SOCIAL MOVEMENTS Flashcards
Redemptive SM
- total change in individuals
- most often religious movements; salvation through complete personal change
Societal SM
- total social change
- EX: revolutions, banning alcohol, change from monarch to a president
- Russia, Iran, China
Alternative SM
- Partial individual change
- EX: promoting recycling
Reformative SM
- partial social change
- want to be included equally in the already established system
- EX: women’s suffrage movement
Social Deprivation Theory
focuses on groups who are oppressed/deprived of societal rights (EX: Civil Rights Movement)
3 Components of the SDT
- relative deprivation based on individual perception
- feeling of deserving better
- a belief that conventional methods will not work
Resource Motivation Theory
looks at the factors that help/hinder a social movement like money, media, members, charismatic leadership - all to give focus
Rational Choice Theory
looks at pros and cons of certain courses of action - “which will help me the most”
- contains if/then scenarios that are
unknowable (like a slippery slope)
Social Cleavages in Iran (The Usual)
- ethnic
- religious minority vs majority
- urban vs rural
- higher vs lower economic status
Social Cleavages in Iran (Iran Specific)
- older revolutionaries vs younger people
- traditionalists vs modernists
- Islamicists: blending religious tenants of the Muslim faith with the call of modernization
Brain Dead
whenever educated people (usually youth) leave their home country, state, city for a better opportunity (human capital flight)
2009 Presidential Election in Iran
- Principalist Mamoud Ah. vs Reformer Mir Hussein
- 85% voter turnout
- leaning towards Hussein but Mahmoud won through corrupted results
Iran Presidential Protests
No one was buying thesham results that Mamoud won, even some Ayatollahs and Iranian celebrities denounced the corrupted results
Iran Presidential Recount
Supreme Leader, with 12 others, did a random sample of 10% of the votes. No irregularities were found. This angered youth Iranians.
The Green Movement
Iranians from multiple backgrounds took to the streets after the disputed election between 2009-2010. Social media played a crucial role in gaining support/sympathy.
Green Movement Type
on the line between reformative and transformative
- powerful people involved (reformative)
- ordinary people involved (transformative)
Gov. Response to Green Movement
- crackdown
- police and Basij (revolutionary voluntary miltia) suppressed protestors through arrests and beatings
- torture and rape
- closure of universities in Iran, blocked websites, phone transmissions, and messaging
- death
Green Movement Martyr
Nedo Agha-Soltan
- 26 y/o student shot in the chest unwarranted by the Basij
- her murder was filmed and shared on social media
- wasn’t even taking part in protests but was killed
Green Movement Aftermath/Legacy
- protests lost stream by 2010 logically considering state violence and that Moumod2 was still sworn in
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement
- between US, Canada, and Mexico
= formed a free trade zone
- revised and no one really benefits
Zapatista Background
- TRANSFORMATIVE social movement (ethnic minority, anti-state, revolutionary outsiders)
- Takes place in the Chiapas (South)
- Region is known for large indigenous population, Maya ruins, lush lands
Problems with NAFTA (Mexico)
- smaller farmers put out of business
- maquiladora workers were exploited at worksites
- environment deteriorated from fertilizers and chemicals
Zapatista!
- names after the leading figure of the Mexican Revolution
- launched in 1994
- armed Zapatista’s took over 7 towns and a military base; released prisoners
- no singular leader
Grievances in the Chiapas
- no electricity and sewage system
- very few public schools
- doesn’t receive the economic benefits of free trade (NAFTA)
- VERY ANTI-PRI
SLOGAN: “Everything for everyone. Nothing for us.”
Characteristics of the Zapatista
- anti globalization, capitalism, colonization, and neoliberalism
- Marxist with social anarchism (to each their own)
- Indigenous VS Mestizo
- Liberation Theology
Neoliberalism
market oriented relations to gov. policies
- free trade, low taxation, pro-business
Liberation Theology
a movement in Christian theology, developed mainly by Latin American Roman Catholics, that emphasizes liberation from social, political, and economic oppression as an anticipation of ultimate salvation.
COMPLICATED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ZAPS AND THE CATHOLIC CHURCH
Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities
1994-2023
Series of loosely created zones for Zapatistas (not formally recognized by the Mexican government but mostly left alone)
Nigerian: Movement Groups VS OPS
MG: IJAW and OGONIS (small % of the whole Nigerian population)
OPS: SHELL OIL
SHELL OIL
- 2nd largest oil company
- merger of Dutch and UK trading and oil companies
- 9th largest emitter of greenhouse gases
- highest profit during COVID
2 MAJOR ISSUES (NIGER RIVER DELTA)
- Massive environmental degradation (frequent oil spills and no cleanup)
- Little profit sharing. In addition to damaging the environment, the locals are not even compensated
Horrific Stats (NRD)
- Nigeria’s gov is completely dependent on oil exports (80% of gov. revenue)
- SHELL is the largest stakeholder, owning 47% of Nigeria’s oil industry
- Oil industry only benefits 1% of Nigerian population
- 70% of all oil revenue for the gov. has been stolen due to corruption
MOSOP
The Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
- NON-VIOLENT RESISTANCE/TACTICS
- GOALS: environmental justice, indigenous sovereignty
-REFORMATIVE / REDEMPTIVE SM (trying to work within the system)
MEND
Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta
- Kidnap/ransom, sabotage, theft, murder
- GOALS: stop oil production completely, expose exploitation and corruption, expose environmental degradation
- MILITANT, anti-authority, anti-business
- Not anti-oil; they are anti-corruption!
BOKO HARAM (NIGERIA)
“Western thought/education is forbidden”
- Northeastern Nigeria (Borno State), Chad, Niger, Northern Cameroon, Mali
- Height of power in 2009-2015
- Wahhabism, extremely anti-education (known for targeting schools)
- disruption of food supplies led to famine
- made a poor region of a country even poorer
- many of their victims were Muslim
Wahhabism
Sunni Islam is the ONLY TRUE FORM of Islam
BOKO HARAM Goals
- to “purify” the region using Sunni and destroying Shia Islam
- Establish an Islamic state in Northern Nigeria
- Anti-Colonialism
BOKO HARAM Tactics
- kidnapping/ransom
- bombings
- mutilations
- mass shootings
- worked with ISIS
Chibok Girls
276 girls kidnapped from their boarding school by BOKO HARAM
- sparked social media outrage throughout the world
- most are released, but some are still in captivity
Pluralism
- theory that multiple groups/factions/individuals can and should exist
- fosters democratization; more democratic
- attempts to avoid extremism
- promotes competition among autonomous groups not linked to the state
- in a system where power is split among many groups for a change to influence the gov. decision making
Corporatism
- political ideology which advocates the organization of corporations that are subservient to the state (EX: military, labor, scientific)
- corporatist systems are in which the gov controls access to policy making by relying on state sanctioned groups/associations to represent different groups like labor and the military.
- the state retains more control over citizens input in a corporatist system
- more authoritarian
Pluralism VS Corporatism EXAMPLE BIG 6
Mexico transitioned from corporatism to pluralism
Russian Anti-LGBTQ Movement
- considers LGBTQ and extremist movement that is restricted
- outlawed LGBTQ activism and expression
- promotion of “traditional values”
- considers activism for it as “gay propaganda” trying to destroy Russian values”
History of LGBTQ in Russia
- homosexuality was decriminalized after the fall of the USSR
- basically allowed them to exist, but not “show off” or “promote homosexuality”
- “turning a blind eye” to the LGBTQ in Russia
Young Iranian’s Growing Secular Beliefs
- growing number of atheist or nonbelievers in Iran
- decreasing percentage of Iranians who believe in Islam or its God, more conversions to Christianity among younger people
- growing more non-religious or less Islam focused
- disagree on the enforcement of Hijabs
