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Psychology - Paper 1 (Key Names) > Social Influences > Flashcards

Social Influences Flashcards

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1
Q

Lucas et al. (2006)?

A

Research support for ISI =

Harder the maths problems, the more conformity.

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2
Q

Perrin and Spencer (1980)?

A

Individual differences for ISI =

Less conformity in students –> engineering study.

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3
Q

Research support for NSI?

A

Asch (1951) =

Conformity fell to 12.5% when P. wrote answers down.

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4
Q

McGhee and Teevan (1967)?

A

nAffiliators (individual differences) =

More likely to conform (need for social relationships).

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5
Q

Engineering study?

A

Perrin and Spencer (1980).

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6
Q

Conformity study?

A

Asch (1951).

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7
Q

Asch’s variations date?

A

1955.

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8
Q

Who said Asch’s findings only apply to certain groups?

A

Neto (1995) =

Women may be more likely to conform.

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9
Q

Smith and Bond (1998)?

A

Asch’s findings only apply to certain groups =

Conformity may be higher in collectivist cultures (more concerned with group needs).

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10
Q

Who said Asch’s findings only apply to certain situations?

A

Williams and Sogon (1984) =

Conformity was higher when majority were friends, not strangers.

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11
Q

Stanford Prison Experiment?

A

Zimbardo (1973).

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12
Q

Banuazizi and Mohavedi (1975)?

A

SPE - participants were ‘play acting’ =

‘Cool Hand Luke’.

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13
Q

Fromm (1973)?

A

Zimbardo underestimated dispositional influences =

1/3 = brutal.

1/3 = applied rules fairly.

1/3 = supported prisoners.

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14
Q

Date of Milgram’s study?

A

1963.

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15
Q

Orne and Holland (1968)?

A

Milgram - lacks internal validity =

Participants guessed the shocks were fake.

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16
Q

Hofling et al. (1966)?

A

Milgram - good external validity =

21/22 nurses obeyed unjustified demands.

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17
Q

What replication supports Milgram’s study?

A

French =

80% gave 450v to an ‘unconscious’ man.

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18
Q

Baumrind (1964)?

A

Criticised Milgram’s deception =

His deception damaged the reputation and validity of the study.

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19
Q

Bickman (1974)?

A

Research support for Milgram’s situational variables =

Passers by twice more likely to obey ‘security guard’ than ‘jacket/tie’.

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20
Q

Who criticised Milgram’s variations for the ‘extra experimental manipulation’?

A

Orne and Holland (1968).

21
Q

Miranda et al. (1981)?

A

Milgram’s research replicated in other cultures =

90% obedience in Spanish students.

22
Q

How do Smith and Bond criticise Milgram’s replications?

A

Most replications taken place in Western societies - culturall not different from USA.

23
Q

Mandel (1998)?

A

Milgram’s findings are offensive to Nazi survivors by saying they simply obeyed orders and were victims of situational factors beyond their control.

24
Q

Who supported the agentic state?

A

Bless and Schmidt (2001) =

Shown a clip of Milgram’s study to students, they blamed the ‘experimenter’.

25
Q

How did Hofling et al.’s study criticise the agentic state?

A

Nurses should have shown anxiety as they understood their destructive role.

26
Q

How did Mandel (1998) criticise the agentic state?

A

Cannot account for Nazi behaviour =

German Reserve Police Battalion 101 - men shot civilians in small town in Poland without orders.

27
Q

Who studied cultural differences in legitimacy of authority?

A

1). Kilham and Mann (1974) =

16% of Australians went to 450v.

2). Mantell (1971) =

85% of Germans did.

28
Q

What did Kerman and Hamilton (1989) find in relation to legitimacy of authority?

A

My Lai Massacre - explained by social hierarchy =

Orders given by the hierarchy are legal…

29
Q

Who developed the ‘authoritarian personality’?

A

Adorno et al. (1950).

30
Q

Who did the ‘F-scale’ study?

A

Adorno et al. (1950) to support his authoritarian personality theory.

31
Q

Who supports Adorno’s theory?

A

Elms and Milgram (1966) =

Interviewed full obedient participants, who all scored highly on the F-scale.

32
Q

Christie and Jahoda (1954)?

A

F-scale is politically biased =

Aims to measure tendency’s towards extreme right-wing - insists on obedience.

33
Q

Greenstein (1969)?

A

F-scale method flaws =

Questions are worded in a ‘direction’ that the participants would agree to everything.

34
Q

Who developed the ‘locus of control’?

A

Rotter (1966).

35
Q

Allen and Levine (1971)?

A

Research support for the role of dissenting peers in resisting conformity =

Independence increased with dissenter in an Asch-type study.

36
Q

Gramson et al. (1982)?

A

Research support for role of dissenter in resisting obedience =

Found higher levels of rebellion than Milgram (participants were in groups).

37
Q

What research supports the link between LOC and resistance to obedience?

A

Holland (1967) =

Replicated Milgram’s study - only 37% of internals went to 450v (explains obedience).

38
Q

What research contradicts the link between LOC and resistance?

A

Twenge et al. (2004) =

Analysed American LOC studies over 40 years, found people have become more independent, but more external.

39
Q

What did Rotter (1982) say in relation to her study?

A

LOC is only important in new situations, previous experience in familiar situations is always more influential in resisting social influence.

40
Q

What did Nemeth (1986) say about minority influence?

A

Being consistent and repeating the same behaviours is seen as off-putting to the majority.

41
Q

Who did the ‘blue-green slides’ study?

A

Moscovici et al. (1969) =

Confederates were consistent/inconsistent about the colour of the slides - consistency influenced the majority.

42
Q

What research demonstrates the importance of consistency in minority influence?

A

1) . Moscovici et al. (1969) = consistency had a greater effect.
2) . Wood et al. (1994) = consistency in 100 studies were most influential.

43
Q

Martin et al. (2003)?

A

Gave participants a message supporting a certain viewpoint:

  • given minority viewpoint first.
  • given majority viewpoint.
  • given conflicting viewpoint.

Less willing to change opinions after hearing minority view first.

44
Q

What did Zimbardo say about obedience?

A

Once a small instruction is a=obey, its hard to resist a bigger one. People ‘drift’ into a new kind of behaviour.

45
Q

Research support for the role of NSI in social change?

A

Nolan et al. (2008) =

Hung messages on doors about people using less energy =

  • found decrease in energy compared to those with messages without reference to people.
46
Q

What did Nemeth (1986) say in relation to minority influence and social change?

A

Effects of minority influence is indirect and delayed =

  • Indirect = majority influenced by matters related to central issue.
  • Delayed = effects not seen for some time.
47
Q

Mackie (1987)?

A

Majority influence creates deeper processing =

Only if you do not share their views –> when the majority thinks differently, we are forced to think about their arguments.

48
Q

Bashir et al. (2013)?

A

Minority’s should avoid behaving in negative ways; reinforcing stereotypes (people are less likely to be environmentally friendly due to being labelled as ‘environmentalists - tree huggers’).

Psychology - Paper 1 (Key Names) (4 decks)

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