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Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Define coding

A

The format in which information is stored

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2
Q

Who did research on coding?

A

Baddeley

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3
Q

Outline Baddeley’s procedure

A

Four groups were given lists to remember
A) acoustically similar words
B) acoustically dissimilar words
C) semantically similar words
D) semantically dissimilar words
They were asked to recall the words some had to immediately(STM) others had to wait 20 minutes (LTM)

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4
Q

Result of Baddeley’s experiment for STM

A

Acoustically dissimilar words were recalled more accurately than acoustically similar words

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5
Q

Results of Baddeley’s experiment for LTM

A

Semantically dissimilar words were recalled more accurately than semantically similar words

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6
Q

Conclusions for Baddeley’s experiment

A

STM - acoustic confusion, coded acoustically

LTM - semantic confusion, codes semantically

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7
Q

Negative evaluation of Baddeley’s experiment

A

The words used had no personal meaning to the participants so the stimuli was artificial

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8
Q

What is capacity?

A

Amount of information that can be held

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9
Q

Research for capacity

A

Jacobs and Miller

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10
Q

Method for Jacob’s study

A

Aim - see how much info STM can hold at one time (digit span)
Procedure: gave a certain number of digits then the participants recalled in correct order. If recalled correctly, amount of digits increased. Determines individuals digit span/STM capacity

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11
Q

Results of Jacob’s study

A

Participants had a mean score of 7 letters in order and 9 numbers in order

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12
Q

Negative evaluation of Jacob’s study

A

This was conducted a long time ago so there was a lack of control on extraneous variables. This could mean the results were not valid as there was confounding variables that were not controlled

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13
Q

What did Miller’s study discover?

A

Instead as keeping the information as individuals, he unit of information can be increased by chunking

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14
Q

What is duration?

A

Length of time information can be held

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15
Q

Who conducted STM duration research?

A

Peterson and Peterson

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16
Q

Method for Peterson and Peterson’s study

A

24 students were given a trigram, as well as a 3 digit number to remember. The student had to count backwards from this number(prevents mental reversal) told to stop counting at different seconds(eg. 3,9,18)

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17
Q

Results for Peterson and Peterson’s study

A

Amount recalled correctly:
3 seconds - 90%
18 seconds - 5%
(Significant difference between them)

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18
Q

Conclusion for Peterson and Peterson’s study

A

STM has a very short duration unless it is repeated over and over again(verbal rehearsal)

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19
Q

Negative evaluation of Peterson and Peterson’s study

A

Contains an artificial stimulus trying to remember constant syllabus’s does not happen in real life so lacks ecological validity

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20
Q

Who did a study on long term duration?

A

Bahrick et al

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21
Q

What is the duration of sensory memory?

A

250ms

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22
Q

How is information encoded in the sensory memory?

A

Sense specific

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23
Q

What is the capacity of sensory memory?

A

Unlimited

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24
Q

What is the duration of short term memory?

A

18-30 seconds

25
Q

How is information encoded in short term memory

A

Acoustically

26
Q

What is the capacity of short term memory?

A

7 +/- 2 items

27
Q

What is the duration of the long term memory?

A

Potentially a lifetime

28
Q

How is information encoded in the long term memory ?

A

Semantically

29
Q

What is the capacity of the long term memory?

A

Unlimited

30
Q

What did Sperling do?

A

Studied the sensory memory for vision by using a device that can flash pictorial stimuli onto a blank screen for very brief instances. Using this device, Sperling was able to ask subjects to remember as many letters as they could from a grid of 12 symbols that he was going to display for 50ms. He found that while they could only recall around 4 of the symbols before the grid faded from their sensory memory, they typically reported seeing a lot more than they had time to report

31
Q

Who is used for duration of the long term memory?

A

Bahrick et al

32
Q

What did Bahrick et al do?

A

Investigated the duration of LTM used a sample of 392 American ex-high school students aged between 17 and 74. The time since leaving high school was up to 48 years. The participants were tested in several ways: free recall, a photo recognition test. The participants were asked to identify their former classmates from a set of 50 photos

33
Q

What were the findings of Bahrick’s study on the duration of long term memory?

A

He found that the recognition group was 90% accurate after 14 years and 60% after 47 years

34
Q

Who is used to evaluate the capacity of long term memory?

A

Wagenaar

35
Q

What did Wagenaar do?

A

Creates a diary of 2400 events over 6 years and tested himself in recall of events rather than dates, finding he too had excellent recall, again suggesting the capacity of LTM is extremely large

36
Q

How is information encoded in the phonological loop?

A

Acoustically

37
Q

What is the capacity of the phonological loop?

A

Limited

38
Q

What are the 4 memory retrieval technique used in the cognitive interview?

A
  1. Context reinstatement
  2. Report everything
  3. Change perspective
  4. Change order
39
Q

What does context reinstatement involve?

A

Interviewed should instruct witness to mentally return to place of the event and recall the environment and emotional context

40
Q

What does report everything involve?

A

Interviewer should instruct witness to recall maximum amount of information as possible, even if it seems trivial

41
Q

What does change perspective involve?

A

Interviewer should instruct witness to describe events from the perspective of someone else involved

42
Q

What does change order involve?

A

Interviewer should ask the witness to recount the event in a different chronological order

43
Q

What does the phonological loop do?

A

Deals with spoken and written material

44
Q

What are the two parts of the phonological loop?

A
  1. Phonological store

2. Articulatory control process

45
Q

What does the phonological store do?

A

Processes speech perception and stores spoken words we hear for 1-2 seconds

46
Q

What does the articulatory control process do?

A

Processes speech production, and rehearses and stores verbal information from the phonological store

47
Q

How is information encoded in the Visio-spatial sketch pad?

A

Visually

48
Q

What does the Visuo spatial sketch pad do

A

Used for navigation

49
Q

What is evidence for the visuo spatial sketch pad

A

Todd and Markus

50
Q

What did Todd and Marois do?

A

Found more activity in the left half of the brain of people carrying out visual working memory tasks, but more in the right half of the brain during spatial tasks, suggesting the visuo spatial sketch pad having distinct visual and spatial components

51
Q

How is information encoded into the episodic buffer?

A

Modality free

52
Q

What is the capacity of the episodic buffer?

A

Limited

53
Q

What is the episodic buffer?

A

A temporary store that integrates information from the other components and maintains a sense of time, so that events occur in a continuing sequence

54
Q

How is information endowed into the central executive?

A

Modality free

55
Q

What is the capacity of the central executive?

A

Limited

56
Q

What does the central executive do?

A
  • monitors and coordinates the operation of the space systems
57
Q

What did D’Esposito et al find?

A

Found using fMRI scans that the prefrontal cortex was activated when verbal and spatial tasks were performed simultaneously, suggesting the brain area to be associated with the workings of the CE

58
Q

If you imagine yourself favourite song, which part of the working memory are you using?

A

Phonological loop

59
Q

What is the cognitive interview technique?

A

It is a questioning technique used by the police to enhance retrieval of information from witnesses’ memory

Psychology (11 decks)

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