Social perception and individual differences Flashcards
What is the social information processing model?
- Environmental stimuli/ Information
- Selective attention/awareness
- “We filter things out” - Interpretation/ Categorization
- Encoding and simplification
- “Simplify, understand and organize them neatly” - Memory and retention
- Storage and retention
- “How do we store them” - Judgements and decision
- retrieval and response
- “What do you do with those information”
What is schemas?
Mental image
What are the three types of memory?
- Semantic (for data)
- Episodic/event (“what you ate last night?)
- People
Can social cognition can be accurate or inaccurate and biased?
Yes
What are different types of biases/effects/errors?
- Fundamental attribution bias
- Self-serving bias
- Halo error
- Pitchfork error
- Leniency, severity, central tendency error
- recency and primacy effect
- Stereotyping
- Projection
- Contrast effect
- Similar to me effect
What is fundamental attribution bias? Also called FA error?
- We tend to make external attribution for others
- people’s tendency to place an undue emphasis on internal characteristics to explain someone else’s behavior in a given situation, rather than considering external factors.
What is self-serving bias?
-internal=success
-external-failure
Ex. “poorly on the test”= world is against me; “good on the test” =I’m smart
What are the halo and pitchfork error?
Halo error- you make specific inferences about a person, thing or process based upon a single trait or general impression; Ex. Someone is attractiveness, and you automatically think she is a nice person.
Pitchfork error- opposite of the halo error
What are leniency error, severity error, central tendency error all have in common?
They re all errors you can make when you re rating someone or something
How does recency effect and primacy effect works together?
You want to be the 1st (primacy) or the last (recency) one, because people have easier time to remember you.
Ex. Interview, first and last candidates has advantages
What is contrast effect?
- enhancement or diminishment, relative to normal, of perception, cognition or related performance as a result of successive (immediately previous) or simultaneous exposure to a stimulus of lesser or greater value in the same dimension
- Ex. You don’t want to interview before or after a nobel prize winner
What is the attribution theory?
An attribution is made as to whether actions and/or behavior(s) resulted from internal factors or external factors. This attribution is based not he consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency of the observed behavior. Can be made for good or poor performance/outcomes
Ex. Good score, internal- I’m smart, external- easy test
What are the three dimensions in Kelley’s Attribution theory?
Consensus, distinctiveness, consistency
What is consensus?
- Relates to comparison with other people
- High: yes, his/her behavior is similar to that of his/her peers
- Low: his/her behavior is different to that of peers
- Ex. Your grade vs. average
What is distinctiveness?
- Relates to comparison in other situations
- High: yes, his/her behavior here is different in other situations
- Low: no, his/her behavior here is not different in other situations
- Ex. You math test scores vs. english scores
What is consistency?
- Relates to comparison across time?
- High: yes, his/her behavior in this situation is consistent over time
- Low: no, his/her behavior int his situation is not consistent over time.
- Ex. The exam 3 grade vs. exam 1 and 2 grades in the same class
Attribution= external causes
____ consensus
____ distinctiveness
____ consistency
High
High
Low
Attribution= internal causes
____ consensus
____ distinctiveness
____ consistency
Low
Low
high
What can be some of the external causes?
Task difficulty, environmental influences…
Ex. Hard test, bad teacher
What can be some of the internal causes?
Ability, personal characteristics, hard work…
Ex. Didn’t study, studied hard
What is diversity?
The individual differences that make people difference from and similar to, each other
- Do you have or not have a diverse group?
- Cen tend to focus on differences
- Easy to find segregation of group within organizations
What is inclusion?
The extent the which the vast diversity or organizational members i brought together in a meaningful way to increase success (individual, group and organization)
- Can you manage diversity well?
- Recognizes diversity of organizational members, but…
- Primary fous is on raining those differences together
Organizations increasing focus on _____ vs. simply ____. (diversity, inclusion)
Organizations increasing focus on inclusion vs. simply diversity
What are some generational value differences for veterans/traditionalist?
Hard work, conservative, more conforming, more loyal to the organization
What are some generational value differences for Boomers
Success, achievement, ambition, dislike of authority, loyalty to career
What are some generational value differences for Generation X
Work/life balance, team-oriented, dislike of rules, loyalty to relationships
What are some generational value differences for Generation Y/ Millennial
Confidence, financial success, self-reliant, loyalty to both self and relationships
What is the model of diversity? (hint. the cooked egg)
Egg white- diverse aspects (things that can/should be different)
Egg yok- Core aspects (things that need to be the same
What is IDIC?
Infinite diversity infinite combinations
What are the four elements of Core Self Evaluation?
Self-efficacy
Self-esteem
Emotional stability
Locus of control
What is self-efficacy?
A person’s belief about his/her chances of successfully accomplishing a specific task.
Higher is more successful
What is self-esteem?
A person’s belief about his/her own self worth
What is emotional stability
One of the Big 5 personality traits; a person;s tendency to be relaxed, secure, not worry, not experiences negative emotions under pressure
What is locus of control?
Extent to which someone believes outcomes in their life are influenced largely by external events vs. their own behaviors and actions
What are the “Big 5”?
Extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness to experience
Out of the big 5- Extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness to experience, which one is most globally related to success?
Conscientiousness
Characteristics of extraversion?
Outgoing, talkative, sociable, assertive
Characteristics of agreeableness?
Trusting, good natured, cooperative, “softhearted”
Characteristics of conscientiousness?
Dependable, responsible, persistent, achievement-oriented
Characteristics of emotional stability?
relaxed, secure, unworried
Characteristics of openness to experience?
Intellectual, imaginative, curious, broad-mined
Emotional intelligence is ____ as____ as leadership, and more _____ than IQ.
Emotional intelligence is twice as important as leadership, and more important than IQ.
What are two types of competences of EQ?
- Personal competence (Self-awareness and self-management)
- Social competence (Social awareness and relationship management)
Examples of self awareness and self management?
Self Awareness- emotional self awareness, accurate self assessment, and self confidence/
Self management- Emotional self control, transparency, adaptability, achievement, initiative, and optimism
Maples of social awareness and relationship management?
Social awareness- empathy, organizational awareness, and service.
Relationship management- inspirational leadership, influence, developing others, being a catalyst for change, conflict management, building bonds/relationships, teamwork and collaboration.
What is emotional contagion?
- It happens quickly and typically without your immediate awareness
- The closer your relationship, the more likely you are to catch emotions
- Extraverts tend to project emotions more powerfully; introverts tend to be more susceptible to emotions of others
How can you manage or control emotional contagion?
- Pay attention to how you feel around different people
- Be more aware of how you respond and fell in different situations
- Ask yourself if your feelings originated from within you or form someone else
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
- Describes rather than prescribes
- Describes preferences, not skills or abilities
- Says that all preferences are equally important
- Is well documented and researched with hundreds of scientific studies conducted over a 50-year period
- Has a user’s organization devoted to its continued research and development
- Is probably the most commonly used and well-known of all personality assessments
What are the four personality dimensions of the MBTI?
- Extraversion vs. Introversion
- Sensing vs. Intuition
- Thinking vs. feeling
- Judgement vs. perception
Extraversion vs. Introversion
-How a person is energized
-“Where does your energy come from? Self or others?
E: Draws energy from the outside world of people, activities and things.
I: Draws energy from one’s internal world of ideas, emotions and expressions
Sensing vs. intuition
-What a person pays attention to?
-“What do you pay attention to?”
S: Takes in info through the five senses and notices that is “actual”
N: Takes in info through a sixth sense”/ intuition and notes what “might be”
Thinking vs. feeling
-How a person decides?
-“How do you decide?”
T: Organizes and structures info to make decisions in a logical, objective manner(the head)
F: Organizes and structures info to make decisions in a personal, value-oriented manner(the heart)
Judgement vs. perception
-The life style a person adopts
-Ex. travel, P- go with the flow; J- plan everything
J: Lives a planned and organized life
P: Lived a spontaneous and flexible life
Social style model
- Is a meaningful and simple model of interpersonal effectiveness
- Is relevant for all levels in an organization, and all kinds of organizations
- Can help identify ways to improve relationships
- Provides a nice framework for effective development discussions
What are the three primary dimensions of the social styles model?
- Assertiveness
- Expressiveness
- Versatility/Adaptability
What is assertiveness?
Degree to which one is perceived as attempting to influence the thoughts and actions of others. Its descriptive. X-axis
What is expressiveness?
Degree to which one is perceived as expressing feelings which interacting with others? Its descriptive. Y-axis
What is Versatility/adaptability?
Degree to which one is able to flex their style or adapt other styles. More is better. Its prescriptive. Z-axis
What are the four distinct social styles?
Driver
Expressive
Amiable
Analytical
Which is the best style? and What is the key to success?
There is NO best styles, high versatility is the key to success.
Pros and cons of Analytical
Pro- Industrious, persistent, serious, exacting, orderly
Cons- Critical, indecisive, stuffy, picky, moralistic
Pros and cons of Amiable
Pro-supportive, respectful, willing, dependable, agreeable
Con-conforming, unsure, pliable, dependent, awkward
Pros and cons of Expressive
Pro-Ambitious, stimulating, enthusiastic, dramatic, friendly
Con- Manipulative, excitable, undisciplined, reacting, egotistical
Pros and cons of Driver
Pro- Strong-willed, independent, practical, decisive, efficient
Con- Pushy, server tough, dominating, harsh
Characteristics of Analytical style?
- Slower paced
- Focused on details
- Serious, formal
- Logical, prudent
- Systematic through
Characteristics of Driver style?
- Faster paced
- focused on goals
- Independent, candid
- Decisive, pragmatic
- Active, forceful
Characteristics of Amiable style?
- Slower paced
- focused on people
- diplomatic, patient
- causal, informal
Characteristics of Expressive style?
- Faster paced
- Focused on ideas
- Outgoing, enthusiastic
- persuasive, dramatic
Verbal/non-verbal behaviors of Analytical?
- Leans back
- Little facial expression
- Limited eye contact
- Limited gestures
- Facts/data focused
Verbal/non-verbal behaviors of Amiable?
- Leans back
- Some facial expressions
- Good eye contact
- People subjects
- Fewer statemnts
Verbal/non-verbal behaviors of Driver?
- Leans forward
- little facial expression
- Intense eye contact
- Deliberate movements
- More/task statements
Verbal/non-verbal behaviors of Expressive?
- Leans forward
- Lots of facial expression
- Good eye contact
- Lots of gestures
- Stories/opinionated
Needs, orientations, and “backup behavior” of Analytical
Need to be right
Thinking oriented
BU Behavior: withdrawing
Flex challenge: deciding
Needs, orientations, and “backup behavior” of Amiable
Need to have personal security
Relationships oriented
BU behavior: Acquiescence
Flex challenge: asserting
Needs, orientations, and “backup behavior” of Driver
Need to get results
Action orientation
BU behavior: Autocratic
Flex challenge: listening
Needs, orientations, and “backup behavior” of Expressive
Need to have personal approval
Spontaneity oriented
BU behavior: attacking
Flex challenge: restraint
