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Social Infuence Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 types of conformity?

A

Internalisation, identification and compliance

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2
Q

What does GRAVE stand for?

A

Generalisability ,reliability, application, validity, ethics

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3
Q

What is conformity?

A

The tendency to change what we do (behaviour), think or say(attitudes) in response to the influence of others

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4
Q

What is compliance?

A

This is when a person simply ‘goes with the crowd’ in public, but privately does not change personal opinions/behaviour

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5
Q

What is identification?

A

Private and public change but is usually temporary and not maintained when individuals leave the group - short terms change

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6
Q

What is internalisation?

A

A person genuinely adjusts their behaviour and opinions to those of the group. Public and private change - long term change

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7
Q

What did Asch study?

A

Social pressure affecting conformity

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8
Q

What is the aim of Asch’s study?

A

To investigate the degree to which individuals would conform to a majority who gave obviously wrong answers

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9
Q

What is the sample of Asch’s study?

A

123 American male student volunteers to take part in a study of visual representation

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10
Q

In brief what is the procedure of Asch’s study?

A

To say which comparison line a, b, or c was the same as the stimulus line on 18 different trials

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11
Q

What is result 1 of Asch’s study?

A

The control group had an error rate of only 0.04% which shows how obvious the correct answers were

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12
Q

What is result 2 of Asch’s study?

A

On the 12 critical trials, there was a 32% conformity rate to wrong answers

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13
Q

What is result 3 of Asch’s study?

A

75% of participants conformed to at least one wrong answer

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14
Q

What is result 4 of Asch’s study?

A

5% of participants conformed to all 12 wrong answers

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15
Q

What is the general conclusion from Asch’s study?

A

As most participants conformed publicly, but not privately, it suggests that they were motivated by normative social influence

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16
Q

What method of research was Asch’s study?

A

Laboratory experiment

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17
Q

What are the IV’s in Asch’s study?

A

The difficulty of the task, size of the majority and unanimity

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18
Q

What is the DV is Asch’s study?

A

The rate that individuals conformed

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19
Q

Which experimental design was used in Asch’s study?

A

Independent groups

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20
Q

What is one weakness of Asch’s study?

A

It took place in a lab so it is low in mundane realism so it cannot be generalised

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21
Q

What is a strength of lab experiments?

A

It allows for control which shows cause and effect, this is a strength because it proves that people do conform

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22
Q

What is another weakness of Asch’s study?

A

It is androcentric so it cannot be generalised to other populations

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23
Q

What are the two explanations as to why people conform?

A

Normative social influence and informational social influence

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24
Q

What is normative social influence?

A

The desire to be liked

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25
Q

What is informational social influence?

A

The desire to be right

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26
Q

What 3 factors did Asch find that affects conformity?

A

The difficulty of the task, size of the majority, unanimity

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27
Q

What is the effect of task difficulty on levels of conformity?

A

The harder the task, the increased rate of conformity

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28
Q

What is the effect of the size of the majority on levels of conformity?

A

The levels of conformity increase but plateau at around 7 people

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29
Q

What is the effect of unanimity on levels of conformity?

A

Having a dissenter decreases the level of conformity

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30
Q

Does task difficulty show NSI or ISI?

A

ISI

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31
Q

Does size of the majority show NSI or ISI?

A

NSI

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32
Q

Does unanimity show NSI or ISI?

A

ISI

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33
Q

Who identified the two reasons for conformity?

A

Deutsch and Gerrad (1955)

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34
Q

What is conformity to social roles?

A

When an individual adopts a particular behaviour and belief, while in a particular social situation

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35
Q

What defines social roles?

A

The parts individuals play as members of a social group, which meets the expectations of that social situation

36
Q

Who carried out the Stanford prison experiment?

A

Zimbardo, Haney and Banks

37
Q

What was the aim of the Stanford prison experiment?

A

To investigate the extent to which people would conform to the roles of a guard and prisoner in a role playing stimulation to prison life. Also, to test the dispositional vs situational hypotheses that saw prison violence as either due to sadistic personalities of guards and prisoners, or to the brutal conditions of the prison environment

38
Q

What was the procedure in brief of the Stanford prison experiment?

A

Participants were randomly assigned to either the role of a prisoner or a guard in a stimulated prison environment

39
Q

What was the sample of the Stanford prison experiment?

A

24 American men students judged to be the most physically and mentally stable

40
Q

What is the general finding of the Stanford prison experiment?

A

‘Prisoners’ and ‘Guards’ identifies with their social roles

41
Q

What is the conclusion for the Stanford prison experiment?

A

The situational hypothesis is favoured over the dispositional hypothesis, as none of the participants had shown such character traits before the study. Individuals conform readily to social roles demanded of a situation, even when such roles override an individual’s moral beliefs about their personal behaviour

42
Q

What method is the Stanford prison experiment?

A

Lab experiment

43
Q

What is the IV and DV of the Stanford prison experiment?

A

IV: Guards and prisoners
DV: How the participants conformed to social standards

44
Q

Which sampling technique was used in the Stanford prison experiment?

A

Random

45
Q

What are the 5 ethical considerations?

A

Protection to participants, informed consent, debrief, deceit, right to withdraw, confidentiality and anonymity

46
Q

What is obedience?

A

Obedience is a more direct form of social influence when a person has less choice whether to behave in a particular way

47
Q

What did Milgram study?

A

Obedience to authority

48
Q

What was the aim of Milgram’s study?

A

To investigate if ordinary American citizens would obey an unjust order from an authority figure and inflict pain on another person because they were instructed to

49
Q

What method is Milgram’s study?

A

Lab experiment

50
Q

What is the IV and DV of Milgram’s study?

A

IV: Uniform, location, touch proximity, remote authority, close proximity
DV: How many volts participants went up to

51
Q

What was the procedure of Milgram’s study?

A

The participants were assigned to the role of a teacher not knowing that the learner was a confederate. The teacher had to ask the learner questions. If the learner got the question wrong, the teacher had to ‘shock’ the learner. Every time the learner got a questions wrong, the teacher had to increase the voltage up to 450V

52
Q

How many participants in Milgram’s study had seizures?

A

3

53
Q

How many participants in Milgram’s study had nervous laughing fits

A

14/40

54
Q

Describe the sample of Milgram’s study

A

40 males who answered an advertisement in a newspaper that asked for people between 20-50, with certain jobs asking to take part in a study

55
Q

How could Milgram’s sample have been improved?

A

By using males and females and people with different ethnicities i.e. bigger sample size

56
Q

Does Milgram’s study support situation or disposition as the cause of people’s behaviour?

A

Situation

57
Q

What percentage of participants in Milgram’s study went to 300V?

A

100%

58
Q

What percentage of participants in Milgram’s study went to 450V?

A

65%

59
Q

What percentage did the level of obedience drop to in Milgram’s study when touch proximity was a factor?

A

30%

60
Q

What percentage did the level of obedience drop to in Milgram’s study when remote authority was a factor?

A

20.5%

61
Q

What percentage did the level of obedience drop to in Milgram’s study when uniform was a factor?

A

20%

62
Q

What percentage did the level of obedience drop to in Milgram’s study when close proximity was a factor?

A

40%

63
Q

What percentage did the level of obedience drop to in Milgram’s study when location was a factor?

A

47.5%

64
Q

What does situational factors mean?

A

Refers to the environment that the experiment is taken place in that could affect the results demonstrated and participants behaviour

65
Q

What does dispositional factors mean?

A

Refers to the individual people taking part in the study and how things like their age, gender, personality etc. May effect the results of the investigation

66
Q

What are the two social states we can be in?

A

Autonomous state and agentic state

67
Q

What is the autonomous state?

A

When we are in control and accept personal responsibility for our actions

68
Q

What is the agentic state?

A

The individual gives up their free will and no longer sees themselves as acting independently, but merely as an ‘agent’ implementing someone else’s decisions

69
Q

What is the dispositional explanation for obedience?

A

Authoritarian personality

70
Q

What are the situational explanations for obedience?

A

Agency theory of obedience and legitimacy of authority

71
Q

What is the authoritarian personality?

A

Refers to a person who has extreme respect for authority and is more likely to be obedient to those who hold power over them

72
Q

What are the 4 descriptions of authoritarian personality?

A

Might is right, upbringing, personality traits, the F scale

73
Q

What are the reasons people resist social influence ?

A

Legitimacy, locus of control, social support/having a dissenter

74
Q

How does locus of control impact resistance to social pressure?

A

Research has shown that people with an internal locus of control tend to be less conforming and less obedient. Rotter proposes that people with internal loc are better at resisting social pressure to conform or obey, perhaps because they feel responsible for their actions

75
Q

What are the characteristics of having an external locus of control?

A

The belief that life is determined by external/environmental factors, such as luck

76
Q

What is minority influence?

A

A minority of people who persuade others to adopt their beliefs, attitudes or behaviours

77
Q

What are the 3 factors that are seen as crucial to minority influence?

A

Consistency, commitment and flexibility

78
Q

What did Moscovici study?

A

Influence of consistent minority

79
Q

What was the aim of Moscovici’s study?

A

To investigate the effects of a consistent minority on a majority

80
Q

What was the sample of Moscovici’s study?

A

172 American female students who were told that they were taking part in a colour perception task

81
Q

What was the procedure of Moscovici’s study?

A

The participants were placed in groups of six and shown 36 slides, which were all varying shades of blue. The participants had to state out loud the colour of each slide. Two of the six participants were confederates and in one condition (consistent)the two confederates said that all 36 slides were green; in the second condition (inconsistent) the confederates said that 24 of the slides were green and blue

82
Q

What were the results of Moscovici’s study?

A

In the consistent condition, the real participants agreed on 8.2% of trials, whereas in the inconsistent, the real participants only agreed to 1.25% of the trials

83
Q

What was the conclusion of Moscovici’s study?

A

It shows that a consistent minority is 6.95% more effective than an inconsistent minority and that consistency is an important factor in minority influence

84
Q

What are the key studies for social influence?

A
  • Asch opinions and social
  • Jenness
  • Haney, Banks & Zimbardo Stanford prison experiment
  • Milgram obedience to authority
  • Moscovici influence of consistent minority
85
Q

What are some examples of social change through minority influence?

A

Equal pay act, civil rights, gay liberation, Women’s right to vote

86
Q

What are the 6 steps involved when a minority influence creates social change?

A 
Drawing attention 
Consistency
Deeper processing 
Augmentation principle 
The snowball effect
Social cryptomnesia

Psychology (11 decks)

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