysfunction + tissue failure stop this
cells stop replacing -> ageing
socio-emotional consequences of ageing
- adjustements of some activities
- mentally still same person
- evolving self image (identity has to fit new social role)
challenges in late adulthood
- death of loved ones
- retirement
- grandparent role
myths about old people
- old people don’t need love or sex
- old people are stupid
- old people have no hobbies
- people age in same way
sensitive period for lang learning
1-12 months
puberty in girls vs boys
girls:10-11 years
boys: 12 years
changes in brain in adolescence
- pruning
- myelination
- amygdala matures faster than prefrontal cortex
implications teachers for adolescence
- talk about body changes
- talk about sex + developments without judgements
- provide fun, active learning experiences
- avoid comments that criticise or compare bodies
6-12 years cog abilities
- concrete operations
- basic arithmetics
- alphabetalise
- transform objects (pennies to pounds)
12-18 years cog abilities
- abstract thinking
- reason from known principles (deductions)
- consider other points of view
- metacognition/TOK
adolescent thinking early adolescence
- more complex thinking processes
- question authorities / society standards
- formal logical operations in schoolwork
- formation of own thoughts / opinion + speak on them
crossing paths definiton
adolescence + midlife crisis happens at same time in family
shift in thinking middle adolescence
- philosophical + future concerns
- questions + analyses more extensively
- own identity developed
- begin longterm thinking
ambivalent/ anxious attachment style
- clingy with fear of rejection
avoidant attachment style
emotionally distant, don’t react when parents leave the room
shift thinking late adolesence
- become intolerant to opposing views + debate more
- more thoughts on global issues (justice, patriotism, religion etc)
- develops idealistic view on topics
- begin focus on career goals + role in adult society
EQ factors
- emotional perception
- emotional integration
- emotional understanding
- emotional management
Piaget’s operational stages
- sensorimotor (0-2 years)
- preoperational (2-7 years)
- concrete operational (7-11)
- formal operational (12-18)
preoperational stage
2-7 years
symbolic play
can use lang
don’t understand law of conservation at young ages
egocentric
concrete operational
7-11 years
more logial thinking
law of conservation
formal operational
12-18 years
-abstract thinking
- deductions
- problem solvinh
