Attachment

Question 1

Who said interactional synchrony can be defined as ‘the coordinations of micro-level behaviour’?

Answer 1

Feldman (2007).

Question 2

Meltzof and Moore (1977)?

Answer 2

Observed the beginnings of interactional synchrony in infants as young as 2 weeks old.

Question 3

Isabella et al. (1989)?

Answer 3

High levels of synchrony were associated with better quality mother-infant attachment.

Question 4

Brazelton et al. (1975)?

Answer 4

Described reciprocity as a ‘dance’.

Question 5

What did Gratier (2003) find about studies into caregiver-infant interactions?

Answer 5

Many studies have shown the same patterns of behaviour.

Question 6

Feldman (2012)?

Answer 6

Interactional synchrony simply describes behaviours that occur at the same time.

Question 7

Crotwell et al. (2013)?

Answer 7

10 minute Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) improved interactional synchrony in 20 low-income mothers and their pre-school infants.

Question 8

What did Schaffer and Emerson (1964) find about primary attachment figures?

Answer 8

Majority are mothers =

• 3% was the father.
• 27% father and mother.

Question 9

Field (1978)?

Answer 9

Filmed 4-month-old babies =

• found primary caregivers spent more time smiling, imitating and holding infants than secondary caregivers.

Question 10

Grossman (2002)?

Answer 10

Fathers as secondary figures = important in play and stimulation for child’s development.

Question 11

McCallum and Golombok (2004)?

Answer 11

Children in single/same-sex families don’t develop differently from those of 2 parents.

Question 12

Who did the stages of attachment?

Answer 12

Schaffer.

Question 13

Who conducted the ‘Glasgow babies’ study?

Answer 13

Schaffer and Emerson (1964).

Question 14

What does Bowlby (1969) say about the assessment of multiple attachments?

Answer 14

Children may be distressed when a playmate leaves the room, but this does not signify attachment to them.

Question 15

Van Ijzendoorn (1993)?

Answer 15

Multiple attachments appear in cultures where multiple attachments are the norm (collectivist).

Question 16

Geese study?

Answer 16

Lorenz (1952).

Question 17

Monkey study?

Answer 17

Harlow (1958).

Question 18

Guiton (1966)?

Answer 18

Chicks imprinted of yellow gloves and would try to mate with them.

Question 19

Who said Harlow’s research has helped social workers identify child abuse and when to intervene?

Answer 19

Howe (1998).

Question 20

Dollard and Miller (1950)?

Answer 20

Learning theory (classical + operant conditioning).

Question 21

Who opposed ‘cupboard love’?

Answer 21

Schaffer and Emerson (1964) =

food isn’t an important factor in the development of attachment.

Question 22

Who said that attachment is learned indirectly; through watching your parents hug them and other family members?

Answer 22

Hay and Vespo (1988) =

called this ‘modelling’ –> SLT.

Question 23

Date of Bowlby’s theory of attachment?

Answer 23

1958, 1969.

Question 24

How do Schaffer and Emerson oppose Bowlby’s theory?

Answer 24

Attachment isn’t monotropic =

• found infants made secondary attachments.

Question 25

What evidence supports the existence of social releasers?

Answer 25

Brazleton et al. (1975) =

• asked primary figures to ignore babies social releasers.
• babies showed distress and eventually curled up and lay motionless.

Question 26

Bailey et al. (2007)?

Answer 26

Studied 99 mothers;

• those with poor attachment to own parents were more likely to have a own poor attachment to a 1 year-old.

Question 27

How do feminists criticise Bowlby’s theory?

Answer 27

Burman (1994) =

• mothers are to blame due to ‘laws of accumulated separation’.

Question 28

Kagan (1982)?

Answer 28

some babies are more anxious/sociable than others due to their genetic make-up.

Question 29

Who conducted the Strange Situation’?

Answer 29

Ainsworth (1969).

Question 30

What did Kokkinos (2007) say that insecure-resistant attachment is associated with?

Answer 30

The worst outcomes (e.g. bullying).

Question 31

What did Ward et al. (2006) say that insecure-resistant attachment is associated with?

Answer 31

Adult mental health problems.

Question 32

How does Takahashi (1990) criticise the Strange Situation?

Answer 32

Culture bond =

• Japanese mothers are rarely separated from infants, so the infants show high levels of separation anxiety.

Question 33

How does Kagan (1982) criticise the Strange Situation?

Answer 33

Temperament may be an important influence on behaviour in the Strange Situation.

Question 34

Main and Solomon (1986)?

Answer 34

Some children display atypical attachments that do not fit types A, B or C (disorganised attachments).

Question 35

2 key studies into cultural variations in attachment?

Answer 35

1). Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) =